This document discusses key concepts related to validity and reliability in measurement devices. It defines validity as measuring what the device is intended to measure, and reliability as consistency of measurement. The document outlines several types of validity including content, construct, criterion (concurrent and predictive), and face validity. It also discusses reliability in terms of equivalency, stability, internal consistency, and interrater reliability. Validity and reliability are closely related but a test can be reliable without being valid. The document also notes sources of error in measurements and the backwash effect of test design on teaching.
It talks about the different types of validity in assessment.
* Face Validity
* Content Validity
* Predictive Validity
* Concurrent Validity
* Construct Validity
This short SlideShare presentation explores a basic overview of test reliability and test validity. Validity is the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure. Reliability is the degree to which a test consistently measures whatever it measures. Examples are given as well as a slide on considerations for writing test questions that demand higher-order thinking.
kinds of tests and testing
proficiency tests- achievement tests, diagnostics test, placement tests, direct and indirect test, discrete point and intergrative testing, norm-referenced and criterion testing, objective testing and subjective testing, computer adapting testing
It talks about the different types of validity in assessment.
* Face Validity
* Content Validity
* Predictive Validity
* Concurrent Validity
* Construct Validity
This short SlideShare presentation explores a basic overview of test reliability and test validity. Validity is the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure. Reliability is the degree to which a test consistently measures whatever it measures. Examples are given as well as a slide on considerations for writing test questions that demand higher-order thinking.
kinds of tests and testing
proficiency tests- achievement tests, diagnostics test, placement tests, direct and indirect test, discrete point and intergrative testing, norm-referenced and criterion testing, objective testing and subjective testing, computer adapting testing
Types of tests: proficiency, achievement, diagnostic, placement
Types of testing: direct vs indirect tests, discrete point vs integrative tests, criterion-referenced vs norm-referenced tests, objective vs subjective tests
Topic: What is Reliability and its Types?
Student Name: Kanwal Naz
Class: B.Ed 1.5
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
Norm referenced and Criterion Referenced TestDrSindhuAlmas
By the end of the lesson, students will be able to:
Differentiate between Criterion-referenced tests (CRT) and Norm- referenced tests (NRT).
State uses of CRT and NRT.
Describe ways of interpreting CRT and NRT.
Chapter one of "Testing in language programs" by James Dean Brown (2005) discusses "Types and uses of language tests". It's about norm-referenced and criterion-referenced tests.
Types of tests: proficiency, achievement, diagnostic, placement
Types of testing: direct vs indirect tests, discrete point vs integrative tests, criterion-referenced vs norm-referenced tests, objective vs subjective tests
Topic: What is Reliability and its Types?
Student Name: Kanwal Naz
Class: B.Ed 1.5
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
Norm referenced and Criterion Referenced TestDrSindhuAlmas
By the end of the lesson, students will be able to:
Differentiate between Criterion-referenced tests (CRT) and Norm- referenced tests (NRT).
State uses of CRT and NRT.
Describe ways of interpreting CRT and NRT.
Chapter one of "Testing in language programs" by James Dean Brown (2005) discusses "Types and uses of language tests". It's about norm-referenced and criterion-referenced tests.
1 Reliability and Validity in Physical Therapy Testsaebrahim123
Learning Objectives
1- Importance of measurements in clinical practice and research.
2- To understand the four levels of measurements.
3- How to classify data correctly.
4- Types of reliability.
5- Types of validity.
It is a Presentation on the Meaning, types, methods of establishing validity, the factors influencing validity and how to increase the validity of a tool
Topic: Validity
Student Name: Parkash Mal
Class: B.Ed. (Hons) Elementary
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
A Power Point presentation about the Do's and Don'ts, as well as the guidelines and elements required and studied for several authors to achieve and conduct an appropriate Needs Analysis, especially in English for Specific Purposes (ESP).
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
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Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
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We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
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This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
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1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
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The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
2. QUALITIES OF MEASUREMENT DEVICES Validity Does it measure what it is supposed to measure? Reliability How representative is the measurement? Objectivity Do independent scorers agree? Practicality Is it easy to construct, administer, score and interpret?
3. VALIDITY Validity refers to whether or not a test measures what it intends to measure. A test with high validity has items closely linked to the test’s intended focus. A test with poor validity does not measure the content and competencies it ought to.
4. VALIDITY - Kinds of Validity “Content”: related to objectives and their sampling. “Construct”: referring to the theory underlying the target. “Criterion”: related to concrete criteria in the real world. It can be concurrent or predictive. “Concurrent”: correlating high with another measure already validated. “Predictive”: Capable of anticipating some later measure. “Face”: related to the test overall appearance.
5. 1. CONTENT VALIDITY Content validity refers to the connections between the test items and the subject-related tasks. The test should evaluate only the content related to the field of study in a manner sufficiently representative, relevant, and comprehensible.
6. 2. CONSTRUCT VALIDITY It implies using the construct (concepts, ideas, notions) in accordance to the state of the art in the field. Construct validity seeks agreement between updated subject-matter theories and the specific measuring components of the test. For example, a test of intelligence nowadays must include measures of multiple intelligences, rather than just logical-mathematical and linguistic ability measures.
7. 3. CRITERION-RELATED VALIDITY Also referred to as instrumental validity, it is used to demonstrate the accuracy of a measure or procedure by comparing it with another process or method which has been demonstrated to be valid. For example, imagine a hands-on driving test has been proved to be an accurate test of driving skills. A written test can be validated by using a criterion related strategy in which the hands-on driving test is compared to it.
8. 4. CONCURRENT VALIDITY Concurrent validity uses statistical methods of correlation to other measures. Examinees who are known to be either masters or non-masters on the content measured are identified before the test is administered. Once the tests have been scored, the relationship between the examinees’ status as either masters or non-masters and their performance (i.e., pass or fail) is estimated based on the test.
9. 5. PREDICTIVE VALIDITY Predictive validity estimates the relationship of test scores to an examinee's future performance as a master or non-master. Predictive validity considers the question, "How well does the test predict examinees' future status as masters or non-masters?" For this type of validity, the correlation that is computed is based on the test results and the examinee’s later performance. This type of validity is especially useful for test purposes such as selection or admissions.
10. 6. FACE VALIDITY Face validity is determined by a review of the items and not through the use of statistical analyses. Unlike content validity, face validity is not investigated through formal procedures. Instead, anyone who looks over the test, including examinees, may develop an informal opinion as to whether or not the test is measuring what it is supposed to measure.
11. QUALITIES OF MEASUREMENT DEVICES Validity Does it measure what it is supposed to measure? Reliability How representative is the measurement? Objectivity Do independent scorers agree? Practicality Is it easy to construct, administer, score and interpret?
12. RELIABILITY Reliability is the extent to which an experiment, test, or any measuring procedure shows the same result on repeated trials. For researchers, four key types of reliability are:
13. RELIABILITY “Equivalency”: related to the co-occurrence of two items. “Stability”: related to time consistency. “Internal”: related to the instruments. “Interrater”: related to the examiners’ criterion.
14. 1. EQUIVALENCY RELIABILITY Equivalency reliability is the extent to which two items measure identical concepts at an identical level of difficulty. Equivalency reliability is determined by relating two sets of test scores to one another to highlight the degree of relationship or association.
15. 2. STABILITY RELIABILITY Stability reliability (sometimes called test, re-test reliability) is the agreement of measuring instruments over time. To determine stability, a measure or test is repeated on the same subjects at a future date. Results are compared and correlated with the initial test to give a measure of stability. Instruments with a high stability reliability are thermometers, compasses, measuring cups, etc.
16. 3. INTERNAL CONSISTENCY Internal consistency is the extent to which tests or procedures assess the same characteristic, skill or quality. It is a measure of the precision between the measuring instruments used in a study. This type of reliability often helps researchers interpret data and predict the value of scores and the limits of the relationship among variables.
17. 4. INTERRATER RELIABILITY Interraterreliability is the extent to which two or more individuals (coders or raters) agree. For example, when two or more teachers use a rating scale with which they are rating the students’ oral responses in an interview (1 being most negative, 5 being most positive). If one researcher gives a "1" to a student response, while another researcher gives a "5," obviously the interrater reliability would be inconsistent.
18. SOURCES OF ERROR Examinee (is a human being) Examiner (is a human being) Examination (is designed by and for human beings)
19. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VALIDITY & RELIABILITY Validity and reliability are closely related. A test cannot be considered valid unless the measurements resulting from it are reliable. Likewise, results from a test can be reliable and not necessarily valid.
20. BACKWASH EFFECT Backwash (also known as washback) effect is related to the potentially positive and negative effects of test design and content on the form and content of English language training courseware.