According to official estimates, the 2011 tsunami washed about 5 million tons of debris into the ocean. About two-thirds of that quickly sank. The remainder was carried along the coast of Japan and then out into the Pacific Ocean. The trash from the March 11, 2011 tsunami began to reach the west coast of the USA in 2012 and 2013, creating new, complex, and unexpected ecological and environmental problems.
Tsunami is a Japanese word Tsu means ‘harbour’ and nami means ‘wave’.
They are called tidal waves but they have actually nothing to do with the tides. However their appearance from shore is similar to rapidly rising or falling tides.
Tsunami is a series of wave created when water is moved very quickly.
Tsunami is gravity wave system, triggered by vertical disturbances in ocean. They are long waves sometime with hundreds of miles b/w their crests, just like the concentric waves generated by an object dropped into a pool.
First tsunami was recorded in 1480 B.C. in eastern Mediterranean, when the Minoan civilization was wiped out.
A large tsunami accompanied by the earthquake of Lisbon in 1755.
The Kutch earthquake of June 16, 1819 generated strong tsunami which submerged the coastal areas and damage to ships and country made boats of fishermen.
North and South American records have dated such
events back to 1788 for Alaska and 1562 for Chile. Records of Hawaiian tsunami go back to 1821.
Tsunami hits the Mona Passage off Puerto Rico in 1918, grand banks of Canada in 1929.
Tsunami is a Japanese word Tsu means ‘harbour’ and nami means ‘wave’.
They are called tidal waves but they have actually nothing to do with the tides. However their appearance from shore is similar to rapidly rising or falling tides.
Tsunami is a series of wave created when water is moved very quickly.
Tsunami is gravity wave system, triggered by vertical disturbances in ocean. They are long waves sometime with hundreds of miles b/w their crests, just like the concentric waves generated by an object dropped into a pool.
First tsunami was recorded in 1480 B.C. in eastern Mediterranean, when the Minoan civilization was wiped out.
A large tsunami accompanied by the earthquake of Lisbon in 1755.
The Kutch earthquake of June 16, 1819 generated strong tsunami which submerged the coastal areas and damage to ships and country made boats of fishermen.
North and South American records have dated such
events back to 1788 for Alaska and 1562 for Chile. Records of Hawaiian tsunami go back to 1821.
Tsunami hits the Mona Passage off Puerto Rico in 1918, grand banks of Canada in 1929.
This presentation gives a detailed information about the Supercyclone of Odisha which had occured in the year 1999. It gives detailed information about the cyclone and its impact on the Odisha state and what are the steps taken out after this disaster
A torrential rain event during the first full week of March 2016 featuring over two feet of record March rain in the South unleashed major river flooding, rising to historic levels in some areas. Add flooding along the Gulf Coast, and the disaster became a triple assault. In all, 400 homes flooded in Mississippi. Three people were killed in Louisiana, the governor said. In one case, a driver died when floodwater swept his vehicle off a road in Bienville Parish, the Governor's Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness said. The two others died in Ouachita Parish, according to the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals.
Typhoon Rammasun (Cat 3) Headed Towards Manila. This tropical storm is predicted to be the first direct hit on the capital in four years. Rammasun is the strongest storm to threaten the country since Haiyan, a Cat-5 "super typhoon," that wiped out nearly everything in its path when it crossed over the central Philippines in November, 2013, just eight months ago. The major lesson from last Haiyan: ANTICIPATORY ACTIONS ARE THE KEY TO PREPAREDNESS. People who endured haiyan should know 1) what to expect (e.G., high-velocity winds, rain, flash floods, landslides, and storm surge), 2) where and when it will happen, and 3) what they should (and should not) do to prepare will survive. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December with the epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The shock had a moment magnitude of 9.1–9.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). The undersea megathrust earthquake was caused when the Indian Plate was subducted by the Burma Plate and triggered a series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean, killing 230,000–280,000 people in 14 countries, and inundating coastal communities with waves up to 30 metres (100 ft) high. It was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. Indonesia was the hardest-hit country, followed by Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand.
THIS PPT SHOWS HOW THE EARTHQUAKE WAS CAUSED AND DAMAGE DUE TO IT.
The moderate-magnitude quake struck at 9:26 p.M. Thursday night at a depth of 11 kilometers (7 miles) in southern Japan near Kumamoto city on the island of Kyushu. The epicenter was 120 kilometers (74 miles) northeast of Kyushu Electric Power Company's Sendai nuclear plant, the only one operating in the country; no adverse consequences were reported.
Lesson: the knowledge and timing of anticipatory actions is vital
CAPE UNIT 1 (ONE) GEOGRAPHY- POPULATION NOTES/SLIDESOral Johnson
This is the population aspect of the CAPE geography unit one syllabus. Its not the entire notes in an expansive format but i think it sums it up nicely. The topics are:
Population distribution
Population change- natural
Population change-migration
Population Structure
Population and Resources
Making (or not making) our world disaster resilient will be our lasting legacy. History Will Decide Which Legacy We Actually Leave. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
This presentation gives a detailed information about the Supercyclone of Odisha which had occured in the year 1999. It gives detailed information about the cyclone and its impact on the Odisha state and what are the steps taken out after this disaster
A torrential rain event during the first full week of March 2016 featuring over two feet of record March rain in the South unleashed major river flooding, rising to historic levels in some areas. Add flooding along the Gulf Coast, and the disaster became a triple assault. In all, 400 homes flooded in Mississippi. Three people were killed in Louisiana, the governor said. In one case, a driver died when floodwater swept his vehicle off a road in Bienville Parish, the Governor's Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness said. The two others died in Ouachita Parish, according to the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals.
Typhoon Rammasun (Cat 3) Headed Towards Manila. This tropical storm is predicted to be the first direct hit on the capital in four years. Rammasun is the strongest storm to threaten the country since Haiyan, a Cat-5 "super typhoon," that wiped out nearly everything in its path when it crossed over the central Philippines in November, 2013, just eight months ago. The major lesson from last Haiyan: ANTICIPATORY ACTIONS ARE THE KEY TO PREPAREDNESS. People who endured haiyan should know 1) what to expect (e.G., high-velocity winds, rain, flash floods, landslides, and storm surge), 2) where and when it will happen, and 3) what they should (and should not) do to prepare will survive. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December with the epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The shock had a moment magnitude of 9.1–9.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). The undersea megathrust earthquake was caused when the Indian Plate was subducted by the Burma Plate and triggered a series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean, killing 230,000–280,000 people in 14 countries, and inundating coastal communities with waves up to 30 metres (100 ft) high. It was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. Indonesia was the hardest-hit country, followed by Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand.
THIS PPT SHOWS HOW THE EARTHQUAKE WAS CAUSED AND DAMAGE DUE TO IT.
The moderate-magnitude quake struck at 9:26 p.M. Thursday night at a depth of 11 kilometers (7 miles) in southern Japan near Kumamoto city on the island of Kyushu. The epicenter was 120 kilometers (74 miles) northeast of Kyushu Electric Power Company's Sendai nuclear plant, the only one operating in the country; no adverse consequences were reported.
Lesson: the knowledge and timing of anticipatory actions is vital
CAPE UNIT 1 (ONE) GEOGRAPHY- POPULATION NOTES/SLIDESOral Johnson
This is the population aspect of the CAPE geography unit one syllabus. Its not the entire notes in an expansive format but i think it sums it up nicely. The topics are:
Population distribution
Population change- natural
Population change-migration
Population Structure
Population and Resources
Making (or not making) our world disaster resilient will be our lasting legacy. History Will Decide Which Legacy We Actually Leave. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
Disaster resilience is a failed policy without the adoption and implementation of five integrated policies (i.e., The Five Pillars of Disaster Resilience) With Today’s Books of Knowledge, Innovative Capacity Building to Protect Important Buildings and Basic, essential, and Critical, Infrastructure is possible. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
TYPHOON VONGFONG: A HUGE STORM. On Oct 7, in just 24 hours, Vongfong intensified from a CAT 2 storm to one with, 155 mph wind speeds, and an estimated central pressure of 908 millibars. The typhoon toppled trees, flooded streets and cut power to more than 60,000 homes. 35 people were reported injured in Okinawa and Kyushu, where 150,000 people were evacuated. Fifteen years ago, more than 10,000 people were killed when a cyclone hit roughly the same area, which lacked significant evacuation capability. CONCLUSION: A MAJOR IMPROVEMENT IN EVACUATION Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
Floods, which can be either slow onset or rapid onset events (i.e., flash floods), occur when a locale cannot process the amount of water that it is receiving in a normal manner. Communities throughout the world know why it is urgent for their stakeholders to continue working on becoming FLOOD and especially FLOOD-INDUCED LANDSLIDE DISASTER RESILIENT. Each community knows that it is only a matter of time until the inevitable flood event occurs that can expose its physical and social vulnerabilities. THE REASONS FOR A FLOOD DISASTER TO OCCUR: The community is UN-PREPARED for the flood hazards (INUNDATION, LANDSLIDES, etc.,) that are likely to happen. The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or LAND USE PLANS or ORDINANCES in place as a strategic framework for identification and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures. The community has NO EARLY WARNING SYSTEM or COMMINITY EVACUATION PLANS in place as a strategic framework for identi-fication and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures. The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations in a timely and cost-effective manner. The community is INEFFECIVE during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED IMPORTANT LESSONS from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.
A case-control study of injuries arising from the earthquake in Armenia, 1988
H.K. Armenian, E.K. Noji, & A.P. Oganesian.
Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 70(2): 251-257 (1992)
The study attempts to identify predictors of injuries among persons who were hospitalized following the Armenian earthquake of 7 December 1988. A total of 189 such individuals were identified through neighbourhood polyclinics in the city of Leninakan and 159 noninjured controls were selected from the same neighbourhoods. A standardized interview questionnaire was used. Cases and controls shared many social and demographic characteristics; however, 98% of persons who were hospitalized with injuries were inside a building at the time of the earthquake, compared with 83% of the controls (odds ratio = 12.20, 95% confidence interval (Cl) = 3.62-63.79). The odds ratio of injuries for individuals who were in a building that had five or more floors, compared with those in lower buildings, was 3.65 (95% Cl = 2.12-6.33). Leaving buildings after the first shock of the earthquake was a protective behaviour. The odds ratio for those staying indoors compared with those who ran out was 4.40 (95% Cl = 2.24-8.71).
A presentation on the Four Spheres of the Earth and how the Earth systems interact. The Earth system pertains to how we utilize models to look at different sections of the planet in order to characterize what has occurred previously, what is occurring now, and what could occur in the future. The 2011 Japan tsunami and earthquake, also known as the 2011 Tohoku tsunami and earthquake or the Great Tohoku earthquake, which is also analyzed herein, occurred on March 11, 2011 in northeastern Japan. The calamity began in the early afternoon when a magnitude-9 earthquake struck the region, unleashing a massive wave.
A series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations, landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances) above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Unlike normal ocean waves, which are generated by wind, or tides, which are generated by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water by a large event.
Disaster is a serious, dangerous and intolerable phenomena on the planet earth. Thousands of people die in a moment. Many people may become homeless and parentless. Valuable properties get damaged within no time. Disasters are events shocking the whole world and making the humanity to feel very sad. All life support systems are affected by these incidences.
What is required to minimize the effects is the application of certain management practices. Disaster management is an essential component of our development works. Let us see the aspects of Disaster Management in this module.
A natural disaster is the effect of earths natural hazards, for example flood, tornado, hurricane, volcanic eruption, earthquake, heatwave, or landslide. They can lead to financial, environmental or human losses. The resulting loss depends on the vulnerability of the affected population to resist the hazard, also called their resilience. If these disasters continue it would be a great danger for the earth
We continue to operate with a flawed premise: Knowledge from tsunami disasters, which occur in association with great subduction zone earthquakes in the Pacific and Indian oceans and are very well understood, therefore tsunami disaster resilience should be accomplished relatively easily by vulnerable countries. Unfortunately, the fact of the matter is, tsunamis are not annual events; they are also complex, so most nations, whether impacted or not, usually are slow to adopt and implement policies based on science and recent catastrophic events making tsunami disaster resilience a very elusive goal to achieve. What have we learned from recent past tsunamis to increase survivability? First of all, the timing of anticipatory actions is vital. People who know: 1) what to expect (e.g., strong ground motion, soil effects, tsunami wave run up, ground failure), where and when tsunamis have historically happened, and 3) what they should (and should not) do to prepare for them, will survive. Secondly, timely, realistic disaster scenarios save lives. The people who have timely, realistic, advance information that facilitates reduction of vulnerabilities, and hence the risks associated with strong ground shaking, tsunami wave run up, and ground failure will survive. Thirdly, Emergency preparedness and response eight slides. The “Uncontrollable and Unthinkable” events will always hinder the timing of emergency response operations, especially the search and rescue operations that are limited to “the golden 48 hours.” The local community’s capacity for emergency health care (i,e., coping with damaged hospitals and medical facilities, lack of clean drinking water, food, and medicine, and high levels of morbidity and mortality) is vital for survival. And finally, earthquake engineer building save lives. Buildings engineered to withstand the risks from an earthquake’s strong ground shaking and ground failure that cause damage, collapse, and loss of function, is vital for protecting occupants and users from death and injury. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance For Disaster Reduction
Particulate matter is a mixture of very small solids and liquid droplets that float in the air. Some particles come from a specific source (such as a burning candle), while others form as a result of complicated chemical reactions. While much is known about the health effects of exposure to particulate matter outdoors, the effects of indoor exposure are less well-understood. However, indoor exposure to particulate matter is gaining attention as a potential source of adverse health effects.
Two drivers stand out in this analysis because of their potentially large and negative effect on disaster risk, and the low associated uncer tainty of their future trends: global environmental change and demographic change. But others stand out for a different reason: while they have the potential to greatly increase disaster risk, there is also potential for effective policy action to achieve risk reduction. Urbanisation provides the clearest example: unmanaged growth of cities, par ticularly those in low elevation coastal zones, would leave millions in extremely vulnerable situations, but there will be oppor tunities for policy makers to intervene to increase resilience in urban areas. Other drivers, for example globalisation, have extremely complex interactions with disaster risk, but must nonetheless be considered. In this lecture I will discuss the impact of each of the eight drivers on disaster risk is considered.
The objective of this study is to evaluate the seismic hazard at the northwestern Egypt using the probabilistic seismic hazard assessment approach. The Probabilistic approach was carried out based on a recent data set to take into account the historic seismicity and updated instrumental seismicity. A homogenous earthquake catalogue was compiled and a proposed seismic sources model was presented. The doubly-truncated exponential model was adopted for calculations of the recurrence parameters. Ground-motion prediction equations that recently recommended by experts and developed based upon..
A powerful 7.5 magnitude earthquake rocked parts of South Asia on 26 October 2015. It was centred near Jurm in northeast Afghanistan, 250 kilometres (160 miles) from the capital Kabul and at a depth of 213.5 kilometres, the US Geological Survey said. (AFP, 26 Oct 2015) Pakistan's confirmed death toll so far stands at 272, with more than 1,900 people injured and nearly 14,000 homes damaged, though the spokesman said the NDMA was still in the process of estimating a final toll. (AFP, 28 Oct 2015) In Afghanistan, Assessment reports indicate 117 deaths, 544 people injured, 12,794 homes damaged and 7,384 houses destroyed. Furthermore, 136,967 people are still in need of humanitarian assistance, of which 131,345 people have received some form of assistance so far date. More than 51,000 people were affected in Badakhshan alone, where property damage was most extensive. The earthquake claimed the most lives and caused the most casualties in Kunar and Nangarhar provinces. Access remains the most significant challenge in providing assistance to people in need and is an issue reaching at least 194 villages affected by the earthquake.
The 2016 Ecuador earthquake occurred on April 16 at 18:58:37 ECT with a moment magnitude of 7.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). The very large thrust earthquake was centered approximately 27 km (17 mi) from the towns of Muisne and Pedernales in a sparsely populated part of the country, and 170 km (110 mi) from the capital Quito, where it was felt strongly. Regions of Manta, Pedernales and Portoviejo accounted for over 75 percent of total casualties.[6] Manta's central commercial shopping district Tarqui, was completely destroyed. Widespread damage was caused across Manabi province, with structures hundreds of kilometres from the epicenter collapsing. At least 659 people were killed and 27,732 people injured. President Rafael Correa declared a state of emergency; 13,500 military personnel and police officers were dispatched for recovery operations.
The Kathmandu Valley is densely populated with nearly 2.5 million people, and the quality of building construction is often poor. The epicenter of today's disaster was 80 kilometers (50 miles) northwest of the city, and had a depth of only 11 kilometers (7 miles), which is considered shallow in geological terms. This earthquake, the worst quake to hit Nepal (a poor South Asian nation) since 1934, collapsed buildings and houses, leveled centuries-old temples and triggered avalanches in the Himalayas. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction.
The Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction was held from 14 to 18 March 2015 in Sendai City, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. Several thousand participants attended, including at related events linked to the World Conference under the umbrella of building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters. The United Nations General Assembly Resolution for 2013 on International Strategy for Disaster Reduction states that the World Conference will result in a concise, focused, forward-looking, and action-oriented outcome document and will have the following objectives:
* To complete assessment and review of the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action;
* To consider the experience gained through the regional and national strategies/institutions and plans for disaster risk reduction and their recommendations as well as relevant regional agreements within the implementation of the Hyogo Framework of Action;
* To adopt a post-2015 framework for disaster risk reduction;
* To identify modalities of cooperation based on commitments to implement a post-2015 framework for disaster risk reduction;
* To determine modalities to periodically review the implementation of a post-2015 framework for disaster risk reduction.
Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
March 15, 2015: The second world conference on disaster risk reduction convened in Sendai, Japan will re-invigorate the historic global endeavor started in 1990 by the United Nations. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
Popocatapatele and Colima, two of Mexico’s most active volcanoes, are acting up again. For now the eruptions are not considered to be dangerous and no evacuations have been ordered. But don’t forget that the world’s 1,498 other active volcanoes can erupt at anytime too. A re-eruption of any of these active volcanoes is likely to be very devastating, locally, regionally, and globally. Location and a large explosivity index (VEI) combine to make some volcanoes especially dangerous. Location refers to proximity to cities and other areas of high human population density. An eruption with large VEI at such locations is certain to be devastating to people, their property, their health, the community infra-structure, the environment, and the economy. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction.
INDIA IS BIG, DIVERSE, and CAPABLE. It is the seventh largest country, The second most populous country with human resources of over 1.2 billion people having cultural and religious diversity, The most populous democracy, with many well- educated and well-trained people, with high-tech and low-tech capabilities. On the downside, it is also a country with many living in poverty, with many living in non-earthquake-resistant housing, with cities and towns that are dependent upon non- earthquake-resistant infrastructure and critical facilities. India faces potential disasters each year from floods, earthquakes, and cyclones, some of which have triggered notable disasters in the past, and very recently. That will happen again, unless a paradigm shift occurs. Disaster resilience has become an urgent global goal in the 21st century as many Nations are experiencing disasters after a natural hazard strikes, and learning that their communities, institutions, and people do NOT yet have the capacity to be disaster resilient. Disaster resilience does not just happen; it is the result of decision-making for a national paradigm shift from the status quo to an improved “coping capacity” that enables the country to rebound quickly after a disaster. A paradigm shift towards earthquake disaster resilience is a three step process. Step 1: Integrate Past Experiences Into Books of Knowledge. Step 2: From Books of Knowledge to Innovative Educational Surges to Build Professional and Technical Capacit. Step 3: From Professional and Technical Capacity to Disaster Resilience. In summary, BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE are are “TOOLS” to facilitate India’s continuing commitment to minimize the likely impacts of the inevitable future earthquake, thereby preventing another disaster
Disaster resilience, which is the capacity of a country to rebound quickly after the socioeconomic impacts of a disaster, requires decision-making for a national paradigm shift from the status quo. Disaster resilience has become an urgent global goal in the 21st century as many Nations are experiencing disasters after a natural hazard strikes, and learning that their communities, institutions, and people do NOT yet have the capacity to be disaster resilient. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction.
On January 29, 2015, a routine delivery of gas to a maternity hospital in Mexico City leads to a deadly explosion killing 4 and injuring dozens. The explosion occurred when a gas tanker was making a routine, early morning delivery of gas to the hospital kitchen, and gas started to leak. The tanker workers worked for 15 to 20 minutes to repair the leak while a large cloud of gas was forming, then exploded. Technologies for monitoring, forecasting, and warning are vital for becoming resilient. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts. The keys to resilience: 1) know the history of past disasters 2) be prepared 3) have a warning system 4) evacuate 5) learn from the experience
As we begin the year 2015, we must unfortunately recognize that it is well past the time to speed up the long-term recovery process for earthquakes (and tsunamis). The main insights from global earthquakes have consistently shown that being prepared includes pre-earthquake planning for post-earthquake recovery ("PEPPER"). Only about 110 of the 10 million earthquakes of all sizes that occur somewhere in the world each year are large enough and close enough to a community to cause a disaster, which creates a multitude of local and regional dilemmas about what to do, both before and after the quake, to shorten the recovery process. THE SOLUTION: PRE-EARTHQUAKE PLANNING FOR POST-EARTHQUAKE RECOVERY(PEPPER). “THE END GAME” FOR JAPAN AND SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA: Identification of the physical, social and economic consequences of a major earthquake in Tokai, Japan or Southern California will enable end users to identify what they can change now before the earthquake—to shorten recovery from the catastrophic impacts after the inevitable “big ones” occur, probably in the near future.
Floods occur somewhere in the world 10,000 times or more each year. With 2015’s spring floods only weeks away, it’s past time to speed up the long-term recovery process for floods. In 2008, after weeks of flooding through Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Indiana and Wisconsin, the region faced billions of dollars in losses, threats of disease, and a long cleanup. Losses included millions of acres of prime farm land that are still requiring restoration and the rebuilding of large urban areas such as Cedar Rapids, Iowa which alone is estimated to have required at least $1 billion. However, the total direct and indirect losses may never be known. Flood waters during the summer of 2008 seeped into countless wells, affecting drinking water for thousands of homes and businesses across the region. Hazardous materials were also released into the flood waters that ultimately emptied into the Gulf of Mexico exacerbating what marine biologists call a “dead zone” – bodies of water so starved for oxygen that aquatic life can no longer be supported. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction.
A focus on actions in 2015 will accelerate the transition from the past 14 years of global disaster proneness to global disaster resilience by 2020. A snaphot of our world circa 1st January 2015: 7+ billion people, and growing while Living and competing in an interconnected global economy, producing $60 trillion+ of products each year,and facing complex disasters every year that cause multi-billions in losses and reduce a community’s ability to withstand natural catastrophes. The challenge of our time in the 21st century: Protecting and preserving PEOPLE and COMMUNITIES from the potential disaster agents of natural hazards. The “best solution set” vis a vis the global policy framework to strengthen disaster resilience include (1) anticipate and plan for the full spectrum of what can happen; (2) to build capacity at the community level to strengthen disaster in the areas of preparedness, protection, early warning, emergency response, and recovery/reconstruction; (3) to be relentless in informing, educating, training, and building equity in all areas that constitute disaster resilience in all sectors of every community in every nation. WE KNOW WHAT TO DO AND HOW TO DO IT. But just knowing is not enough. Tangible action is essential to reach the urgent goal of global disaster resilience by 2020 and will require that all communities work strategically to implement a realistic set of scientific, technical, and political solutions nested within EXISTING administrative, legal, and economic constraints. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction.
A disaster is the set of failures that occur when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) recurring events (e.g., floods, earthquakes, ...,) intersect at a point in space and time, when and where the people and community are not ready. We have an opportunity after each record or near-record disaster of the 21st century to accelerate the recovery and reconstruction process, one of the five pillars of global disaster resilience. Strategy: take advantage of recovery/reconstruction. The political and media spotlight is on all decisions and activities. Political priority: restoration to normal (or better) as quickly as possible. International assistance, insurance payouts, and donors: always available. What is the payoff of global disaster resilience? Failure: we will have disasters during the 21st century that could make 1990—2014’s disasters look like “a walk in the park.” Success: everyone wins. A disaster is the set of failures that occur when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) recurring events (e.g., floods, earthquakes, ...,) intersect at a point in space and time, when and where the people and community are not ready. We have an opportunity after each record or near-record disaster of the 21st century to accelerate the recovery and reconstruction process, one of the five pillars of global disaster resilience. Strategy: take advantage of recovery/reconstruction. The political and media spotlight is on all decisions and activities. Political priority: restoration to normal (or better) as quickly as possible. International assistance, insurance payouts, and donors: always available. What is the payoff of global disaster resilience? Failure: we will have disasters during the 21st century that could make 1990—2014’s disasters look like “a walk in the park.” Success: everyone wins. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
More from Professor Eric K. Noji, M.D., MPH, DTMH(Lon), FRCP(UK)hon (20)
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. REMEMBERING SOME OF
THE LESSONS FROM ONE
OF 2013’S UNEXPECTED
DISASTERS
PART 4: TSUNAMI TRASH
3. NATURAL HAZARDS THAT INCREASE A
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT INCREASE A
COMMUNITY’S RISK
COMMUNITY’S RISK
GOAL: DISASTER
GOAL: DISASTER
RESILIENCE
RESILIENCE
ENACT AND IMPLEMENT
ENACT AND IMPLEMENT
POLICIES HAVING HIGH
POLICIES HAVING HIGH
BENEFIT/COST FOR
BENEFIT/COST FOR
COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
EARTHQUAKES/TSUNAMIS
TYPHOONS
FLOODS
LANDSLIDES
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
5. TSUNAMIS
• OCCUR IN THE PACIFIC’S
“RING OF FIRE,” THE
INDIAN OCEAN, THE
CARIBBEAN, AND THE
MEDITERRANEAN
• TSUNAMI WAVES CAN
AFFECT DISTANT
SHORELINES THOUSANDS
OF MILES FROM THE
EPICENTER
6. CAUSES OF
CAUSES OF
DAMAGE
DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT
(SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
EARTHQUAKES
EARTHQUAKES
“DISASTER
“DISASTER
LABORATORIES”
LABORATORIES”
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND
PLAN
TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP
POOR DETAILING AND WEAK
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
FRAGILITY OF NON-STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS
7. CAUSES OF
CAUSES OF
DAMAGE
DAMAGE
HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF
INCOMING WAVES
INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE
RUNUP
VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE
RUNUP
TSUNAMIS
TSUNAMIS
“DISASTER
“DISASTER
LABORATORIES”
LABORATORIES”
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF
BUILDINGS
FLOODING
INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL
AND VERTICAL EVACUATION
PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF
TSUNAMI
11. AN OFFSHORE EPICENTER
• It only took seconds for the Pand S-waves to reach Sendai,
and about 15 minutes for the
tsunami waves, but what a
difference in damage..
12. THE TOHOKU DISASTER:
MARCH 11, 2011
• The M9.0 Tohoku earthquake was
huge, but its ground shaking did
NOT cause the disaster that killed
an estimated 21,000 people …
• The tsunami generated by the
earthquake did!
13. THE TSUNAMI—the beginning
• The tsunami, with wave heights
reaching 40 m in some locations,
slammed the east coast of Japan,
sweeping away boats, cars, homes
and people, before racing across
the Pacific, - - -
21. SOCIETAL IMPACTS
• Four and one-half million left without
electricity.
• One and one-half million without water.
• Metro, trains, and airport shut down.
• 1.2 million buildings damaged.
• Economic losses estimated at $574
billion and deaths at 21,000.
22. ESTIMATES OF THE AMOUNT
OF TSUNAMI TRASH
• According to official estimates, the
2011 tsunami washed about 5 million
tons of debris into the ocean.
• About two-thirds of that quickly sank.
• The remainder was carried along the
coast of Japan and then out into the
Pacific Ocean
24. ACROSS THE PACIFIC
• --- The tsunami waves raced across the
Pacific at 822 -1222 kph (500 to 800
mph) to arrive 5-7 hours later in Alaska
and Hawaii and other parts of the West
Coast of the USA, and 18 hours later
along the coast of South America.
25. FOLLOWED BY A CONTINUUM
OF TRASH ARRIVALS
• --- The trash from the March 11, 2011
tsunami began to reach the west coast
of the USA in 2012 and 2013, creating
new, complex, and unexpected
ecological and environmental problems.
26. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT
TSUNAMI TRASH
• Studies showed that items like fishing
buoys that catch the wind easily
eventually ended up on the western
coast of North America, from Alaska to
Oregon.
27. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT
TSUNAMI TRASH
• Items like boats, docks and
refrigerators that catch some wind,
but are also influenced by
currents, headed towards the same
USA coasts, then on to Hawaii,
and are now circling around Hawaii
before continuing onward.
29. DESCRIPTION OF THE DOCK
THAT REACHED OREGON
• The dock ripped off a port in Japan
was massive: A 188-ton, 20-meter long
concrete, steel and styrofoam block,
draped in streamers of seaweed and
plastered with mussels, barnacles,
crabs and more than 100 other marine
organisms.
30. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT
TSUNAMI TRASH
• Items like fishing nets and lines that
move underwater were carried entirely
by currents and are now ending up in
the Pacific Garbage Patch, a sprawling
vortex in the North Pacific where
plastic and other trash collects.
• Some of this trash may eventually be
carried back toward Japan.
31. THE TSUNAMI TRASH--- STILL
TRAVELLING
• --- The trash from the March 11, 2011
tsunami is expected to continue
arriving along the entire West Coast of
North America during 2014.
• By 2016, it is estimated that the debris
will return again to Hawaii, leaving little
time for Hawaii’s beaches, reefs and
wildlife to recover from the 2012 hit.
32. LESSONS LEARNED FOR
TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL TSUNAMIS.
• EARLY WARNING IS
ESSENTIAL FOR TIMELY
EVACUATION OF
PEOPLE AND
SHUTDOWN OF
CRITICAL FACILITIES
(E.G., NUCLEAR
POWER PLANTS).
33. UNEXPECTED IMPACTS DO
HAPPEN
• Radiation levels at the
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear
facility were 1,000 times normal
levels.
35. LESSONS LEARNED: EMERGENCY
RESPONSE CAN BECOME A NIGHTMARE!
• The fires and explosions in the
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear facility
and radiation levels that were 1,000
times normal levels created a
“nightmare emergency response
scenario” for the Government of
Japan.
36. Immediately after the
earthquake and tsunami,
the Japanese Government
began implementing its postdisaster response plans in a
highly-charged, possible
“nightmare nuclear disaster”
environment.
39. JAPAN’S SEARCH AND RESCUE
• Approximately 50,000
members of Japan’s Self
Defense Forces were
mobilized immediately and
sent to the hardest hit areas.
40. LESSONS LEARNED: SEARCH AND
RESCUE CAN BE UNUSUALLY DIFFICULT
• With so many people (about 20,000)
missing over a wide area after the
tsunami, search and rescue was an
unusually difficult, highly-stressed,
and politically sensitive operation.
41. JAPAN’S SEARCH AND
RESCUE TEAMS
• The Japanese top urban search
and rescue teams, which had
been helping in the search for
Christchurch, New Zealand
earthquake victims for two
weeks, were ordered to return
to Japan..
42. JAPAN’S SEARCH AND RESCUE
• Tokushu Kyuunan Tai, the
search and rescue unit of
Japan’s Coast Guard, was
dispatched to accelerate
search and rescue
operations..
47. All actions were conducted
with knowledge of the high
risk associated with a
significant radiation release
and the unthinkable
possibility of a nuclear melt
down.
48. LESSONS LEARNED: THE “IMPOSSIBLE”
MAY REALLY BE IMPOSSIBLE
• Search and rescue operations,
evacuations, and humanitarian
assistance on local and global
scales were all slowed to a
crawl by the possibility of a
“nightmare nuclear disaster.”
49. 69 COUNTRIES THAT PROMISED
HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE COULD
NOT DELIVER BECAUSE OF THE
PERCEIVED RISKS ASSOCIATED
WITH NUCLEAR RADIATION, THE BAD
WEATHER, PROBLEMS ON THE
GROUND, AND LACK OF FUEL
50. LESSONS LEARNED: MASS CARE
CAN BORDER ON THE IMPOSSIBLE
• Shortages, closed roads,
and lack of fuel made it very
difficult to meet evacuee’s
and survivors’ needs for
food, water, electricity,
medicine, and urgent
healthcare.
51. LESSONS LEARNED: BE READY TO WORK
AT THE LIMITS OF YOUR CAPABILITY
• Japan’s social, technical,
administrative, political, legal,
health care, and economic
systems were tested to their limits
by the socio-economic impacts of
the tsunami, the radiation, and the
harsh weather..
53. THE KEYS TO RESILIENCE:
1) KNOW THE TSUNAMIGENIC SOURCES
IN YOUR REGION,
2) BE PREPARED
3) HAVE A WARNING SYSTEM
4) HAVE AN EVACUATION PLAN
5) ACCELERATE CAPACITY
BUILDING BY LEARNING FROM
OTHERS’ EXPERIENCES
54. TSUNAMI RISK
• TSUNAMI HAZARDS
•INVENTORY
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION
ACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
TSUNAMI DISASTER
RESILIENCE
COMMUNITIES
POLICY OPTIONS
HAZARDS:
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS
•PREPAREDNESS
•PROTECTION
•FORECASTS/WARNINGS
•EMERGENCY RESPONSE
•RECOVERY and
RECONSTRUCTION
55. CREATING TURNING POINTS FOR
TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE
USING EDUCATIONAL SURGES CONTAINING
THE PAST AND PRESENT LESSONS TO FOSTER
AND ACCELERATE THE CREATION OF TURNING
POINTS
56. LESSONS LEARNED FOR
TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL TSUNAMIS
• CAPACITY
BUILDING FOR
TSUNAMI
DISASTER
RESILIENCE IS
NEVER FINISHED.
57. 2014--2020 IS A GOOD TIME
FOR A GLOBAL SURGE IN
EDUCATIONAL, TECHNICAL,
HEALTH CARE, AND POLITICAL
CAPACITY BUILDING
IN ALL FIVE PILLARS OF
COMMUNITY
DISASTER RESILIENCE
58. CREATING TURNING POINTS FOR
TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE
INTEGRATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND
TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS WITH POLITICAL
SOLUTIONS FOR POLICIES ON
PREPAREDNESS, PROTECTION, EARLY
WARNING, EVACUATION, EMERGENCY
RESPONSE, COPING WITH TSUNAMI
TRASH, AND RECOVERY
59. INTEGRATION OF TECHNICAL AND POLITICAL
INTEGRATION OF TECHNICAL AND POLITICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
CONSIDERATIONS
OPPORTUNITIES FOR TURNING POINTS: For Disaster Resilience on
OPPORTUNITIES FOR TURNING POINTS: For Disaster Resilience on
local, regional, national, and global scales
local, regional, national, and global scales
THE KNOWLEDGE BASE
Real and Near- Real Time Monitoring
Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk
Characterization
Best Practices for Mitigation
Adaptation and Monitoring
Situation Data Bases
Cause & Effect Relationships
Anticipatory Actions for all Events and
Situations
Interfaces with all Real- and Near RealTime Sources
Gateways to a Deeper Understanding
APPLICATIONS
Relocation/Protection of
Offshore Facilitiess
Create a Hazard Zonation
Map as a Policy Tool
EDUCATIONAL SURGES
Enlighten Communities on Their
Risks
Build Strategic Equity Through Disaster Scenarios
Implement Modern Codes
and Lifeline Standards
Involve Multiple Partners in
Turning Point Surges
Introduce New
Technologies
Multiply Capability by
International Twinning
Move Towards A Disaster
Intelligent Community
Update Knowledge Bases After
Each Disaster