The document provides a detailed overview of the humerus, including its anatomy, functions, attachments to muscles and ligaments, and its clinical significance. It highlights key structures such as the upper and lower ends, shaft, and various associated nerves that could be prone to injury. Additionally, the document discusses ossification, common fracture sites, and potential nerve injuries related to the humerus.

1. UL Bone
Humerus
Part- 2
BY Purvi Shah
B.P.T

2. Humerus

3. Humerus
It is the long bone of the arm.
Longest bone of UL
It has a upper end, a lower end and a shaft.

5. The Upper End
The head of the humerus is the articular surface of the upper
extremity, which is an irregular hemisphere.
The Anatomical Neck
The Surgical Neck
The Greater Tubercle
The Lesser Tubercle
The intertubercular sulcus (Bicipital groove)

6. The Shaft
The shaft is rounded in upper half and triangular in the lower half
Borders
1.Anterior border
2.Lateral border
3.Medial border
Surfaces
1.Anteolateral surface2.Anteromedial surface 3.Posterior surface

7. The Lower End
The lower end of humerus forms the condyle which is expanded
from side to side.
It has articular parts and non articular parts.
Articular Part
Capitulum : Rounded Projection
Trochlea : Pulley shaped

8. The Lower End
Non articular surface
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Medial supracondylar ridge
Lateral supracondylar ridge
Coronoid fossa
Radial fossa
Olecranon fossa

10. Functions
The humerus serves as an attachment to 13 muscles which
contribute to the movements of the hand and elbow, and therefore
the function of the upper limb.

11. Articulations
Glenohumeral joint
Elbow joint

13. Attachments
Muscles
Subscapularis is inserted into the lesser tubercle
Supraspinatus is inserted into upper impression on GT
Infraspinatus is inserted into middle impression on GT
Teres minor is inserted into lower impression on GT
Pectoralis major is inserted lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus

14. Attachments
Muscles
LD is inserted into floor of intertubercular sulcus
Teres major is inserted into medial lip of intertubercular sulcus
Deltoid is inserted into deltoid tuberosity
Coracobrachialis is inserted into rough area on the middle of medial
border
Brachialis is inserted arises lower halves of the anteromedial &
anterolateral surfaces of the shaft

15. Attachments
Muscles
Brachioradialis arises from the upper two third of lateral
supracondylar ridge
ECRL arises from the lower one third of lateral supracondylar ridge
Pronator teres arises from lower one third of medial suprcondylar
ridge
Superficial flexors muscles of forearm arises by a common origin from
the ant aspect of medial epicondyle

16. Attachments
Muscles
The superficial extensors muscles of forearm arises by a common
origin from the lateral epicondyle
Anconeus arises from the posterior surface of the lateral epicondyle
Lateral head of triceps arises from oblique ridge on upper part of
posterior above radial groove

17. Attachments
Ligaments
Capsular ligaments of shoulder joint is attached to the anatomical
neck except on medial side of humerus
Capsular ligaments of elbow joint is attached to lower end along a
line that reaches the upper limits of radial and coronoid fossae.

18. Ossification
Ossifies from the one primary centres and 7 secondary centres
The upper end ossifies from 3 secondary centres
The lower end ossifies from 4 centres which from 2 epiphyses

19. Clinical Anatomy
Three nerves are directly related to the humerus and therefore
liable to injury
Axillary nerve at surgical neck
Radial nerve at radial groove
Ulnar nerve behind the medial epicondylar

20. Axillary Nerve
Introduction
part of the posterior cord (C5-C6), and provides motor innervation
to the deltoid and teres minor muscles.
An axillary nerve injury can cause signs and symptoms of a
localized neuropathy.

21. Axillary nerve
Axillary nerve injury
Signs and symptoms : Pain to the area of the deltoid and anterior
shoulder
 Loss of movement and/or lack of sensation in the shoulder area
 Reported or observed weakness to the deltoid and teres minor
muscles (Abduction and External rotation).

22. Radial Nerve
Introduction
The radial nerve is one of the terminal branches of the posterior
cord.
Root : C5, 6, 7, 8 & T1
Symptoms : pain
weakness in the wrist, hand, or fingers
loss of function in the wrist, hand, or fingers

23. Ulnar Nerve
Introduction
The ulnar nerve originates from C8-T1 nerve roots which form the
medial cord of the brachial plexus.
Symptoms : Burning feeling in hand, arm or finger
 Increased arm/finger numbness or tingling while typing or writing.
 “Pins and needles” sensation (prickling) in the hand, arm or fingers.
Weakness (loss of strength) in the hand, arm or fingers.

24. Nerve Injury
Nerve injury
Investigation : MRI
EMG/NCV
Surgical management : Neurolysis
Neurorrhaphy
Nerve Grafting
Neurotization

25. Clinical Anatomy
The common sites of fracture are;
Surgical neck
The shaft
The supracondylar region
The humerus has a poor blood supply at the junction of it’s upper
&middle thirds
Fractures at this sites show delayed union
or non union.

28. Thank You