Downloaded 33 times
Uploaded byBSEPhySci14
Inductive reasoning
This document discusses inductive reasoning and its use of specific observations to derive general claims or conclusions. It outlines six types of inductive reasoning: generalization, analogy, sign, causation, authority, and parallel case. An example is provided for each type. Inductive reasoning is contrasted with deductive reasoning, which moves from general premises to specific conclusions. The document aims to help the reader identify, analyze, and evaluate different forms of inductive arguments.
More Related Content
Similar to Inductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning
- 1. INDUCTIVE REASONING BY:SISTOSO, CLAUDEN N.
- 2. The studentis able to (I can): • Use inductive reasoning to identify patterns and make conjectures • Find counterexamples to disprove conjectures • Identify, write, and analyze the truth value of conditional statements. • Write the inverse, converse, and contrapositive of a conditional statement.
- 3. 1. 6types of inductive reasoning “GASCAP” • Generalization • Analogy • Sign • Causation • Authority • Parallel Case
- 4. 1. 6types of inductive reasoning “GASCAP” • Generalization • Analogy • Sign • Causation • Authority • Parallel Case
- 5. 2. InductiveVs. Deductive reasoning • Inductive • Moves from specific observations to general claims • Seeks to reduce uncertainty of claims • “Informal”/probability • Deductive • Moves from general premises to specific conclusions • Seeks absolute certainty of conclusions • “Formal”/truth 3. Example of Inductive Reasoning • Specific observations • Red light cameras decrease speeds • Red light cameras increase expectations of being caught • Red light cameras identify repeat offenders • General claim • Red light cameras increase safety
- 6. 4. Exampleof Deductive Reasoning • General premises • Major premise: all red-light cameras reduce accidents at intersections. • Minor Premise: Costa Mesa has installed red light cameras at intersections. • Conclusion: Costa Mesa has fewer accidents at these intersections. 5. Reasoning by generalization • Searching for predictable patterns in details, examples. • True in these cases equals usually true of the class. • Specific observations: • In 2000 we averaged 15 albacore caught • In 2001 we averaged 13 albacore caught • In 2002 we averaged 16 albacore caught • General claim • We will probably average more than 10 albacore this year.
- 7. 6. Reasoningby analogy • Observing fundamental similarity between the characteristics of dissimilar cases. • Specific observations: • Americans are like energy junkies. • Oil Producing nation’s are like pushers. • General claim: • The U.S. should decrease energy dependence. 7. Reasoning by sign • Observation of symptoms, conditions,or marks used to prove a certain condition exits. • Specific observations: • The current water temperature is optimal. • Sea life is currently abundant. • There are boats around us fishing. • General claim: • The current likelihood of catching fish is high.
- 8. 8. Reasoningby causation • Observation of a temporal connection between events in which one produces the other. • Specific observations: • Steroid users develop emotional problems. • Steroids decrease sexual drive. • Steroids create secondary sexual characteristics. • General claim: • Steroid use leads to negative consequences. 9. Reasoning by authority • Reliance on the credibility of the source of information to warrant acceptance of claim. • Specific observations: • Professional athletes and team owners rely on the expertise of arbitrators. • Doctors and patients utilize arbitration. • General Claim: • Because I am a professional arbitrator, you should abide by my decision
- 9. 10. Reasoningby parallel case • Observing similarities in two or more similar cases • Specific observations • Both Bush presidencies had a war with Iraq. • Both Bush presidencies had problems with the economy. • Both Bush presidencies altered campaign promises. • General Claim: • Both Bush presidencies will end up as a single term. 11. Locating reasoning in units of argument • Finding specific observations: • Examine the evidence in the grounds • Look for specific language that states or implies reasoning • Decide what types of reasoning is NOT being utilized. • Select from remaining types to make a “best guess.” • Making general claims: • Claim should reflect a reasonable position based on the evidence in the grounds. • Making warrants: • The warrant should make a statement about why the evidence in the grounds supports that claim.