Reliability refers to the consistency of measurement and whether a method would produce the same results under the same conditions. There are two main types of reliability: internal consistency and inter-rater reliability. Internal consistency examines the consistency of results across items measuring the same construct using techniques like split-half reliability and Cronbach's alpha. Inter-rater reliability measures the agreement between different raters using an instrument and can be calculated using Cohen's kappa statistic. Reliability is important for ensuring measurement validity and consistency in research.