Reasoning can be deductive or inductive. Deductive reasoning moves from general premises to specific conclusions, while inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to broader generalizations. There are five types of inductive reasoning: example, causal, sign, comparison, and reasoning from authority. Each type uses examples, causes and effects, relationships between signs and what they indicate, comparisons between analogous cases, or credible sources to form general conclusions.

1. REASONING
Leticia Pelayo

2. Reasoning
•The process of
creating or
generating
conclusions from
evidence or premises.

3. Deductive Reasoning
• The process of reasoning from
general statements to a certain
and logical conclusion related to
the conclusion.
• There are three parts to deductive
reasoning:
• Major Premise – general
statement
• Minor Premise – statement of a
specific instance related to the
major premise
• Conclusion – statement derived
from the minor premises
relationship to the major premise.

4. Inductive Reasoning
• The process of reasoning
from specifics to a general
conclusion related to those
specifics
• Inductive reasoning allows
humans to create
generalizations about
people, events, and things in
their environment.

5. Inductive Reasoning
• There are five ways of
inductive reasoning
• Example Reasoning
• Causal Reasoning
• Sign Reasoning
• Comparison Reasoning
• Reasoning from authority

6. Example Reasoning
• Uses specific instances as a
basis for making a valid
conclusion.
• For example, I have taken
four good teachers at this
college; therefore, all
teachers at this college are
good.

7. Causal Reasoning
• It is based on the idea that
for every action there is a
reaction.
• There are two forms of
causal reasoning:
• Cause to effect
• Effects to cause

8. Casual Reasoning
• Cause to effect – a known cause or
causes is capable of producing
some unknown effect or effects.
• Effect to cause – some known
effect(s) has/have been produced
by some unknown cause, or
causes.
• For example, the professors at this
college are good because they all
have at least a Master’s Degree in
their teaching field.

9. Sign Reasoning
• It involves inferring a
connection between two
related things, so that
presence or absence of one
indicates the presence or
absence of the other.
• For example, football on
television is a sign that Fall
has arrived.

10. Comparison Reasoning
• It involves drawing comparisons
between two similar things, and
concluding that, because of the
similarities involved, what is
correct about one is also correct of
the other.
• It is also known as reasoning by
analogy.
• There are two types of comparison
reasoning:
• Figurative Comparison
• Literal Comparison

11. Comparison Reasoning
• Figurative Comparison – the
attempt to link similarities
between two cases from different
classifications.
• Literal Comparison – the attempt
to establish a link between similar
classifications.
• For example, people to people,
cars to cars, and states to states.

12. Reasoning From Authority
• It is used when a person argues
that a particular claim is justified
because it is held or advocated by
a credible source.
• You can use this type of argument
in two ways.
• You can ask that an argument be
accepted simply because someone
you consider an authority
advocates it.
• You can support your arguments
with the credibility of another
person.

13. Fallacy
• Is an error in reasoning.
• An “argument” in which the
premises given for the
conclusion do not provide
the needed degree of
support.