A presentation on the Four Spheres of the Earth and how the Earth systems interact. The Earth system pertains to how we utilize models to look at different sections of the planet in order to characterize what has occurred previously, what is occurring now, and what could occur in the future. The 2011 Japan tsunami and earthquake, also known as the 2011 Tohoku tsunami and earthquake or the Great Tohoku earthquake, which is also analyzed herein, occurred on March 11, 2011 in northeastern Japan. The calamity began in the early afternoon when a magnitude-9 earthquake struck the region, unleashing a massive wave.
This document discusses several natural disasters including earthquakes, avalanches, tsunamis, volcanoes, and tornadoes. It provides details on the causes and effects of each disaster. For earthquakes, it notes they are mostly caused by faults rupturing and details the relative energy levels of different magnitude quakes. For tsunamis, it explains they are caused by displacement of large water volumes, and discusses the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean and 2011 Japan tsunamis. It also summarizes information on avalanches occurring from increased snow loads, and describes volcanoes as ruptures allowing underground gases and lava to escape.
The document describes the major components and layers of the Earth. It explains that the Earth consists of four interacting spheres: the geosphere (rock), atmosphere (air), hydrosphere (water), and biosphere (living things). The Earth can also be divided into layers - the crust, mantle, and core - with progressively denser materials toward the center. Tectonic plate movement at plate boundaries causes geological activity like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and erosion continually changes the Earth's surface over long periods.
1. The document provides an overview of earthquakes, their causes, characteristics, effects, and preparedness measures. It describes how earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates and buildup of elastic strain energy that is suddenly released.
2. Key characteristics discussed include the different types of seismic waves that cause shaking and damage, the measurement scales used to describe magnitude versus intensity, and secondary hazards like landslides, liquefaction, and tsunamis.
3. Typical effects of earthquakes outlined are physical damage to structures, infrastructure and property, casualties, and public health issues in the aftermath.
A tsunami is a series of waves generated by large displacements of water, typically caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, or meteorite impacts under water or along coastlines. Common triggers include large earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. When a major earthquake or landslide occurs near or undersea, it can displace enough water to cause a destructive tsunami. Coastal areas are most at risk from tsunamis, as the waves travel inland rapidly.
The document summarizes key information about the structure and composition of the Earth. It describes the three main layers - the core, mantle, and crust. The core has a solid inner core and liquid outer core made of iron and nickel. The mantle is the largest layer and mainly composed of silicate minerals. It is divided into the rigid lithosphere and soft asthenosphere. The crust is the thin outer layer composed of different rock types and containing all life.
According to official estimates, the 2011 tsunami washed about 5 million tons of debris into the ocean. About two-thirds of that quickly sank. The remainder was carried along the coast of Japan and then out into the Pacific Ocean. The trash from the March 11, 2011 tsunami began to reach the west coast of the USA in 2012 and 2013, creating new, complex, and unexpected ecological and environmental problems.
HOW TO SAVE THE HUMANITY OF NATURAL DISASTERS CAUSED BY EARTHQUAKES, TSUNAMIS...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the necessary strategies to save humanity from natural disasters caused by earthquakes, tsunamis and volcano eruptions that have contributed to the deaths of populations and destruction of buildings and infrastructure in many countries. With the exception of Japan that adopts advanced preventive and precautionary measures against earthquakes and tsunamis, humanity remains at the mercy of these natural disasters due to the lack of prediction of the occurrence of these events, plans to evacuate populations from the affected areas and measures of prevention and precaution to take in the face of catastrophes caused by earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions. This article presents Japan's experience in dealing with earthquakes and tsunamis and the advances in studies and research carried out by various researchers and scientific institutions that could be used in various parts of the world to deal with natural disasters caused by earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions. Additionally, this article proposes global actions to deal with disasters that span several countries and regions.
This document discusses several natural disasters including earthquakes, avalanches, tsunamis, volcanoes, and tornadoes. It provides details on the causes and effects of each disaster. For earthquakes, it notes they are mostly caused by faults rupturing and details the relative energy levels of different magnitude quakes. For tsunamis, it explains they are caused by displacement of large water volumes, and discusses the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean and 2011 Japan tsunamis. It also summarizes information on avalanches occurring from increased snow loads, and describes volcanoes as ruptures allowing underground gases and lava to escape.
The document describes the major components and layers of the Earth. It explains that the Earth consists of four interacting spheres: the geosphere (rock), atmosphere (air), hydrosphere (water), and biosphere (living things). The Earth can also be divided into layers - the crust, mantle, and core - with progressively denser materials toward the center. Tectonic plate movement at plate boundaries causes geological activity like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and erosion continually changes the Earth's surface over long periods.
1. The document provides an overview of earthquakes, their causes, characteristics, effects, and preparedness measures. It describes how earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates and buildup of elastic strain energy that is suddenly released.
2. Key characteristics discussed include the different types of seismic waves that cause shaking and damage, the measurement scales used to describe magnitude versus intensity, and secondary hazards like landslides, liquefaction, and tsunamis.
3. Typical effects of earthquakes outlined are physical damage to structures, infrastructure and property, casualties, and public health issues in the aftermath.
A tsunami is a series of waves generated by large displacements of water, typically caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, or meteorite impacts under water or along coastlines. Common triggers include large earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. When a major earthquake or landslide occurs near or undersea, it can displace enough water to cause a destructive tsunami. Coastal areas are most at risk from tsunamis, as the waves travel inland rapidly.
The document summarizes key information about the structure and composition of the Earth. It describes the three main layers - the core, mantle, and crust. The core has a solid inner core and liquid outer core made of iron and nickel. The mantle is the largest layer and mainly composed of silicate minerals. It is divided into the rigid lithosphere and soft asthenosphere. The crust is the thin outer layer composed of different rock types and containing all life.
According to official estimates, the 2011 tsunami washed about 5 million tons of debris into the ocean. About two-thirds of that quickly sank. The remainder was carried along the coast of Japan and then out into the Pacific Ocean. The trash from the March 11, 2011 tsunami began to reach the west coast of the USA in 2012 and 2013, creating new, complex, and unexpected ecological and environmental problems.
HOW TO SAVE THE HUMANITY OF NATURAL DISASTERS CAUSED BY EARTHQUAKES, TSUNAMIS...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the necessary strategies to save humanity from natural disasters caused by earthquakes, tsunamis and volcano eruptions that have contributed to the deaths of populations and destruction of buildings and infrastructure in many countries. With the exception of Japan that adopts advanced preventive and precautionary measures against earthquakes and tsunamis, humanity remains at the mercy of these natural disasters due to the lack of prediction of the occurrence of these events, plans to evacuate populations from the affected areas and measures of prevention and precaution to take in the face of catastrophes caused by earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions. This article presents Japan's experience in dealing with earthquakes and tsunamis and the advances in studies and research carried out by various researchers and scientific institutions that could be used in various parts of the world to deal with natural disasters caused by earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions. Additionally, this article proposes global actions to deal with disasters that span several countries and regions.
Chapter 2 Geology of Ethiopia and the Horn. The geology of Ethiopia includes rocks of the Neoproterozoic East African Orogeny, Jurassic marine sediments and Quaternary rift-related volcanism. Events that greatly shaped Ethiopian geology is the assembly and break-up of Gondwanaland and the present-day rifting of Africa.
This power point is important for all Ethiopian first year freshman universities students for the common course of Geography of Ethiopia and the Horn (GeES 1011), It is prepared on the bases of the module with additional explanations, important maps & explanatory images are included.
This power point mainly focuses on the geological history of the Earth in general and Ethiopia in particular. It is the best source of for all first year university freshman student of Ethiopia. if you are studying this course for A+ this material will definitely help. this material proven to be helpful by students of number of universities for the past four years.
Upsc important geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, tsunami, volcanic...Gautam Kumar
Educaterer India is an unique combination of passion driven into a hobby which makes an awesome profession. We carve the lives of enthusiastic candidates to a perfect professional who can impress upon the mindsets of the industry, while following the established traditions, can dare to set new standards to follow. We don't want you to be the part of the crowd, rather we like to make you the reason of the crowd.
Today's Effort For A Better Tomorrow
This document summarizes an assignment on earthquakes and volcanoes. It discusses the causes of earthquakes including tectonic plate movement. It then summarizes two major historical earthquakes in Japan - the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake and the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake. It also discusses the four main types of volcanoes and provides details on eruptions of Mount Fuji in 1707 and the formation of a new volcanic island off Japan in 2013.
The document discusses earthquakes and related topics in three main sections. Section one describes how earthquakes are caused by movement along tectonic plate boundaries and outlines the different types of seismic waves generated by earthquakes. Section two explains how earthquakes are measured, located and recorded using seismographs. Section three discusses the damage earthquakes can cause to buildings and properties from ground shaking and liquefaction. It also describes tsunamis and provides safety tips for earthquake preparedness.
Q3_W2_Volcanic_Eruption Science 9 Third quarter.pptxssuser86252c
The document provides information about plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions. It begins with definitions of key terms like lithospheric plates, divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, and sea-floor spreading. It then discusses the two types of crust, oceanic and continental, and how they relate to plate boundaries and volcanoes. Different plate boundary types are also explained, including the forces and results associated with divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries. The document concludes with a discussion of evidence that supports the theory of continental drift, such as matching fossil records across continents.
Japan Earthquake, Tsunami and Radiation Event 2011Sada Sehar
The 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami caused widespread damage in Japan. The 9.0 magnitude earthquake struck off the coast of Honshu on March 11, 2011 and generated a powerful tsunami. Over 15,000 people were killed and over 6 million homes lost power. The tsunami also caused a nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant, resulting in radioactive releases and over 100,000 evacuations. The Japanese government coordinated relief efforts and long-term responses such as waste disposal to address the extensive damage from the earthquake, tsunami and nuclear incidents.
The document discusses earthquakes, including what causes them, how they are measured, their effects, and statistics on major earthquakes around the world. Specifically, it defines an earthquake as rapid shaking caused by the sudden release of energy along fault lines. It describes the movement of tectonic plates and how this results in earthquakes. Key points covered include earthquake magnitude scales, the different types of seismic waves generated, and data on some of the largest earthquakes by magnitude and their impacts.
The document discusses several topics related to climate change and the atmosphere:
1. It lists factors that can change climate such as the sun's output, Earth's orbit, drifting continents, and volcanic eruptions.
2. It discusses evidence that climate change is occurring, including present day observations and computer models, and that scientists are very confident that human activities are the main cause of warming over the past 30 years.
3. Potential solutions to address climate change are listed, such as improving vehicle and building efficiency, expanding renewable energy and reducing deforestation.
The document discusses the four major spheres of Earth: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and key features of each sphere. For example, it notes the atmosphere contains different layers and is mostly nitrogen and oxygen, the biosphere is the zone of life on Earth structured through food chains, and the hydrosphere contains all water on the planet including oceans, lakes, and groundwater. The document also explains how Earth system science studies the interactions between these four spheres, like volcanic eruptions releasing gases into the air and affecting surrounding forests.
Geophysics is important for civil engineering as it provides geophysical analyses, recommendations, and correlations for subsurface constructions and structures. Geophysics uses seismic data acquisition methods like vibrators and air guns with hydrophones and geophones to image subsurface layers and geology. This information helps with designing sub-surface constructions and understanding offshore oil and underground mines.
The document discusses the four major spheres of Earth: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and key features of each sphere. The atmosphere contains different layers and is mostly nitrogen and oxygen. The biosphere is the zone of life on Earth, structured through food chains. The hydrosphere contains all water on the planet, including oceans, lakes, ice, and vapor. The geosphere is the solid part of Earth from the core outward, including rocks and minerals. Earth system science studies how these spheres interact constantly, affecting one another.
The document discusses the four major spheres of Earth: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and key features of each sphere. The atmosphere contains different layers and is mostly nitrogen and oxygen. The biosphere is the zone of life on Earth, structured through food chains. The hydrosphere contains all water on the planet, including oceans, lakes, ice, and vapor. The geosphere is the solid part of Earth from the core outward, including rocks and minerals. Earth system science studies how these spheres interact constantly, affecting one another.
The document discusses the four major spheres of Earth: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and key features of each sphere. The atmosphere contains different layers and is mostly nitrogen and oxygen. The biosphere is the region that supports life through food chains. The hydrosphere contains all water on Earth, including oceans, lakes, ice, and vapor. The geosphere is the solid part of Earth, including rocks and minerals. Earth system science studies how these spheres interact, such as how volcanoes can impact the atmosphere, biosphere, and surrounding area.
The document discusses the four major spheres that make up the Earth system: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and features of each individual sphere. The document then explains that Earth system science studies how these four spheres interact with and influence each other, providing examples of these interactions and their effects, such as volcanoes emitting gases into the atmosphere and hurricanes causing damage on land and in the ocean.
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that generates seismic waves. The location within the earth where rupture first occurs is known as the focus or hypocenter, while the point on the surface directly above is called the epicenter. Different types of seismic waves travel through the earth's interior or along its surface, causing shaking and damage. By measuring the arrival times of these waves at multiple seismograph stations, scientists can determine the epicenter location. Earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale by magnitude or the Mercalli scale by observed intensity. India experiences frequent earthquakes and is divided into different seismic zones based on risk levels. Major quakes have caused widespread destruction and loss of life in
This document is a student paper discussing the topic of oceans. It begins with the student explaining their choice to write about oceans over other topics like weather or hurricanes. The paper then provides background on the size and composition of oceans, noting there is technically one global ocean divided into 5 regions. It discusses theories on the formation of oceans and details various ocean floor features like trenches, ridges, and volcanoes. The paper also examines powerful ocean phenomena like tsunamis and earthquakes. It explains ocean circulation driven by factors such as wind, the Coriolis effect, and thermohaline circulation. In closing, it briefly touches on climate patterns influenced by ocean currents like El Niño and La Niña.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document discusses the four main Earth systems: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and features of each system. Earth system science studies how these four spheres interact continuously, with each system affecting the others through examples of interactions like volcanoes erupting and hurricanes forming.
An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The intensity and magnitude of an earthquake is measured on the Richter scale. Seismometers measure earthquake motions, and seismic waves include body waves that travel through the earth and surface waves that travel along the surface. Most major earthquakes occur at plate boundaries and are caused by the buildup and sudden release of pressure between tectonic plates. Earthquake effects include loss of life and property damage. Early warning systems aim to detect earthquakes quickly through primary seismic waves to warn of impending stronger secondary waves.
Geology is the study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, and history. Physical geology examines the materials and processes that shape the Earth, while historical geology examines the origin and evolution of the planet over time. A key theory in geology is plate tectonics, which proposes that the Earth's crust is composed of plates that move relative to one another.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Chapter 2 Geology of Ethiopia and the Horn. The geology of Ethiopia includes rocks of the Neoproterozoic East African Orogeny, Jurassic marine sediments and Quaternary rift-related volcanism. Events that greatly shaped Ethiopian geology is the assembly and break-up of Gondwanaland and the present-day rifting of Africa.
This power point is important for all Ethiopian first year freshman universities students for the common course of Geography of Ethiopia and the Horn (GeES 1011), It is prepared on the bases of the module with additional explanations, important maps & explanatory images are included.
This power point mainly focuses on the geological history of the Earth in general and Ethiopia in particular. It is the best source of for all first year university freshman student of Ethiopia. if you are studying this course for A+ this material will definitely help. this material proven to be helpful by students of number of universities for the past four years.
Upsc important geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, tsunami, volcanic...Gautam Kumar
Educaterer India is an unique combination of passion driven into a hobby which makes an awesome profession. We carve the lives of enthusiastic candidates to a perfect professional who can impress upon the mindsets of the industry, while following the established traditions, can dare to set new standards to follow. We don't want you to be the part of the crowd, rather we like to make you the reason of the crowd.
Today's Effort For A Better Tomorrow
This document summarizes an assignment on earthquakes and volcanoes. It discusses the causes of earthquakes including tectonic plate movement. It then summarizes two major historical earthquakes in Japan - the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake and the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake. It also discusses the four main types of volcanoes and provides details on eruptions of Mount Fuji in 1707 and the formation of a new volcanic island off Japan in 2013.
The document discusses earthquakes and related topics in three main sections. Section one describes how earthquakes are caused by movement along tectonic plate boundaries and outlines the different types of seismic waves generated by earthquakes. Section two explains how earthquakes are measured, located and recorded using seismographs. Section three discusses the damage earthquakes can cause to buildings and properties from ground shaking and liquefaction. It also describes tsunamis and provides safety tips for earthquake preparedness.
Q3_W2_Volcanic_Eruption Science 9 Third quarter.pptxssuser86252c
The document provides information about plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions. It begins with definitions of key terms like lithospheric plates, divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, and sea-floor spreading. It then discusses the two types of crust, oceanic and continental, and how they relate to plate boundaries and volcanoes. Different plate boundary types are also explained, including the forces and results associated with divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries. The document concludes with a discussion of evidence that supports the theory of continental drift, such as matching fossil records across continents.
Japan Earthquake, Tsunami and Radiation Event 2011Sada Sehar
The 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami caused widespread damage in Japan. The 9.0 magnitude earthquake struck off the coast of Honshu on March 11, 2011 and generated a powerful tsunami. Over 15,000 people were killed and over 6 million homes lost power. The tsunami also caused a nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant, resulting in radioactive releases and over 100,000 evacuations. The Japanese government coordinated relief efforts and long-term responses such as waste disposal to address the extensive damage from the earthquake, tsunami and nuclear incidents.
The document discusses earthquakes, including what causes them, how they are measured, their effects, and statistics on major earthquakes around the world. Specifically, it defines an earthquake as rapid shaking caused by the sudden release of energy along fault lines. It describes the movement of tectonic plates and how this results in earthquakes. Key points covered include earthquake magnitude scales, the different types of seismic waves generated, and data on some of the largest earthquakes by magnitude and their impacts.
The document discusses several topics related to climate change and the atmosphere:
1. It lists factors that can change climate such as the sun's output, Earth's orbit, drifting continents, and volcanic eruptions.
2. It discusses evidence that climate change is occurring, including present day observations and computer models, and that scientists are very confident that human activities are the main cause of warming over the past 30 years.
3. Potential solutions to address climate change are listed, such as improving vehicle and building efficiency, expanding renewable energy and reducing deforestation.
The document discusses the four major spheres of Earth: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and key features of each sphere. For example, it notes the atmosphere contains different layers and is mostly nitrogen and oxygen, the biosphere is the zone of life on Earth structured through food chains, and the hydrosphere contains all water on the planet including oceans, lakes, and groundwater. The document also explains how Earth system science studies the interactions between these four spheres, like volcanic eruptions releasing gases into the air and affecting surrounding forests.
Geophysics is important for civil engineering as it provides geophysical analyses, recommendations, and correlations for subsurface constructions and structures. Geophysics uses seismic data acquisition methods like vibrators and air guns with hydrophones and geophones to image subsurface layers and geology. This information helps with designing sub-surface constructions and understanding offshore oil and underground mines.
The document discusses the four major spheres of Earth: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and key features of each sphere. The atmosphere contains different layers and is mostly nitrogen and oxygen. The biosphere is the zone of life on Earth, structured through food chains. The hydrosphere contains all water on the planet, including oceans, lakes, ice, and vapor. The geosphere is the solid part of Earth from the core outward, including rocks and minerals. Earth system science studies how these spheres interact constantly, affecting one another.
The document discusses the four major spheres of Earth: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and key features of each sphere. The atmosphere contains different layers and is mostly nitrogen and oxygen. The biosphere is the zone of life on Earth, structured through food chains. The hydrosphere contains all water on the planet, including oceans, lakes, ice, and vapor. The geosphere is the solid part of Earth from the core outward, including rocks and minerals. Earth system science studies how these spheres interact constantly, affecting one another.
The document discusses the four major spheres of Earth: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and key features of each sphere. The atmosphere contains different layers and is mostly nitrogen and oxygen. The biosphere is the region that supports life through food chains. The hydrosphere contains all water on Earth, including oceans, lakes, ice, and vapor. The geosphere is the solid part of Earth, including rocks and minerals. Earth system science studies how these spheres interact, such as how volcanoes can impact the atmosphere, biosphere, and surrounding area.
The document discusses the four major spheres that make up the Earth system: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and features of each individual sphere. The document then explains that Earth system science studies how these four spheres interact with and influence each other, providing examples of these interactions and their effects, such as volcanoes emitting gases into the atmosphere and hurricanes causing damage on land and in the ocean.
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that generates seismic waves. The location within the earth where rupture first occurs is known as the focus or hypocenter, while the point on the surface directly above is called the epicenter. Different types of seismic waves travel through the earth's interior or along its surface, causing shaking and damage. By measuring the arrival times of these waves at multiple seismograph stations, scientists can determine the epicenter location. Earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale by magnitude or the Mercalli scale by observed intensity. India experiences frequent earthquakes and is divided into different seismic zones based on risk levels. Major quakes have caused widespread destruction and loss of life in
This document is a student paper discussing the topic of oceans. It begins with the student explaining their choice to write about oceans over other topics like weather or hurricanes. The paper then provides background on the size and composition of oceans, noting there is technically one global ocean divided into 5 regions. It discusses theories on the formation of oceans and details various ocean floor features like trenches, ridges, and volcanoes. The paper also examines powerful ocean phenomena like tsunamis and earthquakes. It explains ocean circulation driven by factors such as wind, the Coriolis effect, and thermohaline circulation. In closing, it briefly touches on climate patterns influenced by ocean currents like El Niño and La Niña.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document discusses the four main Earth systems: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and features of each system. Earth system science studies how these four spheres interact continuously, with each system affecting the others through examples of interactions like volcanoes erupting and hurricanes forming.
An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The intensity and magnitude of an earthquake is measured on the Richter scale. Seismometers measure earthquake motions, and seismic waves include body waves that travel through the earth and surface waves that travel along the surface. Most major earthquakes occur at plate boundaries and are caused by the buildup and sudden release of pressure between tectonic plates. Earthquake effects include loss of life and property damage. Early warning systems aim to detect earthquakes quickly through primary seismic waves to warn of impending stronger secondary waves.
Geology is the study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, and history. Physical geology examines the materials and processes that shape the Earth, while historical geology examines the origin and evolution of the planet over time. A key theory in geology is plate tectonics, which proposes that the Earth's crust is composed of plates that move relative to one another.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
Earth’s Four Spheres.ppt
1. Earth’s Four Spheres
Earth’s Four Spheres
Name of Student
Institutional Affiliations
Course
Name of Professor
Date
2. Earth’s Four Spheres
The Earth is made up of four primary
interconnected components (spheres):
• the atmosphere
• the biosphere
• the hydrosphere
• the geosphere
3. The Atmosphere
• The atmosphere is a thin layer of air that surrounds the
Earth.
• The atmosphere is made up of four distinct levels (the
thermosphere, the mesosphere, the stratosphere and
the troposphere).
• The atmosphere rises nearly five hundred and
sixty kilometers (three hundred and forty eight miles)
above the Earth's surface.
• Nitrogen (approximately seventy-eight percent), oxygen
(about twenty one percent), argon (.9%), and co2 (about
two perecent) make up the majority of the atmosphere
(0.04 percent ). Other components are only present in
trace amounts.
4. The Biosphere
• The biosphere is the Earth's "life zone," and it
comprises all living species (including human
beings) as well as all organic materials that
hasn't degraded yet.
• The biosphere is organized as a food chain (all
life is dependent on the first tier, which consists
primarily of photosynthesis-capable primary
producers).
• The food chain transfers mass and energy from
one level to the next.
5. The Hydrosphere
All of the water on our continent is contained in the hydrosphere.
• The ocean, and also water from rivers and lakes, creeks
and streams, are all found on the surface of our globe.
• Groundwater and water trapped in the soil are further examples
of water found beneath the surface of our world.
• Water vapor is also a type of water that can be found in our
atmosphere.
• Glaciers and ice caps are also examples of frozen water on our
planet.
• Only around 3percent of the water on Earth is "fresh," and
roughly seventy percent of that fresh water is frozen in the form
of glacier ice.
6. The Geosphere
The geosphere refers to the solid Earth, which
comprises the oceanic and continental crust,
as well as the many layers of the planet's
interior.
• The elements magnesium, silicon and oxygen,
make up ninety-four percent of the Earth's mass.
• The geosphere isn't a static entity (unchanging).
• The crust's surface (crust) is constantly moving.
• The geosphere is mined for mineral resources.
7. Earth System Interactions
The multiple spheres or "subsystems" that make up the earth combine
to form an ever-changing and complex whole referred to as the Earth
system.
• Volcanic mountains (geosphere) erupt, spewing gases and ash
into the atmosphere (air), as well as ash and lava onto nearby
woods (biosphere) and human settlements (biosphere).
• Hurricanes (atmosphere) rush across the sea (hydrosphere) on
to the land (geosphere), destroying the homes of
individuals who live across the coast (biosphere).
• Earthquakes (geosphere) can cause structural damage to land
structures, which can lead to deaths (biosphere), and also fires
that discharge gases into the atmosphere (air). Ocean
earthquakes can result in a tsunamis (hydrosphere), which can
impact land and kill both people and animals (biosphere).
8. Japan Tsunami and Earthquake
• A natural disaster or extreme weather event has
influenced each of us, either indirectly or directly.
• The devastating Sendai earthquake is a personal, actual
experience that I have had in my lifetime concerning the
force of one of the Earth's four spheres, and it will be
presented herein.
• In a similar spirit, the purpose of this presentation is to
demonstrate the connection of the Earth's four spheres
to human safety and health, the current status of our
climate, and future crisis avoidance as the effects of
climate change intensify.
9. Contextualizing the Tohoku
Earthquake
The term "tsunami" refers to a sequence of sea surges caused by
earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. As they go inland, the height of
these waves tends to rise (Tsunami facts,2020).
• An earthquake of a magnitude of 8.9 released the worst
Tsunami Japan has ever seen in March of 2011.
• The Great Sendai Earthquake, also known as the Japan
Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011, struck Japan on March 11,
2011.
• It was the fifth most destructive earthquake in recorded history,
killing thousands of individuals and displacing hundreds of
thousands more. It also resulted in property devastation and
economic loss.
• The earthquake caused not only Tsunamis and losses, but also
long-term risks such as radioactive leakage, the effects of
which will be felt in Japan for many coming years.
10. The Tsunami's Geological
Aspect
• Because of its location where multiple continental and oceanic
plates collide, Japan is vulnerable to hot springs, volcanoes
and earthquakes (Chaw,2016).
• The rupture of a length of the region of subduction that has a
connection with Japan's Trench was the primary cause of the
earthquake and Tsunami. The trench connects the Pacific and
Eurasian plates.
• A segment of the abduction zone, which measured ninety-five miles
broad and 190 miles in length, relocated 164 feet east of the
Southeast and 33 feet upwards. Taiwan, Russia, China
and Beijing, were all affected by the tremor. (Sample,2011).
• Following the main earthquake, some aftershocks continued for
extended periods of time. A 7.3 magnitude temblor struck the same
tectonic boundary a year later, causing minimal damage.
11. • A satellite traversing the earth's rim had caught shallow
amplitude acoustic signals from the earthquake, according to
some report.
• The pacific subduction zone, which was steadily advancing
towards the Eurasian Plate in Japan, displaced a massive
volume of water above it, resulting in multiple high destructive
waves.
• A 33-foot wave swamped the coast, the airport, several portions
of Sendai, and the surrounding area.
• According to some sources, a wave that smashed onto the
ground 6 miles away caused the Natori river to flood.
• Tidal wave warnings were issued throughout the Pacific basin
as a result of the huge earthquake.
• The Tsunami traveled at such a fast speed that it created waves
as high as eleven to twelve feet high along the Pacific coast
(Pletcher&Rafferty,2020).
12. Effects of the Tsunami
• The Tsunami killed roughly 15000 individuals and left
another 2500 persons missing. Owing to the frigid
temperature, the rescue teams had a difficult time.
• A total of 121000 structures were destroyed, costing
an estimated 210 billion dollars in losses.
• Many toxic substance-processing companies, such
as petrochemicals, distilleries, and other chemical
plants, were destroyed (Krausman&Cruz,2013).
• Living organisms (animals and plants) were
exposed, putting their health at risk. The Fukushima
Nuclear Power Plant, for example, is a shining
example.
13. • The Tsunami wreaked havoc on the Fukushima
Daiichi nuclear power plant, resulting in huge
radioactive leakage.
• It was the second-worst nuclear disaster in history,
with immediate and long-term consequences.
• It took only a short time for the radioactive cloud from
the power plant to get to 1.6 miles beyond sea level in
the Fuji mountains once it was released. It indicated
that the plume was large enough to transport the
radioactive particles to many locations.
• Levels of radiation in an 18-mile radius around the
Fukushima Daiichi and Fukushima Diani nuclear
power reactors reduced.
• Because the radiation dispersed faster into the
atmosphere and ocean, it appeared to decline quickly
within days after emission (Sarkisian, 2017).
14. Response to the event
Tsunami Warning
• In 1999, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), which is in
charge of providing tsunami advisories and warnings as well as
predicting tsunami height, implemented a new method, which
was modified in 2006 utilizing Earthquake Early Warnings.
• Japan claimed that the seismic monitoring system developed
by JMA was the most advanced worldwide.
• In reality, numerous foreign nations in need of assistance, such
as Peru, Mexico, Thailand and Indonesia, have benefited from
its tsunami predicting methods and numerical models.
• JMA built a library of pre-conducted tsunami dispersion
simulations for approximately 100 000 earthquake events in
Japan.
15. Witnessed tsunami inundation flow
and height
• The worldwide post-tsunami surveying team was
founded after the 2011 Tohoku tsunami assault
and performed a nationwide survey to document
tsunami inundation extents, flow depths, run-up
heights, and damages.
• Tsunami height readings are the most dense
from past post-tsunami surveying teams, and
they are now extensively used for analyzing
features of local tsunami intensification and for
tsunami modeling standards.
16. Structural Tsunami Vulnerability
• Numerous field surveys were done to determine the
damage mechanisms and their influence on
infrastructures.
• Tsunami structural susceptibility is a key concern in
tsunami-resilient community planning.
• When infrastructural damage data is combined with
environmental survey data, like flow depths, a new
measure of infrastructural vulnerability to tsunamis,
known as a tsunami fragility function or tsunami fragility
curve, is created. In general, a tsunami deformation curve
is referred to as the probability of infrastructural damage
or fatality rate, with special attention to the hydrodynamic
characteristics of tsunami inundation flow, like flow
depth measured in the field, prevailing velocity, and
hydrodynamic force projected using tsunami numerical
modeling.
17. Tsunami impact on educational
facilities
• The 2011 Tohoku tsunami and earthquake impacted
many teachers and students. The Ministry of Education,
Science and Technology, Sports and Culture, released a
report on student injuries and fatalities on October 6,
2011, stating that the tsunami claimed the lives of 635
teachers, students and children, and injured 221 others.
• The incident sparked debate about whether safer school
infrastructure should be required to withstand both
intense ground shaking and a disastrous tsunami. How
tall school buildings should be in order for residents to
survive. How to prepare students for the future. How
instructors should be prepared to provide proper counsel
in order to preserve the lives of children and themselves.
18. Measures for Mitigating future
Tsunamis
• Tsunamis are natural disasters that have wreaked havoc and
killed thousands of people in coastal areas around the world
for ages. Major tsunami-prevention programs, on the other
hand, date as from the early twentieth century and have
garnered far more attention in the first decade of the twenty-
first century, following 2 significant events: the 26th
December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, and the Great East
Japan Tsunami and Earthquake of March 11, 2011.
• Following these devastating disasters, tsunami warning
and monitoring systems and the technologies that go with
them have spread across the Pacific Ocean to other areas
where tsunamis are a serious threat. Previously the preserve
of wealthier nations, hazard mitigation and
preparedness measures are now being adopted
by underdeveloped countries.
19. • While tsunami modeling and mapping
and warning systems are vital instruments in
promoting tsunami protection, there are a variety
of other methods that must be implemented in
order to safeguard property and lives during
severe tsunami occurrences.
• Tsunami education and awareness, as well as
efforts that increase reaction readiness, are all
part of the preparedness strategy. These plans
should include information on how tsunamis
happen, where they happen, how to respond to
natural signals or warnings that a tsunami is on
the way, and which areas are safe to evacuate.
20. Mitigation Strategies
• Hazard mitigation measures aim to lessen the
probability of coastal populations being affected
by a tsunami, either through the use of structural
systems or the relocation of towns out of
recognized tsunami inundation zones. Man-
made or natural high ground for evacuation,
vertical escape structures (either solitary
structures designed expressly for tsunami
evacuation or existing structures designed to
withstand tsunami effects), tsunami river gates,
forest barriers, breakwaters and seawalls, are
among them.
21. • Land-use planning regulations or coastal
spatial planning may also be used by
coastal authorities to limit growth in areas
at high danger of tsunami flooding. The
relative effectiveness of these techniques
and the regions where they're being
implemented, as well as the challenges
and concerns associated with their
deployment, have to be considered.
22. References
Chow, D. (2016). Why Do So Many Earthquakes Strike Japan? Retrieved
21 April 2020, from https://www.livescience.com/54434-why-so-many-
earthquakes-strike-japan.html
Krausmann, E., & Cruz, A. (2013). Impact of the 11 March 2011, Great
East Japan earthquake and Tsunami on the chemical industry. Natural
Hazards, 67(2), 811-828. doi:10.1007/s11069-013-0607-0
Pletcher, K., & Rafferty, J. (2020). Japan Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011 |
Facts & Death Toll. Retrieved 21 April 2020, from
https://www.britannica.com/event/Japan-earthquake-andtsunami-of-2011
Sarkisian, D. (2017). Effect of Fukushima Nuclear Disaster on Japanese
Ecosystems. Retrieved 21 April 2020, from
http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2017/ph241/sarkisian1/
Tsunami Facts and Information. (2020). Retrieved 21 April 2020, from
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/natural
disasters/tsunamis/
Editor's Notes
Land, water, living beings, and air are the four basic subsystems that make up the Earth's system. "Spheres" refers to these four subsystems. The "lithosphere" (land), "hydrosphere" (water), "biosphere" (living things), and "atmosphere" (air) are the four spheres (air).
The Earth system pertains to how we utilize models to look at different sections of the planet in order to characterize what has occurred previously, what is occurring now, and what could occur in the future.
The 2011 Japan tsunami and earthquake, also known as the 2011 Tohoku tsunami and earthquake or the Great Tohoku earthquake, occurred on March 11, 2011 in northeastern Japan. The calamity began in the early afternoon when a magnitude-9 earthquake struck the region, unleashing a massive wave.
For the Tohoku tsunami, three primary tsunami countermeasure concepts were recommended: I construction of flood gates, breakwaters and seawalls, to safeguard people and property; (ii) urban planning to produce a tsunami. -resilient community through appropriate land-use management and redundant facility placement to boost resistance.
Some of the ways to prepare for and lessen the possible impacts of a tsunami, emphasize smart land-use planning and building design in tsunami hazard zones: Increasing the number of evacuation routes. The construction of tsunami evacuation structures. Limiting new construction in tsunami-prone areas.