Problem solving is a mental process of discovering, analyzing, and solving problems to overcome obstacles and find the best solution. A problem exists when a problem solver has a goal but does not know how to reach it. Problem solving involves making adjustments despite interference to attain a goal, according to Skinner's definition. Common problem solving methods include algorithms, heuristics, trial-and-error, insight, and brainstorming. Factors like the nature of the problem, prior experience, and mental state can impact the problem solving process. Teachers can help by selecting problems, motivating students, encouraging divergent thinking, and providing guidance and practice.

4. What is a Problem?
A problem exists when
a problem solver has a
goal but does not
know how this goal is
to be reached.

5. Problem-solving is a mental process
that involves
discovering, analyzing and solving
problems.
The ultimate goal of problem-solving
is to
overcome obstacles and find a
solution that
best resolves the issue .

6. DEFINITION
“Problem solving is a process of
overcoming difficulties that
appear to interfere with the
attainment of a goal. It is a
process of making adjustment in
spite of interferences”
Skinner

9. Algorithms
 An algorithm is a step-by-step
procedure that will always produce a
correct solution.
 A mathematical formula is a good
example of a problem-solving
algorithm.

10. Heuristics
Heuristics are general
strategies used to make
quick, short-cut solutions to
problems that sometimes
lead to solutions but
sometimes lead to errors.

11. Trial-and-Error
A trial-and-error approach
to problem-solving involves
trying a number of different
solutions and ruling out
those that do not work.

12. Insight
In some cases, the
solution to a problem can
appear as a sudden
insight.

13. BRAINSTORMING
Brainstorming is a
problem-solving strategy
in which you come up with
as many possible solutions
as you can, usually within
a certain period of time.

14. Factors Affecting Problem Solving

15. Factors inherent in the nature of the
problem
Simplicity & complexity of the problem.
 size or shape of the problem.
Appropriate or inappropriate definition of the
problem.
Nature of the definiteness of the problem.
Similarity or analogy with the problems
experienced or solved in
the past.
Help available from present circumstances &
resources at hand.

16. Factors associated with
the problem solver
Level of previous learning or training.
Interest and motivational level.
Analysis of the problem.
Mental set.
Functional fixedness.
Mental and physical states.
Time spent on solving the problem.

17. Role of Teacher
Help the pupils to locate and select the
problem to be solved
Create moderate motivation in learner
Encourage divergent thinking
Present the problem as a whole
Guide the pupils
Give practice