This document discusses validity and reliability in research instruments. It defines validity as how well a test measures what it is intended to measure. There are several types of validity discussed including face validity, construct validity, criterion-related validity, and content validity. Reliability refers to the consistency of results produced by a measurement tool and the document outlines test-retest reliability, internal consistency reliability, and inter-rater reliability. A pilot study is also discussed as a small preliminary study conducted before the main research study to identify potential issues and refine the research methodology.
Data collection is a one of the major important topic in research study, It should be clear and understandable to all students, especially in graduate studies
Part of a course I run introducing quantitative methods. One of the slideshows on my site www.kevinmorrell.org.uk please reference the site if you use any of it - hope it is useful.
A presentation on validity and reliability of questionnaire. In this presentation, you can learn-
1) Classification of validity
2) Validity which is good
2) Classification of Reliability
3) Reliability which is good
4) Difference between validity and reliability
5) How to calculate validity and reliability using SPSS and STATA
Hello everyone, this is Vartika Verma, student of B. El. Ed 4. This presentation titled 'Reliability' is helpful for the subject 'Measurement and Evaluation' in B. El. Ed 4 and also for all the Education students. Thanking you :)
Difference between qualitative and quantitative research shaniShani Jyothis
nursing research### quantitative research###qualitative research###difference#### process of research ......
Quantitative Vs qualitative research.......÷######$###@@@@@@@@@@ based on hypothesis, ............., variables analysis,............ interpretation, .............
Data collection is a one of the major important topic in research study, It should be clear and understandable to all students, especially in graduate studies
Part of a course I run introducing quantitative methods. One of the slideshows on my site www.kevinmorrell.org.uk please reference the site if you use any of it - hope it is useful.
A presentation on validity and reliability of questionnaire. In this presentation, you can learn-
1) Classification of validity
2) Validity which is good
2) Classification of Reliability
3) Reliability which is good
4) Difference between validity and reliability
5) How to calculate validity and reliability using SPSS and STATA
Hello everyone, this is Vartika Verma, student of B. El. Ed 4. This presentation titled 'Reliability' is helpful for the subject 'Measurement and Evaluation' in B. El. Ed 4 and also for all the Education students. Thanking you :)
Difference between qualitative and quantitative research shaniShani Jyothis
nursing research### quantitative research###qualitative research###difference#### process of research ......
Quantitative Vs qualitative research.......÷######$###@@@@@@@@@@ based on hypothesis, ............., variables analysis,............ interpretation, .............
Reliability
Reliability refers to the extent to which a scale produces consistent results, if the measurements are repeated a number of times.
Reliability is a measure of the stability or consistency of test scores.
When a measurement procedure yields consistent scores when the phenomenon being measured is not changing
Degree to which scores are free of “Measurement Error Consistency of the measurement
Example: Weighing scale used multiple times in a day by the same individual
Types of reliability
Internal consistency reliability
Test-retest reliability
Split–half method
Inter-rater reliability
Internal consistency reliability
Also known as inter-item reliability.
It is the measure of how well the items on the test measure the same construct or idea.
Cronbach's Alpha
Cronbach's Alpha are most commonly used used to measure inter-item reliability to see if questionnaires with multiple questions are reliable. Value must by above 0.7.
Test-retest reliability
Test-retest reliability is a measure of reliability obtained by administering the same test twice over a period of time to same group of individuals.
Test-retest reliability is the degree to which scores are consistent over time.
Same test- different times
Example: Administering the same questionnaire at 2 different times such as IQ test.
Split–half method
A method of determining the reliability of a test by dividing the whole test into two halves and scoring the two halves separately.
Especially appropriate when the test is very long.
The most used method to split the test into two is using the odd-even strategy.
Inter-rater reliability
Inter-rater reliability is the extent to which two or more raters (or observers, coders, examiners) agree.
Inter-rater reliability is essential when making decisions in research and clinical settings.
References
Neuman, L. (2014). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Pearson Education Limited.
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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1. Validity and Reliability of the
Instrument
Presented by:
Ms. Bhoomika Patel
Assistant Professor
Sumandeep Nursing college
Sumandeep Vidyapeeth
Sumandeep Nursing College, SVDU
2. Validity
• Validity refers to how well a test measures what it
supposed to measure.
• For example, if an anxiety test measures anxiety and
not other closely related concepts, then it can be
said to be a valid tool for anxiety measurement.
• Types
• Face
• Construct
• Criterion-related
• Content
Sumandeep Nursing College, SVDU
3. Validity
Face validity
• It refers to whether the test appears to be
assessing the intended construct. Experts
ascertain the face validity of a test by looking at
the overall appearance of the test items.
• It is noteworthy that it is not a scientific type of
validity; however, it is an important indicator of
the validity of a test. For example, the researcher
may be able to determine if a person is stressed/
happy just by looking at the face of the individual.
Sumandeep Nursing College, SVDU
4. Validity
Construct validity (pain in amputated patients)
• It is one of the main types of validity along with
content and criterion validity. It is used to ensure
that the test actually measures the intended
construct of interest and not any other.
• Multi-trait multi-method matrix (MTMM) as
described by Campbell and Fiske is an important
method to ascertain construct validity.
Sumandeep Nursing College, SVDU
5. Validity
Criterion-related validity
• It is used to predict the future or concurrent
performance of a test. It is further classified in two
subtypes: concurrent and predictive validity. The test
results are correlated with another concurrent or future
criterion of interest. (professionalism with research
papers,
Content validity
• It ensures that the designed measure covers a broad
range of content within the concept under study. As it is
not possible to cover everything, selected items need to
be sampled from all the domains of the topic.
Sumandeep Nursing College, SVDU
6. Reliability
• The reliability of a data collection instrument
refers to the degree to which it produces
stable and consistent results.
• Types:
• Test –retest reliability
• Internal consistency reliability
• Inter-rater reliability
Sumandeep Nursing College, SVDU
7. Reliability
Test –retest reliability
• It is a type of reliability used to evaluate a test for the
stability of its scores over a period of time.
• If the variable measured by the instrument is liable to
change over a period of time (time effect), then this
method cannot be used to determine the reliability of
the test.
• It is ascertained by administering the same test twice
over a period of time to a group of individuals. The test
scores at Time 1 and Time 2 are correlated to evaluate
the test for stability over time.
Sumandeep Nursing College, SVDU
8. • KARL PERSON’S CORRELATION
r = n(xy)-(x)(y)
{n X2 – ( x)2 } {n y2 – ( y)2 }
If +1: perfect reliability
0: no
More than 0.70: Acceptable
Sumandeep Nursing College, SVDU
10. Reliability
Internal consistency reliability (Homogenesity)
• It is the measure of reliability used to assess the
degree to which different test items that investigate
the same construct of interest produce similar
results. Split-half is one way to assess internal
consistency reliability.
• The test is then administered to a group of subjects
and the total score for each set is computed. Split-
half reliability is obtained by determining the
correlation (r) between the scores of two sets of test
items.
Sumandeep Nursing College, SVDU
11. Reliability
Internal consistency reliability
• Thereafter, the Spearman–Brown prophecy formula
is applied to calculate the split-half reliability
coefficient.
• r = (x-x)(y-y)
• (x-x)2 (y-y)2
Sumandeep Nursing College, SVDU
12. Reliability
Internal consistency reliability
• Cronbach’s alpha is a measure that calculates the
correlation coefficient for all possible half-splits of
test items.
• Therefore, it is considered superior to the split-half
method for estimation of internal consistency of a
test. Coefficient alpha or Cronbach’s alpha is
calculated using the following formula:
Sumandeep Nursing College, SVDU
13. Reliability
Inter-rater reliability (Equivalence)
• It is a measure of the reliability of an observation
checklist.
• Inter-rater reliability of the checklist must be assessed
where two or more observers watch the event
simultaneously and record their observation on the
checklist as per the instructions. It is used to assess the
degree to which different observers agree in their
observation decisions.
Sumandeep Nursing College, SVDU
14. Pilot Study
• A pilot study is a small-scale trial run undertaken
before embarking on the main study to identify
unforeseen obstacles in the execution of the actual
study plan.
• Expensive interventions can be tested to determine
whether they are promising and acceptable to the
participants. It can provide useful data for sample
size determination and the modifications required in
the overall plan of the main study (sampling strategy,
intervention protocols, data collection instruments,
data collection plan, plan of data analysis).
Sumandeep Nursing College, SVDU
15. PURPOSES
• ASSESS FESIBILITY AND PRACTICABILITY
• ASSES AVAILABILITY OF SUBECTS
• ESTABLISH VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
• HELPS TO FINALIZE DATACOLLECETION PROCEDURES
• UNDERSTAND STUDY VARIABLES AND CONFOUNDING
VARIABLES
• FIND OUT POBLEMS RELATED TO TIME
• REFINING THE METHODOLOGY
• HELPS FOR PLANNING THE DATA ANAYLYSIS
• DETERMINE THE RESOURCES
• CONVENCING THE FUNDING BODIES
Sumandeep Nursing College, SVDU
16. PROBLEMS
• INACCURATE PREDICTIONS AND
ASSUMPTIONS FOR SAMPLE SIZE ESTIMATION.
• RISK OF CONTAMINATION (DON’T INCLUDE
THE DATA OF PILOT STUDY IF RESEARCH PLAN
MODIFIED, NOT CONDUCT STUDY IN SAME
AREA)
Sumandeep Nursing College, SVDU
