This document discusses the optical and thermal properties of glass. It defines key optical properties such as refractive index, dispersion, temperature coefficient of refractive index, and stress-optical coefficient. It also discusses important thermal properties of glass including the transformation temperature, annealing point, softening point, thermal conductivity, and specific heat. The document provides definitions and measurement methods for these various properties that are important for characterizing and applying different types of glass.
Glass, properties, manufacturing, applications, advance techniquesSAAD ARIF
Glass is an amorphous material giving the highest transparency at all and its applications are globally versatile in almost every field of science from window panes to advance engineered glass, controlling its transparency by some alteration in the structure, making it bullet proof and giving it high strength, also used for green house effect,
This presentation is all about Glass, its properties,the raw materials used in glass, the manufacturing process for making glasses and then different types of glasses and their properties. :)
Glass has emerged as one of the favoured materials in architecture and interior design be it a window, a door, a façade and much more..
AIS, India's leading integrated glass manufacturer, takes you through the complete process of manufacturing of glass in just 6 steps. #Infographic
like, share and comment and feel free if mistake found in it.
it will be beneficial for my knowledge if you like my presentation please comment about your feeling and tag your friends.
Glass is a non-crystalline, often transparent amorphous solid, that has widespread practical, technological, and decorative use in, for example, window panes, tableware, and optics.Glass is most often formed by rapid cooling of the molten form, some glasses such as volcanic glass are naturally occurring.The most familiar, and historically the oldest, types of manufactured glass are "silicate ..
different types of glass windows
types of glass for doors
different kind of glass
types of glassware
types of glass finishes
list of types of glass
types of glass shower doors
types of glass vases
This is a power point presentation of project work on preparing Zinc oxide thin films by using SILAR technique and CBD technique and studying its characteristics.
Glass, properties, manufacturing, applications, advance techniquesSAAD ARIF
Glass is an amorphous material giving the highest transparency at all and its applications are globally versatile in almost every field of science from window panes to advance engineered glass, controlling its transparency by some alteration in the structure, making it bullet proof and giving it high strength, also used for green house effect,
This presentation is all about Glass, its properties,the raw materials used in glass, the manufacturing process for making glasses and then different types of glasses and their properties. :)
Glass has emerged as one of the favoured materials in architecture and interior design be it a window, a door, a façade and much more..
AIS, India's leading integrated glass manufacturer, takes you through the complete process of manufacturing of glass in just 6 steps. #Infographic
like, share and comment and feel free if mistake found in it.
it will be beneficial for my knowledge if you like my presentation please comment about your feeling and tag your friends.
Glass is a non-crystalline, often transparent amorphous solid, that has widespread practical, technological, and decorative use in, for example, window panes, tableware, and optics.Glass is most often formed by rapid cooling of the molten form, some glasses such as volcanic glass are naturally occurring.The most familiar, and historically the oldest, types of manufactured glass are "silicate ..
different types of glass windows
types of glass for doors
different kind of glass
types of glassware
types of glass finishes
list of types of glass
types of glass shower doors
types of glass vases
This is a power point presentation of project work on preparing Zinc oxide thin films by using SILAR technique and CBD technique and studying its characteristics.
This to demonstrate the laser ablation of hard materials to form a thin film for optical sensors. The work was done at DIllard University , New Orleans LA by Professor Abdalla Darwish. any comment e-mail adarwish@bellsouth.net.
EFFECT OF DEPOSITION AND ANNEALING TEMPERATURES ON OPTICAL BAND GAP OF SNO2 T...IAEME Publication
Thin films of SnO 2 were deposited by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) method on glass substrates at different temperatures ranging from 6 0 –120 0 C. Optical absorption measurements were studied by UV-VIS spectra in the wavelength ranges 300-1100 nm. The optical band gaps, absorption and extinction coefficients were determined from optical absorption data and interpreted with respect to deposition temperatures and annealing. The estimated optical band gap values were obtained between 3.72 and 4.03 eV as the substrate temperature increased. The increase in optical band gap is probably due to the change in the concentration of oxygen vacancies or defects. An increase in optical band gap values were also found after annealing the samples at 400 0 C. Optical band gap which increased with annealing confirms th e improvement in the quality of film transparency.
Optical characterization of Se90S10-xCdx thin filmsIOSR Journals
Thin films of different thicknesses of Se90S10-xCdx, (x=0 and 5) were deposited by thermal evaporation technique onto glass substrates. X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) studies were carried out for samples in powder and thin film forms. XRD indicates that all the deposited thin films have an amorphous structure. The transmittance at normal incidence for these films was measured in the wavelength range 350–2500 nm. Applying Swanepoel's method successfully enabled to determine, with high accuracy, the film thickness, the real index of refraction and imaginary part of index of refraction. Regarding the optical absorption measurements; the type of optical transition and optical band gap were estimated as a function of photon energy. The effect of Cd addition on the refractive index, absorption coefficient and the optical band gap were investigated. The high frequency dielectric constant, the single oscillator energy, the dispersion energy and refractive index dispersion parameter were evaluated. Solar cell criterions have been considered. The results are interpreted in terms of concentration of localized states.
Transparent and Conducting TiO2 : Nb Thin Films Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis T...arj_online
To date, only sputtering and pulsed laser deposition (PLD) techniques have been employed
successfully to fabricate highly conducting and transparent TiO2:Nb (TNO) films. In this article, we demonstrate
that transparent and conducting
TiO2
: Nb
films can be made by the spray pyrolysis technique. The films were
deposited on Corning 7059 glass substrates at 500
15˚C using an alcoholic precursor solution consisting of
titanium (iv) isopropoxide and
NbCl5
. The influence of increasing
Nb
concentration on the electrical, optical
and structural properties was investigated. The minimum resistivity, 3.36
-3 10
Ω cm, for
Ti1-xNbxO2
film (x
= 0.15) was obtained after 1 hour post deposition annealing in hydrogen atmosphere at 500˚C. The x-ray
diffraction of hydrogen annealed films showed a polycrystalline anatase (004)-oriented phase without any second
phases. The optical band gap for undoped and doped films lay in the range 3.38 – 3.47 eV. Using dispersion
analysis, optical constants were determined from spectro-photometric measurements for films on glass.
Effect of Thickness and Annealing Temperature on Optical Properties of CuIn1-...IJMREMJournal
CuIn1-xGaxSe2(CIGS) thin films for x=0.3 with the thickness (500,1000) nm on glass substrate at ambient
temperature have been prepared by thermal evaporation technique from four-component semiconductors alloy
(CIGS) which obtained by the melt-quenching method. The effects of thickness and annealing temperature on
structural and optical properties have been studied. The results showed that as the film thickness increases the
crystallinity improves and the more improvement were observed with the increase in annealing temperature.
The optical measurements revealed that most of the optical properties were significantly affected by the
thickness and annealing temperature, the CIGS thin films conformed that all films have, direct allowed energy
gap of (500 and 1000 ) nm thickness as prepared equal to ( 1.75 and 2.35 ) eV respectively. In addition,
annealing of the thin films improves their band gap value to 2.59 eV for 500 nm to 2.44 eV for 1000 nm thin
films. The values of some important optical parameters of the studied films such as (absorption coefficient,
refractive index, extinction coefficient, and dielectric constant (real and imaginary parts) were determined and
analyzed.
1. Contents
Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 2
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS............................................................................... 2
1. Refractive Index~(velocity of light in vacuo, or air)/(velocity of light in medium) ......... 2
Internal Reflection:...................................................................................................................... 3
2. Dispersion* and Abbe-number*........................................................................................... 3
3. Temperature Coefficient of Refractive Index (Δn/ΔT) ...................................................... 3
4. Stress-Optical Coefficient (B)............................................................................................... 4
5. Transmittance........................................................................................................................ 4
a. Internal Transmittance* (τ).................................................................................................. 4
b. Coloration Code* (λ80/λ5) .................................................................................................... 5
Thermal Properties ................................................................................................................ 6
1. Transformation Temperature* (Tg).................................................................................... 6
2. Sag Temperature (Ts) ........................................................................................................... 6
3. Strain Point (T10
14.5
)............................................................................................................... 6
4. Annealing Point (T10
13
).......................................................................................................... 6
5. Softening Point (T107.6)........................................................................................................... 7
6. Thermal Conductivity (λ) ..................................................................................................... 7
7. Specific Heat (Specific Heat Capacity) (cp) ........................................................................ 7
References ............................................................................................................................... 7
2. GLASS
Introduction
A glass is an inorganic non metallic material that does not have a crystalline structure. Such materials are
said to be amorphous and are virtually solid liquids cooled at such a rate that crystals have not been able
to form.Typical glasses range from the soda-lime silicate glass for soda bottles to the extremely high
purity silica glass for optical fibers. Glass is widely used for windows, bottles, glasses for drinking,
transfer piping and recepticles for highly corrosive liquids, optical glasses, windows for nuclear
applications etc.
The main constituent of glass is silicon dioxide (SiO2). The most common form of silica used in
glassmaking has always been sand.Sand by itself can be fused to produce glass but the temperature at
which this can be achieved is about 1700o
C. Adding other chemicals to sand can considerably reduce the
temperature of the fusion. The addition of sodium carbonate ( Na2CO3) known as soda ash,in a quantity
to produce a fused mixture of 75% Silica (SiO2) and 25% of sodium oxide (Na 2O), will reduce the
temperature of fusion to about 800o
C. However, a glass of this composition is water soluble and is
known as water glass. In order to give the glass stability, other chemicals like Calcium Oxide (CaO) and
magnesium oxide (MgO) are needed. The raw materials used for introducing CaO and MgO are their
carbonates, limestone (CaCO3) and dolomite (MgCO3), which when subjected to high temperatures give
off carbon dioxide leaving the oxides in the glass.
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS
Glasses are among the few solids that transmit visible light
• Thin film oxides might, but scattering from grains limit their thickness
• Glasses form the basic elements of virtually all optical systems
• World-wide telecommunications by optical fibers
• Aesthetic appeal of fine glassware- 'crystal' chandeliers
• High refractive index/birefringentPbO-based glasses
• Color in cathedral windows, art glass, etc.
1. Refractive Index~(velocity of light in vacuo, or air)/(velocity of light in
medium)
Snell's Law:
Note: unit less quantity
n (air) = 1.0003
water = 1.33
sapphire = 1.77
diamond = 2.42
f-SiO2 = 1.458
heavy flint = 1.89
3. Internal Reflection:
Critical angle (Brewster's angle) θc below which light is totally reflected:
Note: larger n means greater θc, and so more light (from a broader distribution of incident
angles) will be internally reflected. High index materials (diamonds, PbO glasses) look 'brilliant'
when facets are cut so that internal reflection returns light from large faces that originally
collected the light.
Note too: internal reflection is important for transmission of light down an optical fiber.
2. Dispersion* and Abbe-number*
The main dispersion is expressed by (nF-nc) and (nF'-nc’). The Abbe-number is defined:
3. Temperature Coefficient of Refractive Index (Δn/ΔT)
The refractive index of optical glass changes with the temperature. The tem-perature coefficient
of the refractive index, (Δn/ ΔT) abs., is measured at 20°C intervals between –40~80°C in a
vacuum, using an interference-dilatometer to detect changes in both optical path length and
dilation of the specimen. The light source used is a He-Ne gas laser (632.8nm).
4. For calculation of the temperature coefficient of the relative refractive index (Δn / ΔT) rel. in air
at 101.325 kPa, the following equation is given:
4. Stress-Optical Coefficient (B)
Ideally, the optical properties of glass are isotropic through fine annealing. Birefringence may be
observed, however, when external forces are applied or when residual stresses are present
(commonly the result of rapid cooling).
The optical path difference δ (nm) associated with birefringence is linearly proportional to both
the applied tensile or compressive stress, σ (105
Pa) and the thickness d (cm) of the specimen and
is given by the following equation:
The proportionality constant, B (10-12 / Pa), in this equation is proper constant of each glass type
and referred to as the stress-optical coefficient.
Stress-optical coefficients are obtained by measuring the optical path difference caused at the
center of a glass disk with He-Ne laser light, when the disk is subject to a compressive load in a
diametral direction.
5. Transmittance
The transmittance characteristics of optical glasses in this catalog are expressed by two terms.
One is "Internal Transmittance" and the other is "Coloration Code".
a. Internal Transmittance* (τ)
Internal transmittance (τ) refers to transmittance obtained by excluding reflection losses at the
entrance and exit surfaces of the glass. Internal transmittance values over the wavelength range
5. from 280 to 1,550nm are calculated from transmittance measurements on a pair of specimens
with different thicknesses.
Internal transmittance values obtained for 5mm and 10mm thick glasses are given as τ5mm and
τ10mm.
The internal transmittance τ for glass with arbitrary thickness d can be obtained from these
values by using:
where ô0 refers, to the internal transmittance given in the tables for glass with thickness d0 equal
to either 5 mm or 10 mm.
b. Coloration Code* (λ80/λ5)
Optical glasses exhibit almost no light absorption over a wavelength range ex-tending through
the visible to the near infra-red. The spectral transmittance characteristics of optical glasses can
be simply summarized with the coloration code λ80/λ5.
The coloration code is determined in the following way. The internal transmittance of a
specimen with thickness 10 ± 0.1mm is measured from 280nm to 700nm. Wavelengths are
rounded off to the nearest 10nm and expressed in units of 10nm. λ80 is the wavelength for which
the glass exhibits 80% transmittance while λ5 is the wavelength at which the glass exhibits 5%
transmittance. For example, a glass with 80% transmittance at 398 nm and 5% transmittance at
362nm has a coloration code 40 / 36
The coloration code is generally applied for transmittance control of optical glasses.
Fig.Designation of the Coloration Code in Spectral Transmittance curve.
6. Thermal Properties
1. Transformation Temperature* (Tg)
The glass transformation temperature 'T'g refers to the temperature at which the glass transforms
from a lower temperature glassy state to a higher temperature super-cooled liquid state.
This behavior is illustrated in Fig. below which shows thermal expansion measured as a function
of temperature. A differential thermal dilatometer is used for the measurement as it maintains a
uniform temperature distribution within the furnace to ±1°C. As illustrated in the figure, the
transformation temperature is determined by the intersection point of the two tangents of the high
and low temperature ranges of the thermal expansion curve.
2. Sag Temperature (Ts)
In the thermal expansion curve shown in Fig. above, the Sag Temperature (Ts) is defined as
temperature at which thermal expansion stops increasing and actually begins to decrease with
increasing temperature. This behavior is not due to an intrinsic property of the glass but is rather
due to deformation of the glass under the load applied in these measurements. The viscosity of
the glass at Ts corresponds to about 1010
to 1011
dPa•s.
3. Strain Point (T10
14.5
)
The strain point, T1014.5, represents a temperature at which internal stresses in a glass are
relieved after a few hours. The viscosity of the glass at that temperature corresponds to about
1014.5 dPa•s.
4. Annealing Point (T10
13
)
The annealing point, T1013, represents a temperature at which internal stresses in a glass are
relieved after a few minutes. The viscosity of the glass at that temperature corresponds to about
1013
dPa•s.
7. 5. Softening Point (T107.6)
The softening point, T107.6, represents a temperature at which a glass begins to remarkably soften
and deform under its own weight. The viscosity of the glass at that temperature corresponds
about 107.6
dPa•s.
6. Thermal Conductivity (λ)
The thermal conductivity ë is the quotient obtained by dividing the density of heat flow rate by
the temperature gradient, that is, the quotient obtained by dividing the heat quantity transferring
through a unit area in a unit time, by the temperature difference per unit distance, and expressed
in W / (m•K).
Note. 1 W / (m•K) = 8.600 0 x 10-1
kcal / (h•m•°C) = 2.388 89x 10-3
cal / (s•cm•°C)
7. Specific Heat (Specific Heat Capacity) (cp)
The specific heat, cp, is the quotient obtained by dividing the heat capacity of a substance by the
mass, that is, the heat quantity required for increasing the temperature of a substance of unit mass
by one unit (1K or 1°C) and expressed in kJ / (kg • K).
References
1. Optical Glass, HOYA CORPORATION USA OPTICS DIVISION
http://www.hoyaoptics.com/
2. Shelby Chapter 10, Optical Properties, Cer103 Notes, R.K. Brow
3. http://www.wikipedia.com/opticalglass