S.Prasanth Kumar is a bioinformatician who studies proteomics, 2D-PAGE, and proteome databases. Proteomics involves the study of proteins expressed by a genome through analysis of protein sequences, structures, modifications, and interactions. Major databases include Swiss-Prot, which contains annotated protein sequences, and TrEMBL, which contains automatically generated sequences. Other databases contain information on protein families and domains, nucleotide sequences, 2D-PAGE gel images, and post-translational modifications.

1. S.Prasanth Kumar, Bioinformatician Proteomics 2D-PAGE & Proteome Databases S.Prasanth Kumar Dept. of Bioinformatics Applied Botany Centre (ABC) Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, INDIA www.facebook.com/Prasanth Sivakumar FOLLOW ME ON ACCESS MY RESOURCES IN SLIDESHARE prasanthperceptron CONTACT ME [email_address]

2. 2D-PAGE Decreasing pI Decreasing MW

3. 2-DE Gel Images Annotated image of Silver stained E.coli 2-DE sample

4. Proteome Proteomics covers the study of the proteins expressed by a genome in a biological sample , such as an organism, an organ, an organelle, a biological fluid Analyze protein sequences for domains and active sites, perform similarity and homology searches, or predict the three-dimensional structure or physico-chemical parameters. Protein sequence, nucleotide sequence, pattern/profile, 2-DE, 3-D structure, PTM, genomic, and metabolic. Databases Types

5. Protein sequence databases SWISS-PROT an annotated universal sequence database, TrEMBL an automatically generated sequence database with repository character, which supplements SWISS-PROT. SWISS-PROT [http://www.expasy.org/sprot/] a curated protein sequence database which provides a high level of annotation Types of Annotations: Description of a protein's function, its domain structure, PTMs, conflicts between literature references and variants. It also provides a minimal level of redundancy , a high level of integration with other bio molecular databases , and an extensive external documentation. (Created in 1986:Main Host-ExPaSy)

6. SWISSPROT format Description Section Reference Section Comments Section

7. Database Cross-Reference Section Keyword Field Feature’s Table Sequence

8. Low quality annotations, No SWISSPROT, but trEMBL Genome Sequencing Projects SWISS-PROT annotators, who screen literature and sequence databases Increase in available raw sequence data Automatically populate SWISS-PROT with data of lower quality standards. TrEMBL (Translation of EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database) Computer-annotated entries in SWISS-PROT-like format . It is populated by protein sequences translated from the coding sequences (CDS) in EMBL and is a supplement to SWISS-PROT

9. Nucleotide sequence databases EBI in Great Britain distributing EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database, NCBI in the USA distributing GenBank™ , and the NIG in Japan distributing DDBJ Collaboration: EMBL, GenBank and DDBJ all contain the same information (the nucleotide sequence database is in fact one single database distributed under three different names, and in three different formats) Their format is not unified , but they share the same organizational principles as described for SWISS-PROT, i.e. a header containing the name of the sequence, the species of origin, followed by the references, a feature table, and the sequence data. EST to find CDS of gene- dbEST , hosted by NCBI

10. PROSITE regular expression patterns and profiles Pfam HMMs PRINTS fingerprints (groups of aligned, unweighted motifs) Blocks aligned weighted motifs or blocks ProDom is an automatic compilation of homologous domains, derived by clustering of SWISS-PROT and TrEMBL. Databases for protein families, domains and functional sites Above 4 Dbs formed InterPro consortium and developed InterPro , an integrated documentation resource for protein families, domains and functional sites.

11. 2-DE databases Information on proteins identified on 2-DE and consist of two major components: image data and textual information . An image is the representation of a stained gel scanned optically. Apparent spots represent the position of focused protein forms and are linked to the textual information component of the database. Textual information includes, Data on apparent pI and Mw of the spots, the name and description of the protein, the identification method, bibliographical references, and cross- references to SWISS-PROT and other databases.

12. SWISS-2DPAGE The SWISS-2DPAGE database was created and is maintained at the SIB in collaboration with the University Hospital of Geneva. In March 2000, it contained 26 reference maps from human, mouse, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coii and Dictyostellum Discoideum It includes specific fields, such as the type of master gel from which the protein spot has been identified, the list of gel images associated with the entry, as well as other 2-DE specific data, such as the mapping procedure, the spot identifier, the experimental pi and Mw, the peptide mass fingerprint and the amino-acid composition - if experimentally determined.

13. Post-translational modification databases RESID a general database of protein structure modifications (http://www-nbrfgeorgetown.edu/pirwww/dbinfo/resid.html), maintained by the NBRF in the USA and the PIR group The database contains descriptive, chemical, structural, and ibliographical information on 283 (Release 22.1, July 2000) types of modified amino-acid residues. GlycoSuiteDB (http://www.glycosuite.com) is an annotated database of glycan structures. The database is provided by Proteomesystems Ltd and contains information about most published O- and N-linked glycans.

14. O-GLYCBASE , a database of O-glycosylated proteins (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/databases/OGLYCBASE/), PhosphoBase , a database of phosphorylation sites in proteins and peptides (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/databases/PhosphoBase/) Both databases are maintained by the Center for Biological Sequence Analysis ( CBS ) in Denmark, which also provides prediction servers for both types of modifications ( NetOGlyc and NetPhos ). Post-translational modification databases

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