Nipah virus : New emerging disease with high mortality Harivansh Chopra
Nipah Virus is one of the emerging viral infection with high mortality. Can be prevented by simply using hand washing and by good food and fruit hygiene, Still no vaccine is available for human although trials are underway. Ribavarin can be used for treatment with variable results. Prevention is still the best method for treatment. Strong IEC is required for effective prevention.
Nipah virus : New emerging disease with high mortality Harivansh Chopra
Nipah Virus is one of the emerging viral infection with high mortality. Can be prevented by simply using hand washing and by good food and fruit hygiene, Still no vaccine is available for human although trials are underway. Ribavarin can be used for treatment with variable results. Prevention is still the best method for treatment. Strong IEC is required for effective prevention.
West Nile fever is an infection by the West Nile virus, which is typically spread by mosquitoes. It causes disease in humans, horses, and several species of birds
Polio: flaccid paralysis, major and minor
disease, fecal-oral
Coxsackievirus A: vesicular diseases,
meningitis; coxsackievirus B (body):
pleurodynia, myocarditis
Other echovirus and enteroviruses: like
coxsackievirus
Rhinoviruses: common cold, acid labile, does
not replicate above 33° C
Biology, Virulence, and Disease
• Small size, icosahedral capsid, positive RNA
genome with terminal protein
• Genome is sufficient for infection
• Encodes RNA-dependent RNA polymerase,
replicates in cytoplasm
Enteroviruses
• Capsid virus resistant to inactivation
• Disease due to lytic infection of important
target tissue
• Polio: cytolytic infection of motor neurons of
anterior horn and brainstem, paralysis
• Coxsackievirus A: herpangina, hand-foot-
and-mouth disease, common cold,
meningitis
• Coxsackievirus B: pleurodynia, neonatal
myocarditis, type 1 diabetes
Rhinoviruses
• Acid labile and cannot replicate at body
temperature
• Restricted to upper respiratory tract
• Common cold
Epidemiology
• Enteroviruses transmitted by fecal-oral route
and aerosols
• Rhinoviruses transmitted by aerosols and
contact
Diagnosis
• Immune assays (ELISA) or RT-PCR genome
analysis of blood, CSF, or other relevant
sample
Treatment, Prevention, and Control
• OPV and IPV polio vaccines
P
icornaviridae is one of the largest families of viruses and
includes some of the most important human and animal
viruses (Box 46-1). As the name indicates, these viruses are
small (pico) ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses that have a
naked capsid structure. The family has more than 230
members divided into nine genera, including Enterovirus,
Rhinovirus, Hepatovirus (hepatitis A virus; discussed in
Chapter 55), Cardiovirus, and Aphthovirus. The enterovi-
ruses are distinguished from the rhinoviruses by the stabil-
ity of the capsid at pH 3, the optimum temperature
for growth, the mode of transmission, and their diseases
The new virus has made the jump from pigs to humans and has demonstrated it can also pass from human to human. This is why it is demanding so much attention from health authorities. The virus passes from human to human like other types of flu, either through coughing, sneezing, or by touching infected surfaces, although little is known about how the virus acts on humans.
What is influenza ,ethology ,types ,presentations signs and symptoms ,epidemic influenza ,laboratory investigations , management , the WHO guidelines in dealing with cases and contact
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Zoonoses : are infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and people.
The term zoonosis'Derived from the Greek
ZOON (animals) and NOSES (diseases)
People, animals, birds, arthropods and the inanimate environment are all involved in cycles of zoonotic infection
this presentation is prepared with the intention to create an insight about coronavirus among the undergraduate medical students in their pre and para clinical years
Nipah virus (Niv) is a zoonotic virus that can spread between animals and people. Fruit bats, also called flying foxes, are the NIV reservoir among animals in nature. Spread of disease occurs from the infected fruit bats to other animals, such as pigs, and from infected animals to humans. The infection occurs through contaminated fruits by the animal's body fluids such as saliva, urine, or blood. Therefore, the initial spread is from animals to humans and then within humans.
Thus, the infection caused by Niv results in milder to severe illness ranging from acute respiratory tract infection to severe brain encephalitis (swelling of the brain). The Nipah outbreaks were most commonly observed in parts of Asia, primarily India and Bangladesh. This outbreak reported 40-75% of deaths in 1998 and 2018.
Past outbreaks
Nipah virus (NiV) was first identified in Malaysia and Singapore following an outbreak of disease in pigs and people in 1999. This outbreak resulted in more than 100 deaths and nearly 300 infected cases in people. More than a million pigs were killed to control further outbreaks of disease, and there have been no outbreaks in both countries since 1999.
In 2001, an annual outbreak of the disease was observed in Bangladesh. It was also periodically identified in India. The quick spread of the virus from animals to humans raised concern about NIV and made it a global pandemic.
Transmission
The first known outbreak in Singapore and Malaysia was through direct contact with the Nipah (Niv) infected pigs or their body fluids. It identified that the infected pigs got the Niv strain from bats, which subsequently resulted in transmission of the viral strains from pigs to humans by their unprotected exposure to infected animal species, which in turn led to a severe health issue in contact with humans that was even fatal due to unavailability of proper medications or vaccinations. There was no report of person-person transmission of disease in the outbreak.
Whereas person-person transmission was first reported in India (2001) and Bangladesh (2001-2008) by consumption of fruits and vegetables contaminated by the body fluids of infected animals caused Nipah virus infection.
The spread of the Nipah virus (NiV) from people was through the following causes:
• Direct contact with infected animals or their body fluids (such as bats or pigs).
• Consumption of fruits or vegetables contaminated by the body fluids of infected animals (such as palm sap).
• Close or direct contact with Niv infected person infected their body fluids (such as nasal droplets, blood, or urine).
Signs and Symptoms
The symptoms commonly appear 4-14 days after exposure to the virus. However, in many cases incubation period as long as 45 days has been reported.
Symptoms may initially include one or several of the following for 3-14days:
• Fever
• Headache
• Vomiting
Signs of respiratory illness:
• Sore throat
• Cough
• Difficulty breathing
Nipah virus (NiV) causes the deadly viral zoonotic infectious disease called Nipah, that can transmit from animals to humans.
Animals such as bats, most commonly the fruit bats called as flying fox and pigs were the acting carriers of Niv.
Nipah viral infection in humans results in range of clinical presentations such as asymptomatic infection (subclinical) to acute respiratory infection and fatal encephalitis.
This infection has about 40 to 75% fatality rate, which can be varied depending on the local capabilities for epidemiological surveillance and clinical management.
Presently approved treatment or vaccination is unavailable for infected rather than supportive care.
Therefore, the disease calls out for an urgent need for an approved treatment regimen for a proper cure of the disease. As stated by the 2018 annual review of the WHO R&D Blueprint list of priority diseases.
West Nile fever is an infection by the West Nile virus, which is typically spread by mosquitoes. It causes disease in humans, horses, and several species of birds
Polio: flaccid paralysis, major and minor
disease, fecal-oral
Coxsackievirus A: vesicular diseases,
meningitis; coxsackievirus B (body):
pleurodynia, myocarditis
Other echovirus and enteroviruses: like
coxsackievirus
Rhinoviruses: common cold, acid labile, does
not replicate above 33° C
Biology, Virulence, and Disease
• Small size, icosahedral capsid, positive RNA
genome with terminal protein
• Genome is sufficient for infection
• Encodes RNA-dependent RNA polymerase,
replicates in cytoplasm
Enteroviruses
• Capsid virus resistant to inactivation
• Disease due to lytic infection of important
target tissue
• Polio: cytolytic infection of motor neurons of
anterior horn and brainstem, paralysis
• Coxsackievirus A: herpangina, hand-foot-
and-mouth disease, common cold,
meningitis
• Coxsackievirus B: pleurodynia, neonatal
myocarditis, type 1 diabetes
Rhinoviruses
• Acid labile and cannot replicate at body
temperature
• Restricted to upper respiratory tract
• Common cold
Epidemiology
• Enteroviruses transmitted by fecal-oral route
and aerosols
• Rhinoviruses transmitted by aerosols and
contact
Diagnosis
• Immune assays (ELISA) or RT-PCR genome
analysis of blood, CSF, or other relevant
sample
Treatment, Prevention, and Control
• OPV and IPV polio vaccines
P
icornaviridae is one of the largest families of viruses and
includes some of the most important human and animal
viruses (Box 46-1). As the name indicates, these viruses are
small (pico) ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses that have a
naked capsid structure. The family has more than 230
members divided into nine genera, including Enterovirus,
Rhinovirus, Hepatovirus (hepatitis A virus; discussed in
Chapter 55), Cardiovirus, and Aphthovirus. The enterovi-
ruses are distinguished from the rhinoviruses by the stabil-
ity of the capsid at pH 3, the optimum temperature
for growth, the mode of transmission, and their diseases
The new virus has made the jump from pigs to humans and has demonstrated it can also pass from human to human. This is why it is demanding so much attention from health authorities. The virus passes from human to human like other types of flu, either through coughing, sneezing, or by touching infected surfaces, although little is known about how the virus acts on humans.
What is influenza ,ethology ,types ,presentations signs and symptoms ,epidemic influenza ,laboratory investigations , management , the WHO guidelines in dealing with cases and contact
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Zoonoses : are infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and people.
The term zoonosis'Derived from the Greek
ZOON (animals) and NOSES (diseases)
People, animals, birds, arthropods and the inanimate environment are all involved in cycles of zoonotic infection
this presentation is prepared with the intention to create an insight about coronavirus among the undergraduate medical students in their pre and para clinical years
Nipah virus (Niv) is a zoonotic virus that can spread between animals and people. Fruit bats, also called flying foxes, are the NIV reservoir among animals in nature. Spread of disease occurs from the infected fruit bats to other animals, such as pigs, and from infected animals to humans. The infection occurs through contaminated fruits by the animal's body fluids such as saliva, urine, or blood. Therefore, the initial spread is from animals to humans and then within humans.
Thus, the infection caused by Niv results in milder to severe illness ranging from acute respiratory tract infection to severe brain encephalitis (swelling of the brain). The Nipah outbreaks were most commonly observed in parts of Asia, primarily India and Bangladesh. This outbreak reported 40-75% of deaths in 1998 and 2018.
Past outbreaks
Nipah virus (NiV) was first identified in Malaysia and Singapore following an outbreak of disease in pigs and people in 1999. This outbreak resulted in more than 100 deaths and nearly 300 infected cases in people. More than a million pigs were killed to control further outbreaks of disease, and there have been no outbreaks in both countries since 1999.
In 2001, an annual outbreak of the disease was observed in Bangladesh. It was also periodically identified in India. The quick spread of the virus from animals to humans raised concern about NIV and made it a global pandemic.
Transmission
The first known outbreak in Singapore and Malaysia was through direct contact with the Nipah (Niv) infected pigs or their body fluids. It identified that the infected pigs got the Niv strain from bats, which subsequently resulted in transmission of the viral strains from pigs to humans by their unprotected exposure to infected animal species, which in turn led to a severe health issue in contact with humans that was even fatal due to unavailability of proper medications or vaccinations. There was no report of person-person transmission of disease in the outbreak.
Whereas person-person transmission was first reported in India (2001) and Bangladesh (2001-2008) by consumption of fruits and vegetables contaminated by the body fluids of infected animals caused Nipah virus infection.
The spread of the Nipah virus (NiV) from people was through the following causes:
• Direct contact with infected animals or their body fluids (such as bats or pigs).
• Consumption of fruits or vegetables contaminated by the body fluids of infected animals (such as palm sap).
• Close or direct contact with Niv infected person infected their body fluids (such as nasal droplets, blood, or urine).
Signs and Symptoms
The symptoms commonly appear 4-14 days after exposure to the virus. However, in many cases incubation period as long as 45 days has been reported.
Symptoms may initially include one or several of the following for 3-14days:
• Fever
• Headache
• Vomiting
Signs of respiratory illness:
• Sore throat
• Cough
• Difficulty breathing
Nipah virus (NiV) causes the deadly viral zoonotic infectious disease called Nipah, that can transmit from animals to humans.
Animals such as bats, most commonly the fruit bats called as flying fox and pigs were the acting carriers of Niv.
Nipah viral infection in humans results in range of clinical presentations such as asymptomatic infection (subclinical) to acute respiratory infection and fatal encephalitis.
This infection has about 40 to 75% fatality rate, which can be varied depending on the local capabilities for epidemiological surveillance and clinical management.
Presently approved treatment or vaccination is unavailable for infected rather than supportive care.
Therefore, the disease calls out for an urgent need for an approved treatment regimen for a proper cure of the disease. As stated by the 2018 annual review of the WHO R&D Blueprint list of priority diseases.
Nipah virus (NiV) causes the deadly viral zoonotic infectious disease called Nipah, that
can transmit from animals to humans.
• Animals such as bats, most commonly the fruit bats called as flying fox and pigs were
the acting carriers of Niv.
• Nipah viral infection in humans results in range of clinical presentations such as
asymptomatic infection (subclinical) to acute respiratory infection and fatal
encephalitis.
• This infection has about 40 to 75% fatality rate, which can be varied depending on
the local capabilities for epidemiological surveillance and clinical management.
• Presently approved treatment or vaccination is unavailable for infected rather than
supportive care.
• Therefore, the disease calls out for an urgent need for an approved treatment
regimen for a proper cure of the disease. As stated by the 2018 annual review of the
WHO R&D Blueprint list of priority diseases.
Brief information about nipah virus infection and more emphasis on factors responsible for emergence of disease in India and prevention & control strategies relevant to Indian conditions.
Nipah virus is an newly out broke virus from the animal species the exact reason for the virus out bake was not
known clearly some scientist are concluded the point regarding the reoccurrence of the virus in the India after a gap
of 8 years of last impact, this virus is mainly spreading because of the a kind of the cattle pigs and from the infected
fruit bat. At first virus has been found in the region of the south East Asia islands later few developed countries has
taken a step forward in order to control or eradicate the virus while few countries has left the solution for the
problem. Recently a week back the virus has been observed in the south state of the India. As it was known fact that
this virus is a zoonosis. Various countries are a step ahead in the research. When compared to the west part of the
world the impact of the disease is more in the eastern part of the world. There is no particular vaccination for this
virus, diagnosis for the disease is also a complex task.
Newcastle Disease: Present status and future challenges for developing countriesSyed Tajamal Naqvi
سید تجمل حسین نقوی
Ashraf, A1. and Shah, M. S.2*
1Department of Wild Life and Fisheries, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
2Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
nipah virus is an dangerous infection , there is no treatment available for this currently only intensive treatment is given , its epidemiology show 75% of death rate.
here is the brief information about the nipah virus infection (NiV).
This Notes covers Plasmids and Bacteriophages, types, compatibility and infectivity,
Watch this to Learn - https://youtu.be/HhOsWeQjINg
#Vectorsincloning
REPRODUCTIVE ISSUES DUE TO LOW SPERM COUNT.
DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION.
For Scientific Free Lectures, Visit - http://bit.ly/VisitZofirAcademy
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
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CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
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Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
2. Human Nipah Virus(NiV) infection is an emerging zoonotic disease which
causes severe disease in both humans and animals.
Nipah virus (NiV) is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, genus
Henipavirus, which is closely related to Hendravirus.
It was first recognized in Malaysia and Singapore during an outbreak from
September 1998 through May 1999.
Its name originated from kampung Sungai Nipah, a village in the Malaysian
Peninsula where pig farmers became ill with encephalitis.
2
4. Though Nipah virus has caused only a few outbreaks, it infects a wide range of
animals and causes severe disease and death in people, making it a public health
concern.
4
Laura T Mazzola 1, Cassandra Kelly-Cirino 1
5. 5
Gurjeet Singh1 , Raksha , Anant D. Urhekar.
Graph.2. Representation of Nipah spread across south Asia
6. • The recent outbreak in Kerala is
thought to have been caused by dead
bats found in a well of a family's
home in the village of Changaroth.
• The infection reportedly spread
among family members and was
passed on to others who had been in
contact with the family.
The Nipah virus has already claimed 10 lives in the Indian state of Kerala, including a 31-year-
old nurse who was treating the infected. 6
Table.1 Mortality and Morbidity due to Nipah infection in South East Asia
7. Bangladesh
During the collection of date palm
sap, fruit bats drink from the sap and
contaminate the sap with Nipah virus
through saliva, urine, or feces. People
drinking the date palm sap become
infected with Nipah virus and transmit
the virus to close contacts.
Malaysia
Pteropid fruit bats are the natural reservoir
of Nipah virus. Bats roosting in fruit trees
on pig farms transmitted the virus to pigs.
Pigs transmitted Nipah virus to people in
close contact with them.
7
8. The pathologic findings in the brain
of Nipah encephalitis cases showed
evidence of necrotizing vasculitis.
The main pathology appeared to be
widespread ischemia and infarction
caused by vasculitis-induced
thrombosis, although direct neuronal
invasion may also play a major role
in the pathogenesis of the
encephalitis.
Alveolar hemorrhage, pulmonary edema and aspiration pneumonia were often
encountered in the lungs.
These may lead to pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
ultimately.
8
9. Acute onset of
cough with
shortness of
breath
Severe Headache
Acute onset of
altered mental
status
High Grade Fever
Muscle pain
Convulsion
Diarrhoea
9
11. The samples should be collected as early as possible (preferably
within 4-5 days on onset of illness.
The samples may be as follows:
Throat swab to be collected in viral transport medium
Urine approx 10 ml in universal sterile container
Blood in plain vial (at least 5ml)
CSF (at least 1 ml) in a sterile container
Samples should be safely packed in triple container packing and should be
transported under cold chain (2-8°C) to the testing laboratory with prior
intimation.
Before dispatching the sample, disinfect the outer surface of container using
1:100 dilution of bleach or 5% Lysol solution.
11
13. Yet No Specific treatment for NIPAH
Treatment is limited to supportive care. May require intensive care monitoring
Mechanical ventilation for air way protection for neurological deterioration.
Proper barrier nursing techniques are important in preventing hospital-acquired
infections
13
14. Antiviral Species Efficacy
Ribavirin
Human (Malaysia
outbreak)
36 % reduction in mortality
Syrian hamster No beneficial effect
Chloroquine
Syrian hamster No beneficial effect
Ferret No beneficial effect
Neutralizing
antibodies
Syrian hamster
100 % survival with pretreatment;
partial protection with posttreatment
m102.4 antibody Ferret
100 % survival when treated 24 h after
inoculation
poly(I)-poly(C 12 U) Syrian hamster
80 % survival when treated 2 h after
inoculation and 9 additional days
VIKI-PEG4-chol Syrian hamster
40 % survival when treated 2 days after
inoculation
Table.2 The efficacy of antiviral treatments tested in Nipah virus animal models
14
17. Avoid intake of fruits bitten by animals
Proper handling of specimen
Strong Disease Surveillance
17
18. Mazzola, L. T., & Kelly-Cirino, C. (2019). Diagnostics for Nipah virus: a zoonotic
pathogen endemic to Southeast Asia. BMJ global health, 4(Suppl 2).
Gurjeet Singh1 , Raksha , Anant D. Urhekar. Nipah: A killer virus,
Int.J.Adv.Microbiol.Health.Res.2018; 2(2):40-55
Mohd Nor MN, Gan CH, Ong BL. Nipah virus infection of pigs in peninsular
Malaysia. Rev Sci Tech. 2000;19:160–5.
Chua KB, Bellini WJ, Rota PA, Harcourt BH, Tamin A, et al. Nipah virus: a recently
emergent deadly paramyxovirus. Science. 2000;288:1432–5.
Halpin K, Hyatt AD, Fogarty R, Middleton D, Bingham J, et al. Pteropid bats are
confirmed as the reservoir hosts of henipaviruses: a comprehensive experimental study
of virus transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;85:946–51.
18
Extras - In the 1999 outbreak, Nipah virus caused a relatively mild disease in pigs, but nearly 300 human cases with over 100 deaths were reported. In order to stop the outbreak, more than a million pigs were euthanized, causing tremendous trade loss for Malaysia. Since this outbreak, no subsequent cases (in neither swine nor human) have been reported in either Malaysia or Singapore.
SINCE this contain single stranded rna this is an RNA VIRUS
This is an enveloped virus
Red spots are the area which is affected by nipah virus
Which shows the number of death around “ “ with the fatality rate ranging from 30 – 100%.
Recently, in 2018 May kerala was struck with Nipah incidence and the source was found to be the dead bat in a well which spreaded the disease across families.
• In malaysian outbreaks human infections occurred through direct contact with respiratory secretions and urine from infected pigs. Occupational contacts in abattoir workers, pork sellers
• In Bangladesh Nipah virus infection in human resulted from consumption of raw date palm sap contaminated by Bat saliva and human to human transmission.
• In philippines, there was evidence of horse to human and human to human transmission.
Viremia- entering of virus in blood stream
Vasculitis- inflammation
Infarction – tissue death due to inadequate blood supply
Infection is mainly associated with encaphilitis(inflammation of brain)
After exposure it has an incubation period of 5 to 14 days, illness present with 3-14 days of fever and headache followed by drowsiness, disorientation and mental confusion.
Laboratory diagnosis of a patient with a clinical history of NiV can be made during the acute and convalescent phases of the disease by using a combination of tests. Virus isolation attempts and real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from throat and nasal swabs, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and blood should be performed in the early stages of disease. Antibody detection by ELISA (IgG and IgM) can be used later. In fatal cases, immunohistochemistry on tissues collected during autopsy may be the only way to confirm a diagnosis.
There is no specific treatment for Nipah Virus. Supportive care is the general treatment for this disease.
• Treatment is limited to supportive care. May require intensive care monitoring
• Mechanical ventilation for air way protection should be initiated with onset of neurological deterioration.
• Because Nipah virus encephalitis can be transmitted person-to-person, standard infection control practices and proper barrier nursing techniques are important in preventing hospital-acquired infections (nosocomial transmission).
Due to the severity of Nipah virus outbreaks and their sporadic nature, antiviral treatment options would be very valuable. Currently, the only treatment available to Nipah virus patients is supportive care in hospital settings. Attempts to develop antivirals against Nipah virus are under way. An overview of antiviral treatments tested in one or more of the Nipah virus animal models is given in Table.
Since 2012, an equine Hendra virus vaccine is available in Australia. This vaccine, Equivac HeV, consisting of soluble glycoprotein G, aims to protect horses from acquiring Hendra virus. Since humans are largely exposed to Hendra virus through infected horses, the vaccine at the same time aims to prevent transmission of Hendra virus to humans. Since there is no intermediate reservoir involved in the transmission of Nipah virus to humans in the Bangladeshi outbreaks, a similar vaccination strategy cannot be adopted there. Moreover, Nipah virus outbreaks in Bangladesh are small and sporadic, thereby making it unlikely that largescale vaccination campaigns will ever be used in the human population. However, a Nipah virus vaccine may be useful to employ a ring vaccination strategy during Nipah virus outbreaks. For such a strategy to be successful, fast-acting vaccines need to be developed. An overview of vaccine candidates tested in one or more of the Nipah virus animal models is presented in this table.