The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December with the epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The shock had a moment magnitude of 9.1–9.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). The undersea megathrust earthquake was caused when the Indian Plate was subducted by the Burma Plate and triggered a series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean, killing 230,000–280,000 people in 14 countries, and inundating coastal communities with waves up to 30 metres (100 ft) high. It was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. Indonesia was the hardest-hit country, followed by Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand.
THIS PPT SHOWS HOW THE EARTHQUAKE WAS CAUSED AND DAMAGE DUE TO IT.
The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami(Boxing day tsunami), occurred on 26 December, with an epicentre off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia.
One of the deadliest natural calamities.
Died - 230000
Cause – Sumatra – Andaman Earthquake
The 3rd most powerful earthquake in recorded history.
Quake measured – 9.1-9.3 on Richter scale.
The earthquake was caused by a rupture along the fault between the Burmese Plate and the Indian Plate.
Energy released = 23000 Hiroshima type atomic bombs
The quake has displaced huge amount of ocean water that flooded coastlines along the Indian ocean.
Earthquake is a violent tremor in the earth’s crust, sending out a series of shock waves in all directions from its place of origin or epicenter.
On the morning of January 26, 2001, the Nation’s 52nd Republic Day, a devastating earthquake occurred in the Kutch district of the state of Gujarat.
Earthquake-resistant structures are structures designed to protect buildings to some or greater extent from earthquakes. While no structure can be entirely immune to damage from earthquakes, the goal of earthquake-resistant construction is to erect structures that fare better during seismic activity than their conventional counterparts. According to building codes, earthquake-resistant structures are intended to withstand the largest earthquake of a certain probability that is likely to occur at their location.This means the loss of life should be minimized by preventing collapse of the buildings for rare earthquakes while the loss of the functionality should be limited for more frequent ones.
Today, technology is rapidly evolving; and along with industry trends, hospital facility managers have more to manage than ever before.
Faced with increasingly complex systems, large amounts of available data, and limited human and capital resources, they need tools to organize all of this information to make their hospitals work better and smarter.
At the same time, building management systems are becoming more complex with multiple systems converging from HVAC and air quality systems, energy management systems, and fire safety and security systems.
Building stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as walling, paving or roofing materials in the construction of buildings and other structures.
THIS PPT WAS MADE FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SUBJECT
The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami(Boxing day tsunami), occurred on 26 December, with an epicentre off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia.
One of the deadliest natural calamities.
Died - 230000
Cause – Sumatra – Andaman Earthquake
The 3rd most powerful earthquake in recorded history.
Quake measured – 9.1-9.3 on Richter scale.
The earthquake was caused by a rupture along the fault between the Burmese Plate and the Indian Plate.
Energy released = 23000 Hiroshima type atomic bombs
The quake has displaced huge amount of ocean water that flooded coastlines along the Indian ocean.
Earthquake is a violent tremor in the earth’s crust, sending out a series of shock waves in all directions from its place of origin or epicenter.
On the morning of January 26, 2001, the Nation’s 52nd Republic Day, a devastating earthquake occurred in the Kutch district of the state of Gujarat.
Earthquake-resistant structures are structures designed to protect buildings to some or greater extent from earthquakes. While no structure can be entirely immune to damage from earthquakes, the goal of earthquake-resistant construction is to erect structures that fare better during seismic activity than their conventional counterparts. According to building codes, earthquake-resistant structures are intended to withstand the largest earthquake of a certain probability that is likely to occur at their location.This means the loss of life should be minimized by preventing collapse of the buildings for rare earthquakes while the loss of the functionality should be limited for more frequent ones.
Today, technology is rapidly evolving; and along with industry trends, hospital facility managers have more to manage than ever before.
Faced with increasingly complex systems, large amounts of available data, and limited human and capital resources, they need tools to organize all of this information to make their hospitals work better and smarter.
At the same time, building management systems are becoming more complex with multiple systems converging from HVAC and air quality systems, energy management systems, and fire safety and security systems.
Building stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as walling, paving or roofing materials in the construction of buildings and other structures.
THIS PPT WAS MADE FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SUBJECT
Brick floors have a timeless sense of beauty and charm. They have a warm, inviting appeal, but installing brick floors is often a time consuming and expensive.
THIS PPT WAS MADE FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SUBJECT.
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• An outline of UBC’s future energy sustainability projects
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THIS PPT EXPLAINS HOW TO SHAPE SHELTERS IN WARM HUMID CLIMATE.
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1. SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE
AR4051 DISASTER MANAGEMENT & EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDINGS
SUBMITTED BY:
LAKSHMI RAVI CHANDU KOLUSU
B130397AR
GUIDED BY:
AR SINDHUJA KASTHALA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY
CALICUT
2. INTRODUCTION
▪ The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December
with the epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia.
▪ The shock had a moment magnitude of 9.1–9.3 and a maximum Mercalli
intensity of IX (Violent).
▪ The undersea megathrust earthquake was caused when the Indian Plate
was subducted by the Burma Plate and triggered a series of devastating tsunamis
along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean.
▪ It cause a killing of 230,000–280,000 people in 14 countries, and inundating coastal
communities with waves up to 30 metres high.
▪ It was one of the deadliest natural disaster recorded in history.
▪ Indonesia was the hardest-hit country, followed by Sri Lanka, India, andThailand.
3. INTRODUCTION
▪ It is the third largest earthquake ever recorded on a seismograph and had
the longest duration of faulting ever observed between 8.3 and 10 minutes.
▪ It caused the entire planet to vibrate as much as 1 centimetre (0.4
inches) and triggered other earthquakes as far away as Alaska.
▪ Its epicentre was between Simeulue and mainland Indonesia.
▪ The resulting tsunami was given various names, including the 2004 Indian
Ocean tsunami, South Asian tsunami, Indonesian tsunami, the Christmas
tsunami and the Boxing Day tsunami.
4. FORESHOCK:
▪ The 2002 Sumatra
earthquake occurred at 01:26 UTC on
2 November.
▪ It had a magnitude of 7.3 on
the moment magnitude scale with
an epicentre just north
of Simulue island and caused three
deaths.
▪ This earthquake is regarded as
a foreshock of the 2004 Sumatra
earthquake, which had an epicentre
about 60 km to the northwest.
5. INTERSEISMIC:
• India subducts beneath
Burma microplate
at about 50 mm/yr.
• Fault interface is
locked.
EARTHQUAKE
(COSEISMIC):
• Fault interface slips,
overriding plate
rebounds, releasing
accumulated motion.
TECTONIC PLATES:
6. N• 26th December 2004 00h 58min 51s
UT
• Western COAST OF NORTHERN
SUMATRA
• Epicentre
latitude : 3.298°
longitude : 95.778°
• Magnitude = 9.2
• 3rd largest Earthquake since ever
recorded on a seismograph.
TECTONIC PLATES:
7. Seismograms of the day: Global Seismic
Displacement Wavefield, December 26,
2004.
8. AFTERSHOCKS & OTHER EARTHQUAKES
▪ Numerous aftershocks were reported off the Andaman and Nicobar
islands and the region of the original epicentre in the hours and days
that followed.
▪ The magnitude 8.7 2005 Nias – Simulue earthquake, which originated
off the coast of the Sumatran island of Nias, is not considered an
aftershock, despite its proximity to the epicentre, and was most
likely triggered by stress changes associated with the 2004 event.
▪ This earthquake was so large that it produced its own aftershocks
(some registering a magnitude of as great as 6.1) and presently ranks
as the 7th largest earthquake on record since 1900.
9. ▪ Other aftershocks of up to magnitude 6.6
continued to shake the region daily for
up to three or four months.
▪ As well as continuing aftershocks, the
energy released by the original
earthquake continued to make its
presence felt well after the event.
▪ A week after the earthquake, its
reverberations could still be measured,
providing valuable scientific data about
the Earth's interior.
AFTERSHOCKS & OTHER EARTHQUAKES
10. ENERGY RELEASED
▪ The energy released on the Earth's surface only (ME, which is the seismic
potential for damage) by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
was estimated at 1.1×1017 joules or 26 megatons ofTNT.
▪ This energy is equivalent to over 1,500 times that of the Hiroshima atomic
bomb, but less than that ofTsar Bomba, the largest nuclear weapon ever
detonated.
▪ However, the total work done MW (and thus energy) by this quake was
4.0×1022 joules (4.0×1029 ergs), the vast majority underground.
▪ This is over 360,000 times more than its ME, equivalent to 9,600 giga tons
of TNT equivalent (550 million times that of Hiroshima) or about 370 years
of energy use in United States.
11. TSUNAMI
• All along the rupture the seafloor
was shunted vertically by about 10
meters.
• This movement displaced the
overlying water, generating a
massive tsunami, or tidal wave.
• The wave then fanned out across
the Indian Ocean at enormous
speed.
12. ▪ The tsunami, like all others, behaved very differently in deep water
than in shallow water.
▪ In deep ocean water, tsunami waves form only a small hump,
barely noticeable and harmless, which generally travels at a very
high speed of 500 to 1,000 km/h (310 to 620 mph).
▪ In shallow water near coastlines, a tsunami slows down to only
tens of kilometres per hour but, in doing so, forms large
destructive waves.
▪ Scientists investigating the damage in Aceh found evidence that
the wave reached a height of 24 metres (80 ft) when coming
ashore along large stretches of the coastline, rising to 30 metres
(100 ft) in some areas when traveling inland.
TSUNAMI
Scale showing size of tsunami
waves that hit Indonesia
13. IN DEEP OCEAN tsunami has long wavelength, travels fast,
small amplitude - doesn’t affect ships.
AS IT APPROACHES SHORE, it slows. Since energy is conserved,
amplitude builds up - very damaging.
TSUNAMI
14. TSUNAMI
Animation of tsunami
caused by the earthquake
showing how it radiated
from the entire length of
the 1,600 km (990 mi)
rupture.
15.
16. Damage map of Banda Aceh city showing the impact of tsunamis wave
fronts from two directions. The numerals indicate the tsunami elevation in
meters near the beach (white) and flow depth inland (black).
18. A three story house damaged by the tsunami showing
the tsunami inundation height in downtown Banda
Aceh.
19. THE DESTRUCTION CAUSED:
Scale of devastation
Thousands are reported to have been killed,
but there has been little news from the
worst-hit areas where all transport and
communication links were destroyed.
20. • Low lying coastal areas were
left obliterated and flooded
as here in Aceh province in
Sumatra, Indonesia.
• Current reports indicate that
the north and west coasts of
Sumatra have experienced
the worst destruction.
• Low lying areas have been
left flooded with seawater
which quickly becomes
contaminated with sewage
and decomposing bodies.
THE DESTRUCTION CAUSED:
21. ▪ In Aceh, Indonesia, so many doctors have been killed that there are
few trained medical workers to assist the injured.
THE DESTRUCTION CAUSED:
22. • Increasing numbers of
homeless people needing
shelter, food and water.
• Clean drinking water is
required to avoid the spread of
disease.
THE DESTRUCTION CAUSED:
23. PROBLEMS FACED
• In all affected areas survivors are hungry as food supplies run out.
• The threat of disease increases.
• Medicines are needed desperately.
• In some areas relief supplies are piling up.
• Disruption of communications means that emergency supplies
cannot be distributed efficiently.
• Co-ordination of relief efforts from throughout the world is
proving to be a major challenge.
• Four days after the tsunami many of the worst affected areas
cannot be reached.
24. EVACUATION
• The evacuation of foreign tourists from the beach resorts
begins.
• Other survivors, such as these women and children from
the Nicobar Islands, leave to a more uncertain future.
• Relief efforts, which have been slow to start, gather pace as
the enormity of the disaster begins to be appreciated.
25. Effects on other countries
• Whole villages were flattened as here in Sri Lanka
26. Scenes which were repeated across the Indian Ocean
Sri Lanka Phuket,Thailand
27. Millions of people have been left homeless
Cuddalore, south of Madras, India Penang, Malaysia