The axillary artery continues as the subclavian artery and extends from the outer border of the first rib to the lower border of teres major muscle. It has three parts separated by the pectoralis minor muscle and gives off several important branches that supply structures in the axilla and upper limb. These branches include the superior thoracic artery, thoracoacromial artery, lateral thoracic artery, subscapular artery, anterior circumflex humeral artery, and posterior circumflex humeral artery. The axillary vein runs medially and accompanies the artery, draining blood from the upper limb into the subclavian vein.
rectus sheath, the sheath covering rectus muscle of anterior abdominal wall, formation of the sheath, the muscles involved in ts formation, and the contents the sheath is covering
rectus sheath, the sheath covering rectus muscle of anterior abdominal wall, formation of the sheath, the muscles involved in ts formation, and the contents the sheath is covering
Anatomy of axilla with Dr- Ameera Al-Humidi .pptxAmeera Al-Humidi
The axilla is the anatomical region under the shoulder joint where the arm connects to the shoulder.
The axilla has five anatomic borders: superior, anterior, posterior, lateral, and medial walls.
The borders of the axilla are composed of muscles, including the serratus anterior, coracobrachialis, and short head of the biceps
The axillary walls are used as landmarks by surgeons to prevent damage to the neurovascular structures within the axilla during surgery
The contents of the axilla include muscles, nerves, vessels, and lymphatics
The axillary artery and vein, brachial plexus, and axillary lymph nodes are some of the neurovascular structures found in the axilla
1. Blood supply of the upper limb. Major arterial anastomoses of the upper extremity.
2. The veins of the upper limb.
3. Innervation of the upper limb. Schematic representation of the innervation of the skin of the upper limb.
4. Lymphatic vessels of the upper extremity.
Seminar presentation on arterial supply of human head & neck - carotid artery, maxillary artery, ophthalmic artery
post-graduate level
MDS- oral & maxillofacial surgery
The arterial supply to the upper limb is delivered via five main vessels (proximal to distal):
Subclavian artery
Axillary artery
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Ulnar artery
In this article, we shall look at the anatomy of the arteries of the upper limb – their anatomical course, branches and clinical correlations.
USMLE MSK L020 Upper 09 Anatomical regions anatomy.pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The upper limb is divided into several anatomical regions, each with distinct structures and functions.
Understanding these anatomical regions is essential for healthcare professionals, anatomists, and individuals studying the upper limb for medical or educational purposes. Each region plays a specific role in the overall function and movement of the upper limb.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. ARTERIES OF UPPER LIMB
Axillary artery
A) Brachial artery
B) Radial artery
C) Ulnar artery
3. AXILLARY ARTERY
Continuation of the
subclavian artery
Extent - Outer border of
the 1st
rib to the to the
Lower border of teres
major muscle
Enclosed in Axillary
sheath
4. Axillary Artery is
subdivided into 3 parts
by the pectoralis
minor muscle.
-1st
part: proximal
to the muscle
-2nd
part: behind (deep)
to the muscle
-3rd
part: distal to the
muscle
continues as a Brachial
artery
5. Superior thoracic
artery
1st
part of axillary artery : extends from outer border of first
rib to the upper border of pectoralis minor
Branches(1)
1. Superior Thoracic Artery- Arises near lower border of
subclavius muscle & Supplies thoracic wall and breast
7. a. Deltoid - supplies Pectoralis
major and deltoid muscles
b. Clavicular- Sternoclavicular
joint and subclavius
c. Acromial - anastomosis with
deltoid branch
d. Pectoral - supplies Pectoral
muscles and breast
8. 2. Lateral Thoracic Artery
follows lower border of
pectoralis minor to the
chest wall
Related to anterior Axillary
lymph nodes
Larger in females and
supplies branches to
breast
Anastomoses with internal
thoracic and subscapular
arteries
9. 3rd
part of Axillary artery : extends from lower
border of pectoralis minor upto the level of lower
border of teres major muscle.
Branches(3)
1. Subscapular artery
2. Anterior circumflex humeral artery
3. Posterior Circumflex humeral artery
10. 1. Subscapular artery
Largest branch of Axillary
artery
divides into 2 branches
a. circumflex scapular artery:
content of upper
triangular space
participate in scapular
anastomosis
b. thoraco dorsal artery:
runs with the thoraco dorsal
nerve
Reaches inferior angle
of scapula and
anastomoses
11. 2. Anterior circumflex
humeral artery
winds round the
surgical neck of
humerus bone
Anastomoses with
posterior circumflex
humeral artery
12. 3. Posterior Circumflex
humeral artery
Larger than anterior
circumflex humeral
artery
pass through the
Quadrangular Space
accompanied by
Axillary nerve
Anastomoses with
anterior circumflex
around surgical neck
of humerus.
14. Applied Anatomy of Axillary artery
Axillary artery pulsation can be felt against lower part of
lat wall of axilla
In order to check bleeding from distal part of upper limb
the artery can be compressed against humerus against
lower part of lat wall of axilla
Next to popliteal artery , axill art 2nd
most common art to
be lacerated by violent movements
Aneurysm of the Axillary artery:-
- Compresses trunks of brachial plexus causing pain
and anesthesia in the areas of the skin supplied by the
affected nerves
15. Scapular Anastomosis
1. In each of subscapular,supraspinous & infraspinous fossae
Arterial anastomosis takes place around scapula between the branches of the
1st
part of subclavian artery and principally 3rd
part of axillary Artery
18. Axillary vein:
Formation: union of venae comitantes of the brachial
artery & basilic vein at the lower border of teres major
-Ends at outer border of 1st
rib by becoming the
subclavian vein
19. -runs upwards on the medial side of the axillary artery
Tributaries: -cephalic vein
-veins corresponding to the branches of
axillary artery
22. Axillary sheath:
axillary artery and
brachial plexus
enclosed by axillary
fascia called axillary
sheath
-axillary vein is not the
content of axillary
sheath to allow free
expand of vein during
increased venous
return
-
23. continuous with the prevertebral fascia at the
root of the neck
Inferiorly, axillary sheath extend upto elbow
Applied-
cold abscess originating from cervical vertebrae
may track down through this sheath
26. First part:
•Extends from outer border of 1st
rib to the
upper borded of pectoralis minor
• Relations:
Anteriorly:- pectoralis major and covering
fasciae and skin
-cephalic vein
Posteriorly:- long thoracic nerve
Medially:- axillary vein
Laterally:-three cords of brachial plexus
Branches: -superior thoracic artery, supplies
muscles of 1st
and 2nd
intercostal spaces
Second part:
•Lies behind the pectoralis minor
Relations:
Anteriorly:-pectoralis minor and major
Posteriorly:-posterior cord of brachial plexus
-subscapularis muscle
-shoulder joint
Medially:-axillary vein
-medial cord of brachial plexus
Laterally:-lateral cord of brachial plexus
Third part:
-lower border of pectoralis minor to the
lower
Of teres major
Relations:
Anteriorly:- pectoralis major
-medial root of median nerve
Posteriorly:- subscapularis
-latissimus dorsi
-teres major
-axillary and radial nerves
Medially:- ulnar nerve
-axillary vein
-medial cut. Nerves of arm &
fore arm
Laterally:- coraco brachialis
-biceps
-lateral root of median nerve
-musculo cutaneous nerve
27. Anterior:
Skin
Superficial fascia
Pectoralis major
Clavipectoral fascia
Posterior:
1st
intercostal space
Serratus anterior
Medial cord of brachial
plexus
Laterally:
Lateral and posterior
cord of brachial
plexus
Medially:
Axillary vein
RELATIONS
