Social cognition refers to how people process and respond to social information. It involves interpreting social cues, analyzing social situations, and remembering social information using mental structures called schemas. Schemas help organize our knowledge about social roles, people, and events. When making judgments with limited time and information, people rely on mental shortcuts called heuristics. However, social cognition is not always rational and can involve errors like unrealistic optimism and counterfactual thinking.
Human psychology an intriguing subject in which a very important aspect is how we recognize and tend to form impressions about our environment and other individuals in the social world is brilliantly explained in this chapter summarized in a visual format.
Human psychology an intriguing subject in which a very important aspect is how we recognize and tend to form impressions about our environment and other individuals in the social world is brilliantly explained in this chapter summarized in a visual format.
According to psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings" (1985).
Briefly this field has been discussed.
Attributions are inferences that people make about the causes of events and behavior. People make attributions in order to understand their experiences. Attributions strongly influence the way people interact with others.
Social cognition is a sub-topic of social psychology that focuses on how people process, store, and apply information about other people and social situations.
It focuses on the role that cognitive processes play in our social interactions.
The way we think about others plays a major role in how we think, feel, and interact with the world around us.
Nature of Cognitive Psychology & Current Trends
According to Neisser(1967), Cognitive Psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with how people acquire, store, transform, use and communicate information.
Cognitive Psychology deals with our mental life; what goes inside our heads when we perceive, attend, remember, think, categorize, reason, decide, and so forth.
Cognitive psychology is a relatively young branch of psychology, yet it has quickly grown to become one of the most popular subfields. Few Practical Application of Cognitive Psychology(Science),Thinking, decision-making/increasing decision making accuracy, problem-solving, learning /structuring educational curricula to enhance learning , attention,Memory/Improving memory, forgetting, and
language acquisition.
But what exactly is cognitive psychology?
What do cognitive psychologists do?
Introduction to Social Psychology
I used local and foreign books. Some concepts are not mentioned here in my slides but will be discussed during our session.
If you want to know the resources feel free to comment below.
According to psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings" (1985).
Briefly this field has been discussed.
Attributions are inferences that people make about the causes of events and behavior. People make attributions in order to understand their experiences. Attributions strongly influence the way people interact with others.
Social cognition is a sub-topic of social psychology that focuses on how people process, store, and apply information about other people and social situations.
It focuses on the role that cognitive processes play in our social interactions.
The way we think about others plays a major role in how we think, feel, and interact with the world around us.
Nature of Cognitive Psychology & Current Trends
According to Neisser(1967), Cognitive Psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with how people acquire, store, transform, use and communicate information.
Cognitive Psychology deals with our mental life; what goes inside our heads when we perceive, attend, remember, think, categorize, reason, decide, and so forth.
Cognitive psychology is a relatively young branch of psychology, yet it has quickly grown to become one of the most popular subfields. Few Practical Application of Cognitive Psychology(Science),Thinking, decision-making/increasing decision making accuracy, problem-solving, learning /structuring educational curricula to enhance learning , attention,Memory/Improving memory, forgetting, and
language acquisition.
But what exactly is cognitive psychology?
What do cognitive psychologists do?
Introduction to Social Psychology
I used local and foreign books. Some concepts are not mentioned here in my slides but will be discussed during our session.
If you want to know the resources feel free to comment below.
Disruption of the 'usual' - rethinking behavior change and communication in n...craig lefebvre
Effective communication is an essential component in the mix of strategies used to effect behavior change in regard to healthy eating. But are nutrition educators using all the behavior change tools? Are we really communicating effectively? Is our communication passionate enough and inspired enough to be heard? How do we increase the likelihood of improving healthy nutrition behaviors? With so many voices and choices out there in so many mediums (i.e. social media, grocery and food packaging advertising, television commercials, radio, etc) we have constant competition. This topic is sure to get nutrition educators thinking about how they currently communicate and to consider new avenues and strategies for their programs.
Heuristics, bias and critical thinking in testing distributionMatt Mansell
This was a day long workshop I gave at the NZTester 2015 conference. Looking at psychology and cognitive science research and how to apply that to testing.
critical thinking is the most important concept with every day life like, school,work place, society for more information reed this power point.five point of this power point .What is critical thinking?
• Characteristics of a critical thinking
• Critical thinking standards
• benefits to critical thinking
• barriers of critical thinking
• How to improve critical thinking
Our motivations play an important role in how we understand ourselves and the world. We all operate with assumptions, mindsets and expectations that we are sometimes less conscious of and which are likely to be influenced by our deeper motivational orientations.
By understanding the links between motivational patterns and hidden biases, we can expand our self-awareness, achieve a more complete and objective view of others, and make wiser behavioural choices.
Critical thinking is a kind of thinking in which you question, analyse, interpret, evaluate and make a judgement about what you read, hear, say, or write. The term critical comes from the Greek word kritikos meaning “able to judge or discern”Critical thinking is the ability to analyze and evaluate information, arguments, and situations in a logical and systematic manner. It involves questioning assumptions, seeking evidence, considering multiple perspectives, and using reasoning to make informed decisions and judgments. Critical thinkers are adept at identifying biases, logical fallacies, and inconsistencies in arguments or information. They actively engage in problem-solving, applying their analytical skills to assess and solve complex problems. Critical thinking fosters intellectual curiosity, objectivity, and intellectual humility, allowing individuals to make well-informed decisions and navigate challenges effectively. It is an essential skill for academic, professional, and personal success, enabling individuals to think independently and make sound judgments based on evidence and reasoning. for more information visit: www.monash.edu
Neuroscience offers some new insights into the challenge of change and strategy execution in organisations. This article, part 1 of a three part series, explores why people cannot see the future as clearly as the change leader expects.
Meaning & Definition of Population & Sampling, Types of Sampling - Probability & Non-Probability Sampling Techniques, Characteristics of Probability Sampling Techniques, Types of Probability Sampling Techniques, Characteristics of Non-Probability Sampling Techniques, Types of Non-Probability Sampling Techniques, Errors in Sampling, Size of sample, Application of Sampling Technique in Research
Theories of Motivation - Instincts Theories, Drive – Reduction Theories, Arousal Theory, Incentive Theory, Opponent-Process Theory, Cognitive Theories - Expectancy-Value Theory, Cognitive Dissonance Theory, Attribution Theory, Equity Theory, Social Cognitive Theory - Maslow’s Hierarchy, ERG Theory, Motivation-Hygiene Theory, Theory X and Theory Y, Acquired Needs Theory, Neo-Freudian Theories - Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler, Analytical Psychology Of Carl J Jung, Carl Rogers, Gestalt theory, Kurt Koffka Theory, Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development, Karen Horney – Neurotic Relationships, Harry Stack-Sullivan – Selective Inattention, Erich Fromm – Choice of Freedom, The Social Unconscious Orientations, Type A,B, C and D Personalities, Behavioural, Cognitive And Humanistic Perspectives, Temperamental Theories of Personality - Gordon Allport, Ancient Theories of Temperament, Hierarchy of Traits And Super-Factors, Self-report Measures, Projective Techniques
Meaning, Definition, Factor Theories, Two-Factor Theory, Theory of Primary Mental Abilities, The Structure of Intellect Theory, Process Theories, Multiple Intelligence, Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, Assessment of intelligence, intelligence tests, Raven’s Progressive Matrices, Culture-fair intelligence tests, Extremes of Intelligence, Mental Retardation, Intellectual Giftedness, Triarchic Theory of Giftedness, Characteristics of Giftedness
Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Banking Model of Education. Transmission model, Needs in the Ethic of care model, Vindication of the Rights of Men, Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha
Social Brain, Signs of Social Intelligence, Strategies to Develop Social Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence, Components of Emotional Intelligence, How Emotional Intelligence Is Measured, Impact of Emotional Intelligence
Nature of Guidance, Need for Guidance, Principles of Guidance, Types of Guidance, Guidance Services in Schools, Vocational Guidance, Principles of Counselling, Types of Counselling, Professional Ethics of a Counsellor, Guidance Vs Counselling
Characteristics of Critical Thinking, Importance of Critical Thinking, Elements of Critical Thinking Process, Principles of Critical Thinking, Types of Critical Thinking, Critical Thinking Skills, Critical Thinking Barriers
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
1. Social Cognition
M. Vijayalakshmi
M.Sc., M.Phil. (Life Sciences), M.Ed., M.Phil. (Education), NET (Education), PGDBI
Assistant Professor (Former),
Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Education (Autonomous),
Coimbatore – 641020.
2. Social Cognition
• Social Cognition represents the scientific approach within
social psychology dedicated to studying how people
process and respond to social information.
• Social Cognition refers to the unique processes that
enable human beings to interpret social information and
behave appropriately in a social environment.
• Social Cognition - how we interpret, analyze, and
remember information about our social world
3. Schemas
• Mental structures that organize our knowledge about the
social world (about people, ourselves, social roles, specific
events).
• Schemas are typically very useful for helping us organize
and make sense of the world and to fill in the gaps of our
knowledge.
• Schemas are particularly important when we encounter
information that can be interpreted in a number of ways,
because they help us reduce ambiguity.
• Information consistent with our schemas are remembered
more
4. Schemas
• Mental framework built around a specific theme
• Types of Schemas
Person – Schemas about people
Role – Schemas relating to specific roles
Event – Indicates typical sequence of events
5. • Mental frameworks usually centered on specific themes in order to help in
organizing and using the information efficiently. Hence they act as filters.
But may vary across cultural, social and economic categories.
• Attention
• Information is filtered and consistent with schemas gets noticed & else is
ignored unless extreme.
• Encode
• Information consistent with schemas gets encoded and also sharply
contrasting info also gets stored with a TAG.
• Retrieve
• Strong & well developed schemas are recovered or where the extent of
mental effort was put in. Helps in quick judgement about people.
Consistency in schemas generally easy to recover.
6. Heuristics
• Mental shortcuts for making decisions
• Simple rules for making complex decisions or drawing
inferences in a seeming effortless manner.
• When do we use these shortcuts -
• Lack of time for full processing
• Information overload
• When issues are not important
• When we have little solid information to use in decision
making
8. Representativeness Heuristic
• Judging by resemblance
• A strategy for making judgments based on the extent to which
current stimuli or events resemble other stimuli or categories.
9. Availability Heuristic
• Judging by how quickly examples come to mind
• Suggests that the easier it is to bring information to mind, the
greater it’s importance or relevance to our judgements or
decisions.
10. False consensus Effect
• The tendency to assume that other behave or think as people
do to a greater than is actually true.
12. Automatic Priming
• Effect that occurs when stimuli of which individuals not
consciously aware alter the availability of various traits or
concepts in memory
13. Errors in Social Cognition
Rational versus Intuitive Processing
Dealing with Inconsistent Information
The Planning Fallacy
The Potential Costs of Thinking Too Much
Counterfactual Thinking
Magical Thinking
Thought Suppression
14. Rational versus Intuitive Processing
• Going with our guts
• Cognitive Experiential Self-Theory, Epstein, 1994
• Deliberate and intuitive thinking
15. Dealing with Inconsistent Information
Researchers have found that:
• we tend to pay more attention to information that is inconsistent
with our expectations
• inconsistent information often has greater impact on judgments
than consistent because we work harder to understand it
• extremely bizarre information, however, is often discounted
16. The Planning Fallacy
• The tendency to -
• make optimistic predictions concerning how long a given task will take for
completion
• assume we are more likely than others to experience good outcomes, and
less likely to experience bad
• Also known as ‘optimistic bias’
• It occurs because we tend to -
• focus on future while ignoring related past events
• overlook important potential obstacles
• as motivation to complete task increases, so does the planning fallacy
17. The Potential Costs of Thinking Too Much
• Why, sometimes, our tendency to do as little cognitive work as
possible may be justified.
• Individuals adopts intuitive approach to thinking about the social
world.
• In other instances, in which one tries to be as rational and systematic
as possible in the thought despite the extra effort this involves
• Thinking too much can get in to serious trouble
18. Counterfactual Thinking
oIt closely related to the experience of Regret
“what might have been” (mentally undoing events)
oCounterfactual thinking can -
increase sympathy, regret over missed opportunities
increase our understanding of why event happened
affect our current moods
oUpward Counterfactual Thinking - imagining better outcomes
(envy)
oDownward Counterfactual Thinking - imagining worse outcomes
(satisfaction)
19. Magical Thinking
Thinking based on irrational assumptions
Law of contagion - two objects in contact pass
properties to one another
fear of wearing sweater worn by AIDS patient
Law of similarity - things that resemble each other
share basic properties
fear of eating chocolate shaped like a spider
20. Thought Suppression
Thought Suppression - preventing unwanted thoughts from entering
consciousness
Efforts to prevent certain thoughts from entering consciousness.
• Thought suppression involves two processes:
• Automatic Monitoring Process - automatically searches for unwanted
thoughts
• Operating Process - conscious attempt to distract oneself
• Rebound effect - suppressing unwanted thoughts may actually
increase them
• people high in reactance - react negatively to threats to freedom- more
likely to show rebound effect