CuIn1-xGaxSe2(CIGS) thin films for x=0.3 with the thickness (500,1000) nm on glass substrate at ambient
temperature have been prepared by thermal evaporation technique from four-component semiconductors alloy
(CIGS) which obtained by the melt-quenching method. The effects of thickness and annealing temperature on
structural and optical properties have been studied. The results showed that as the film thickness increases the
crystallinity improves and the more improvement were observed with the increase in annealing temperature.
The optical measurements revealed that most of the optical properties were significantly affected by the
thickness and annealing temperature, the CIGS thin films conformed that all films have, direct allowed energy
gap of (500 and 1000 ) nm thickness as prepared equal to ( 1.75 and 2.35 ) eV respectively. In addition,
annealing of the thin films improves their band gap value to 2.59 eV for 500 nm to 2.44 eV for 1000 nm thin
films. The values of some important optical parameters of the studied films such as (absorption coefficient,
refractive index, extinction coefficient, and dielectric constant (real and imaginary parts) were determined and
analyzed.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
Experimental analysis of non-Gaussian noise resistance on global method optic...journalBEEI
This paper presents the analytical of non-Gaussian noise resistance with the aid of the use of bilateral in reverse confidential with the optical flow. In particular, optical flow is the sample of the image’s motion from the consecutive images caused by the object’s movement. It is a 2-D vector where every vector is a displacement vector displaying the motion from the first image to the second. When the noise interferes with the image flow, the approximated performance on the vector in optical flow is poor. We ensure greater appropriate noise resistance by applying bilateral in reverse confidential in optical flow in the experiment by concerning the error vector magnitude (EVM). Many noise resistance models of the global method optical flow are using for comparison in our experiment. And many sequenced image data sets where they are interfered with by several types of non-Gaussian noise are used for experimental analysis.
Finite Element Analysis of Damping Performance of VEM Materials Using CLD Tec...IJERA Editor
Most engineering structures experiences vibrational motion, this unwanted vibrations can result in premature
structural failure. Many methods are developed which enhances capability of damping such as constrained layer
damping. Shear motion is produced in VEM due to constraining layer to resist unwanted vibrational energy.
This paper shows theeffect of varying the thickness of viscoelastic materials on damping performance of CLD
beam.The damping performance is measured in terms of modal loss factor.
Accelerating Compression Time of the Standard JPEG by Employing the Quantized...IJECEIAES
In this paper, we propose a quantized YCbCr color space (QYCbCr) technique which is employed in standard JPEG. The objective of this work is to accelerate computational time of the standard JPEG image compression algorithm. This is a development of the standard JPEG which is named QYCBCr algorithm. It merges two processes i.e., YCbCr color space conversion and Q quantization in which in the standar JPEG they were performed separately. The merger forms a new single integrated process of color conversion which is employed prior to DCT process by subsequently eliminating the quantization process. The equation formula of QYCbCr color coversion is built based on the chrominance and luminance properties of the human visual system which derived from quatization matrices. Experiment results performed on images of different sizes show that the computational running time of QYCbCr algorithm gives 4 up to 8 times faster than JPEG standard, and also provides higher compression ratio and better image quality.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
Experimental analysis of non-Gaussian noise resistance on global method optic...journalBEEI
This paper presents the analytical of non-Gaussian noise resistance with the aid of the use of bilateral in reverse confidential with the optical flow. In particular, optical flow is the sample of the image’s motion from the consecutive images caused by the object’s movement. It is a 2-D vector where every vector is a displacement vector displaying the motion from the first image to the second. When the noise interferes with the image flow, the approximated performance on the vector in optical flow is poor. We ensure greater appropriate noise resistance by applying bilateral in reverse confidential in optical flow in the experiment by concerning the error vector magnitude (EVM). Many noise resistance models of the global method optical flow are using for comparison in our experiment. And many sequenced image data sets where they are interfered with by several types of non-Gaussian noise are used for experimental analysis.
Finite Element Analysis of Damping Performance of VEM Materials Using CLD Tec...IJERA Editor
Most engineering structures experiences vibrational motion, this unwanted vibrations can result in premature
structural failure. Many methods are developed which enhances capability of damping such as constrained layer
damping. Shear motion is produced in VEM due to constraining layer to resist unwanted vibrational energy.
This paper shows theeffect of varying the thickness of viscoelastic materials on damping performance of CLD
beam.The damping performance is measured in terms of modal loss factor.
Accelerating Compression Time of the Standard JPEG by Employing the Quantized...IJECEIAES
In this paper, we propose a quantized YCbCr color space (QYCbCr) technique which is employed in standard JPEG. The objective of this work is to accelerate computational time of the standard JPEG image compression algorithm. This is a development of the standard JPEG which is named QYCBCr algorithm. It merges two processes i.e., YCbCr color space conversion and Q quantization in which in the standar JPEG they were performed separately. The merger forms a new single integrated process of color conversion which is employed prior to DCT process by subsequently eliminating the quantization process. The equation formula of QYCbCr color coversion is built based on the chrominance and luminance properties of the human visual system which derived from quatization matrices. Experiment results performed on images of different sizes show that the computational running time of QYCbCr algorithm gives 4 up to 8 times faster than JPEG standard, and also provides higher compression ratio and better image quality.
Waste concrete is one of the most usable and economic kind of concrete which is used in many civil projects all around the world, and its importance is undeniable. Also, the explanation of constructional process and destruction of them cause the extensive growth of irreversible waste to the industry cycle, which can be as one of the main damaging factors to the economy. In this investigation, with using of constructional waste included concrete waste, brick, ceramic and tile and stone new aggregate was made. Also it was used with different weight ratios of cement in the mix design. The results of laboratory studies showed that the using of the ratio of sand to cement 1 and waste aggregate with 20% weight ratio (W20), replacing of normal aggregate, increased the 28 days compressive strength to the maximum stage 45.23 MPa. In the next stage, in order to develop the experimental results backpropagation neural network was used. This network with about 91% regression, 0.24 error, and 1.41 seconds, is a proper method for estimating results.
Energy Release Rate for Fiber Reinforced Polymer CompositeIOSRJAP
An experimental investigation using drag-out tensile test to calculate the interfacial shear strength for different embedded lengths and radius of Kevlar -49, carbon and ultra high polyethylene fibers reinforced epoxy matrix , the energy release rate calculated by using Nairn model . The energy release rate increase as the embedded fiber length increase and also for fiber radius for perfect adhesion , for specimens with bubbles at interface which seems to reduce the fracture toughness the energy release rate be less than specimens with perfect adhesion , the thermal stress and friction forces were included in the energy release rate in Kevlar-49 and carbon reinforced epoxy the interfacial shear force due to friction part decrease while in solid ultra high polyethylene the interfacial shear force due to friction part increase.
Simulation of a fatigue crack problem in electronic devicesCADFEM Austria GmbH
Fatigue crack growth under active cycling conditions is simulated using the cohesive zone modeling concept within the framework of the Finite Element Method.
To this end, a cyclic cohesive zone model based on a damage evolution equation is extended onto the case of transient thermal loading conditions and is implemented into ANSYS. The thermal and mechanical interaction of the cohesive surfaces is taken into account for both open and closed crack states. By incorporating the temperature dependence of the cohesive zone model parameters, the model is also extended onto cases of nonisothermal fatigue.
To speed-up fatigue simulations, the cyclic cohesive zone model is equipped with the cycle jump technique based on direct iteration of the damage evolution equation.
The implemented thermomechanical cyclic cohesive zone model is applied to a problem of interfacial debonding between two layers of a power metallization stack subjected to the active thermal cycling.
A flexible method to create wave file features IJECEIAES
Digital audio signal is one of the most important data type at present, it is used in various vital applications, such as human knowledge, security and banking applications, most applications require signal identification and recognition, and to increase the efficiency of these applications we must seek a method to represent the audio file by a small set of values called a features vector. In this paper research we will introduce an enhanced method of features extraction based on k-mean clustering. The method will be tested and implemented to show how the proposed method can reduce the efforts of voice identification, and can minimize the recognition time a set of voice extracted features must be used instead of using the voice wave file.
BAYESIAN CLASSIFICATION OF FABRICS USING BINARY CO-OCCURRENCE MATRIXijistjournal
Classification of fabrics is usually performed manually which requires considerable human efforts. The goal of this paper is to recognize and classify the types of fabrics, in order to identify a weave pattern automatically using image processing system. In this paper, fabric texture feature is extracted using Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrices as well as Binary Level Co-occurrence Matrices. The Co-occurrence matrices functions characterize the texture of an image by calculating how often pairs of pixel with specific values and in a specified spatial relationship occur in an image, and then extracting statistical measures from this matrix. The extracted features from GLCM and BLCM are used to classify the texture by Bayesian classifier to compare their effectiveness.
Study of Performance of Hybrid yarns (Hemp/ Polypropylene/ Glass) Woven Reinf...IJERA Editor
This study examines the performance of reinforcements of 100 tex hemp yarns and hybrid yarns reinforcements with same hemp yarns and glass fibres’ (136 Tex) in warp direction (25 % or 50 %) interwoven with hemp yarns. The industrial loom CTБ-175 and craftsman’s loom, plain weaving technique for production of reinforcements with surface density in range of 91-246 g/m2 were used in the production. Tensile strength of hemp reinforcement on warp direction is 241.7N-279.8N and tensile modulus 218.48MPa-271.24MPa.The measurement of fabric thickness and physical-mechanical properties of reinforcements were carried out according to ISO 5084:1996 and LVS EN ISO 13934-1-2001 standards. One and two layer composites of woven reinforcements of hemp and polypropylene yarns were produced with Laboratory Press LP_S_50/SASTM. The surface density of one layer composite is 311.2 g/m2 and 608.4 g/m2 of two layers composite. The tensile strength of same composites is 303.1N and 599.5N, the tensile stress is 35.66 MPa and 40.65 MPa. The elastic modulus of one layer composites is 908.2 MPa and 1152.5MPa for two layers composite. The mechanical properties of composites were established according to ISO 527-5:2009 standard.
A Front Surface Optimization Study for Photovoltaic ApplicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we presented a possible front surface optical enhancement of Si solar cell by
optimizing the Antireflection (AR) and light trapping (LT) schemes. Conventional plasma enhanced
chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and in house hot wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) tool was
used to deposit Silicon Nitride (SiNX) layer and optimized at 668nm wavelength. This was followed by
surface texturing of random pyramids to further enhance the broadband reflectance of the front surface.
Broadband reflectance measurement using integrating sphere method showed achieved weighted average
reflectance (WAR) value of as low as 1.8% and 1.5%, when 85nm SiNX was deposited on top of random
pyramids structure using HWCVD and PECVD methods, respectively.
Waste concrete is one of the most usable and economic kind of concrete which is used in many civil projects all around the world, and its importance is undeniable. Also, the explanation of constructional process and destruction of them cause the extensive growth of irreversible waste to the industry cycle, which can be as one of the main damaging factors to the economy. In this investigation, with using of constructional waste included concrete waste, brick, ceramic and tile and stone new aggregate was made. Also it was used with different weight ratios of cement in the mix design. The results of laboratory studies showed that the using of the ratio of sand to cement 1 and waste aggregate with 20% weight ratio (W20), replacing of normal aggregate, increased the 28 days compressive strength to the maximum stage 45.23 MPa. In the next stage, in order to develop the experimental results backpropagation neural network was used. This network with about 91% regression, 0.24 error, and 1.41 seconds, is a proper method for estimating results.
Energy Release Rate for Fiber Reinforced Polymer CompositeIOSRJAP
An experimental investigation using drag-out tensile test to calculate the interfacial shear strength for different embedded lengths and radius of Kevlar -49, carbon and ultra high polyethylene fibers reinforced epoxy matrix , the energy release rate calculated by using Nairn model . The energy release rate increase as the embedded fiber length increase and also for fiber radius for perfect adhesion , for specimens with bubbles at interface which seems to reduce the fracture toughness the energy release rate be less than specimens with perfect adhesion , the thermal stress and friction forces were included in the energy release rate in Kevlar-49 and carbon reinforced epoxy the interfacial shear force due to friction part decrease while in solid ultra high polyethylene the interfacial shear force due to friction part increase.
Simulation of a fatigue crack problem in electronic devicesCADFEM Austria GmbH
Fatigue crack growth under active cycling conditions is simulated using the cohesive zone modeling concept within the framework of the Finite Element Method.
To this end, a cyclic cohesive zone model based on a damage evolution equation is extended onto the case of transient thermal loading conditions and is implemented into ANSYS. The thermal and mechanical interaction of the cohesive surfaces is taken into account for both open and closed crack states. By incorporating the temperature dependence of the cohesive zone model parameters, the model is also extended onto cases of nonisothermal fatigue.
To speed-up fatigue simulations, the cyclic cohesive zone model is equipped with the cycle jump technique based on direct iteration of the damage evolution equation.
The implemented thermomechanical cyclic cohesive zone model is applied to a problem of interfacial debonding between two layers of a power metallization stack subjected to the active thermal cycling.
A flexible method to create wave file features IJECEIAES
Digital audio signal is one of the most important data type at present, it is used in various vital applications, such as human knowledge, security and banking applications, most applications require signal identification and recognition, and to increase the efficiency of these applications we must seek a method to represent the audio file by a small set of values called a features vector. In this paper research we will introduce an enhanced method of features extraction based on k-mean clustering. The method will be tested and implemented to show how the proposed method can reduce the efforts of voice identification, and can minimize the recognition time a set of voice extracted features must be used instead of using the voice wave file.
BAYESIAN CLASSIFICATION OF FABRICS USING BINARY CO-OCCURRENCE MATRIXijistjournal
Classification of fabrics is usually performed manually which requires considerable human efforts. The goal of this paper is to recognize and classify the types of fabrics, in order to identify a weave pattern automatically using image processing system. In this paper, fabric texture feature is extracted using Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrices as well as Binary Level Co-occurrence Matrices. The Co-occurrence matrices functions characterize the texture of an image by calculating how often pairs of pixel with specific values and in a specified spatial relationship occur in an image, and then extracting statistical measures from this matrix. The extracted features from GLCM and BLCM are used to classify the texture by Bayesian classifier to compare their effectiveness.
Study of Performance of Hybrid yarns (Hemp/ Polypropylene/ Glass) Woven Reinf...IJERA Editor
This study examines the performance of reinforcements of 100 tex hemp yarns and hybrid yarns reinforcements with same hemp yarns and glass fibres’ (136 Tex) in warp direction (25 % or 50 %) interwoven with hemp yarns. The industrial loom CTБ-175 and craftsman’s loom, plain weaving technique for production of reinforcements with surface density in range of 91-246 g/m2 were used in the production. Tensile strength of hemp reinforcement on warp direction is 241.7N-279.8N and tensile modulus 218.48MPa-271.24MPa.The measurement of fabric thickness and physical-mechanical properties of reinforcements were carried out according to ISO 5084:1996 and LVS EN ISO 13934-1-2001 standards. One and two layer composites of woven reinforcements of hemp and polypropylene yarns were produced with Laboratory Press LP_S_50/SASTM. The surface density of one layer composite is 311.2 g/m2 and 608.4 g/m2 of two layers composite. The tensile strength of same composites is 303.1N and 599.5N, the tensile stress is 35.66 MPa and 40.65 MPa. The elastic modulus of one layer composites is 908.2 MPa and 1152.5MPa for two layers composite. The mechanical properties of composites were established according to ISO 527-5:2009 standard.
A Front Surface Optimization Study for Photovoltaic ApplicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we presented a possible front surface optical enhancement of Si solar cell by
optimizing the Antireflection (AR) and light trapping (LT) schemes. Conventional plasma enhanced
chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and in house hot wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) tool was
used to deposit Silicon Nitride (SiNX) layer and optimized at 668nm wavelength. This was followed by
surface texturing of random pyramids to further enhance the broadband reflectance of the front surface.
Broadband reflectance measurement using integrating sphere method showed achieved weighted average
reflectance (WAR) value of as low as 1.8% and 1.5%, when 85nm SiNX was deposited on top of random
pyramids structure using HWCVD and PECVD methods, respectively.
Optical characterization of Se90S10-xCdx thin filmsIOSR Journals
Thin films of different thicknesses of Se90S10-xCdx, (x=0 and 5) were deposited by thermal evaporation technique onto glass substrates. X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) studies were carried out for samples in powder and thin film forms. XRD indicates that all the deposited thin films have an amorphous structure. The transmittance at normal incidence for these films was measured in the wavelength range 350–2500 nm. Applying Swanepoel's method successfully enabled to determine, with high accuracy, the film thickness, the real index of refraction and imaginary part of index of refraction. Regarding the optical absorption measurements; the type of optical transition and optical band gap were estimated as a function of photon energy. The effect of Cd addition on the refractive index, absorption coefficient and the optical band gap were investigated. The high frequency dielectric constant, the single oscillator energy, the dispersion energy and refractive index dispersion parameter were evaluated. Solar cell criterions have been considered. The results are interpreted in terms of concentration of localized states.
Copper indium sulphide films were deposited by the
pulse plating technique with different OFF times in the range of
5s – 30s and at a constant current density of 5 mA cm-2. The
films exhibited single phase copper indium sulphide. The grain
size increased with decrease of OFF time. Optical band gap of the
films increased from 1.44– 1.497 eV with decrease of OFF time.
Optical constants (refractive index, n, and extinction co-efficient,
k) of the films have been obtained in the wavelength range 800 -
1700 nm by using spectrophotometric measurement. The
obtained results concerning the absorption index yield the energy
gap in addition to the type of the allowed optical transitions.
N/m* ratio has been obtained from refractive index data. The
dispersion of refractive index is analyzed by using a single
oscillator model.
Comparative Analysis of Optical Properties of Cdo Annealed thin Film deposite...AI Publications
Cadmium oxide transparent thin film is deposited by spray pyrolysis technique on glass subtract at 4000C and annealed at a temperature of 100 °C for one hour. The band gap was found depend on varius parameters is studied. It is noted that the shift in band gap i.e. decrease with the increasing film thickness in the range 2.15 eV to 2.40 eV. The optical constants such as, band gap, refractive index, extinction coefficient as a function of photon energy for all prepared films were calculated. also studied The XRD revealed of thin film of CdO shows polycrystalline in nature
Evaluation of Efficiency and Performances of Building Materials used in Sudan...ijtsrd
In this study the linear attenuation coefficient µ and the half value layer HVL of some building materials like iron, concrete, cement and clay used in Sudan as a combined with the lead have been investigated, the results have been experimentally determined using Cs 137 and Co 60 source and compared with the theoretical values. The measurements were performed for radiation intensity without shielding and with specific thickness of selected samples using ion chamber placed at 2 meters from Cs 137 and Co 60. An obtained results showed that the linear attenuation coefficient µ has a linear relationship with the corresponding densities of the samples studied and inversely with photon energy, and the half value layer HVL was proportional directly with photon energy. As a results of this evaluation the lead combined with the selected materials as indicated above showed an improvement the efficiency of building materials as the gamma ray shielding. M. D. M. Ali | M. E M. Eisa | A. E. El Faki | A. Hamed | A. A. Beineen ""Evaluation of Efficiency and Performances of Building Materials used in Sudan Combined with Lead as the Gamma Ray Shieldings"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23924.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/23924/evaluation-of-efficiency-and-performances-of-building-materials-used-in-sudan-combined-with-lead-as-the-gamma-ray-shieldings/m-d-m-ali
Studies on in-Doped Zno Transparent Conducting thin FilmsIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this manuscript we have investigated the influences of indium dopants on zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films regarding physico-chemical properties for application in modern conducting devices. As a starting material, Indium (III) chloride, and Zn(CH3COO)2⋅2H2O were used. The complex TSDC spectrum was obtained by submitting the sample to a constant electrical field Ep = 10M V/m during 2 min at a varing polarization temperature of Tmax = 1500C. A minimal sheet resistance with electrical resistivity as low in the range of 10-3 Ω·cm was found for this thin film.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
III-Nitride Semiconductors based Optical Power Splitter Device Design for und...IJECEIAES
In this paper, we introduce III-nitrides based 1× 4 optical power splitter for underwater optical communication applications. To the best of our knowledge, this is a first study for the design of multimode interference (MMI) and four-branch taper waveguide based on GaN/sapphire. The microstructure of GaN semiconductor grown by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) on (0001) sapphire reported. The numerical experimental is conducted using the 3D FD-BPM method. The results showed that the optical power splitter has an excess loss of 0.013 dB and imbalance of 0.17 dB. The results open the opportunity for the future device using this technology for the underwater application.
Anti-Smog Radar Application for VehiclesIJMREMJournal
Smog is regarded as a dangerous situation for vehicles as the visibility of human fails and a person cannot
drive smoothly and safely which can lead to severe accidents and routine disturbances. Hence, “Anti-Smog
Radar Application for Vehicles” is proposed using Internet of Things technology which ensures the smooth flow
of vehicles in smog and prevents accidents in time and cost-efficient manner by detecting and displaying the
front objects with their important information (distance, position, velocity and size) on smart phone used by
authenticated drivers. The radar application controls the hardware system to be deployed on vehicles through
which the user can start, stop and set the hardware in particular direction. The hardware contains NodeMcu
(Microcontroller with built-in Wi-Fi), Ultrasonic sensor and servo motor. The servo is used to detect the
position of front objects and ultrasonic sensor is clipped on servo to detect the objects. For alerts, the objects
are drawn with different colors on application i.e. the red colored objects will be near to the vehicle, the yellow
colored objects will be at some distance from the vehicle and the green colored objects will be far from the
vehicle. Kalman algorithm is used to filter the ultrasonic readings to eliminate the noise. The proposed system
can work in every condition i.e. in day and night.
IoT based Environmental Monitoring and Control SystemIJMREMJournal
IoT plays a major role in collecting the information from the sensing unit enclosing our environment due to
alterations in the climate which led to the significance of environmental monitoring. This Paper presents a
development of real time environmental monitoring and control system by utilizing Node MCU, DHT11 sensor,
ACS712 current sensor, Thing Speak (Open IoT analytics service) and Blynk application. The main task of
monitoring parameters (Humidity, temperature and power consumption) with real time sensors is done by Thing
Speak continuously which has API (Application programming Interface) for gathering sensed data and enabling
users to observe the monitored data in graphs for an interval of every 15 seconds.
This project is also designed to control home devices sitting at any place in the world by utilizing power
efficiently through Blynk application which is used to read data from sensors located in home environment using
smart phone and to turn on/off heating and cooling appliances automatically with respect to room temperature
values.
Analysis and Implementation of Solid-State Relays in Industrial application F...IJMREMJournal
There are many applications and circumstances where switching devices are required for proper operation,
controlling and isolating the high power and low power systems. The most widely used switching devices are
electromechanical relays and solid state relays. In this work, analysis and implementation of solid state relays over
electromechanical relays with respect to instantaneous current supply inindustrial application is conducted and
compared. For this purpose, an experimental setup is arranged for switching operation of electromechanical relays
and solid-state relays.The results of voltage and the current transients are analyzed and compared. It was observed
that there are no transients occurred during switching of solid state relays where as during switching of
electromechanical relay transients observed in volatge and current waveforms. So, it is advisable to use the solid
state relays over electromagnetic relay for safe and smooth operation of the system.
MIM (Mobile Instant Messaging) Classification using Term Frequency-Inverse Do...IJMREMJournal
The focus of the study is based on binary sentiment classification on aspect level to develop a hybrid sentiment
classification framework of WhatsApp MIMs (Mobile Instant Messages). It has been carried out into two phases
i.e. training phase and testing phase. The training phase, 75% data is used for training dataset. Pre-processing
techniques like tokenization, removing stop words, case normalization, removing punctuation and stemming are
applied to acquire cleaner dataset to be used as input. The output is sent to the classifier after applying TF-IDF
for feature weighting. In the second phase, the classifier is trial with 25% testing dataset. Bernoulli’s Naïve
Bayesian classifier which is an improved form of traditional Naïve Bayesian classifier is used to classify
sentiments. There are 417 messages in total where 244 and 173 are classified as positive and negative
respectively. The proposed model has achieved satisfactory results up to 81.73% in comparison to base-line
classification model by getting 12 points higher accuracy i.e. 69.23%.
Is Lean Management applicable to the hospital and for which results?IJMREMJournal
lean management is a mode of organism inspired by Toyotism; His practice is evident throughout the world and
is one of the most affected institutions, except that the latter is a different profession. There is no shared vision
among the different actors on measuring the performance of the hospital. The activity of the hospital applies to
unique "products": each patient, with its peculiar specificity. The relationship of the workers with the patient is
radically different from the relationship of the worker with his product. That is why the practice of Lean has a
certain specificity in the health field.
Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Solar Tracking System by Using By-Pas...IJMREMJournal
Energy is a burning issue that almost every person experience now a days. Energy demand increases exponentially
since a decade. Due to the global warming and it’s threatening impacts on human life. Therefore, to overcome
such disastrous impacts on the planet, renewable energy resources play vital role now a days. Solar energy is one
of the vastest available renewable energy resources around the globe, but the main issue is its poor efficiency.
Pakistan is facing energy shortage that can be compensated through solar power and the need is to design a project
that maximizes its efficiency. So, the research is mainly focused on improving efficiency of solar panels against
shading loss by using different techniques. In this research, different results will be obtained and compared with
different techniques which are LDR based solar tracking system, by-pass diodes technology and super capacitors.
Fabrication of solar tracker is based on Microcontroller that drives L298N driver to operate stepper motor.
Reactivity Feedback Effect on the Reactor Behaviour during SBLOCA in a 4-loop...IJMREMJournal
The reactivity coefficient is a very important parameter for safety and Stability of reactors operation. To provide
the safety analysis of the reactor, the calculation of changes in reactivity caused by temperature is necessary
because it is related to the reactor operation. The objective is to study the effect of the temperature reactivity
coefficients of fuel and moderator of the PWR core, as well as the moderator density and boron concentration on
fluid density, reactivity, void fraction. peak fuel clad temperature and time to core uncover were found for two
feedback cases. This paper focuses on the effect of the Reactivity feedback, of the 6" (6-inch) Cold Leg
SBLOCA sequences in a 4-loop PWR Westinghouse nuclear power plant with a scram for various feedback,
moderator density coefficient, MDC, moderator temperature coefficient, MTC, the fuel temperature coefficient,
FTC, and boron concentrations. Dragon neutronic code is used for calculating reactivity's coefficient which is
used in RELAP5 thermal hydraulic computer code to simulate the effect of Reactivity feedback during Cold
Leg SBLOCA. The plant nodalization consists of two loops; the first one represents the broken loop and the
second one represents the other three intact loops. In the present analysis two models in RELAP5 code for
computation of the reactivity feedback, separable and tabular models are used. The 6-inch break size was chosen
because the previous work [1], showed that it was the worst size break in a 4-loop PWR Westinghouse. The
results show that the neglecting of the reactivity feed-back effect causes overheating of the clad and that the
importance of the reactivity feed-back on calculating the power (reactivity) which the key parameter that
controls the clad and fuel temperatures to maintain them below their melting point and therefore prevent core
uncover and fuel damage where the fuel temperature, clad temperature and core water level are in the range.
Lyapunov-type inequalities for a fractional q, -difference equation involvin...IJMREMJournal
In this paper, we present new Lyapunov-type inequalities for a fractional boundary value problem of
fractional
q, -difference equation with p-Laplacian operator. The obtained inequalities are used to obtain a
lower bound for the eigenvalues of corresponding equations.
The Policies of Government Intervention as Third-Party for Conflict in Bike-S...IJMREMJournal
This research accesses to the unbalance phenomenon between the rapid development of Sharing bicycle industry
and the good public order. Taking into account the inconsistent goals of bicycle companies and users, the local
government is employed as a third party to mediate the conflict. We establish the conflict model including three
decision makers - Enterprises, Citizens and Government - based on GMCR (Graph Model for Conflict Resolution)
theory, and then find out the equilibrium by means of the decision support system GMCR II. The results show that
the sustainable development of the Sharing bicycle market requires the cooperation and efforts of all the three
parties, the government plays a necessary role to guide the enterprises and the users. We also propose some
management insights on how to provide suggestions for the sharing bicycle companies to improve their
dispatching services, and how to establish and improve relevant laws and regulations to guide citizens to use
shared bicycles in order to achieve mutual benefits
Epidemiological study for Trichomonas Vaginalis for Discrete time model and C...IJMREMJournal
During the period of July until December 2017 Conduct an epidemiological study to investigate the prevalence
of Trichomonas Vaginalis among women who have been consulted for the consultation and emergency of the
maternity and child hospital in Diwaniyah city in Iraq. The number of specimens examined was 857 samples
and the ages ranged between 15-60 years. After the swabs were taken, the direct examination and coloring and
planting on the different food communities to diagnose parasitic Trichomonas vaginalis the incidence of
Trichomonas vaginalis was 129 (17%). Using the mathematical model discrete time model and continuous time
model, it was observed that the highest percentage of infection was in July and the disease began to fade until it
reached the lowest rate in December. Using the mathematical model mentioned above, it was noted that
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Effect of Thickness and Annealing Temperature on Optical Properties of CuIn1-xGaxSe2 (CIGS) Thin Films
1. International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering & Management (IJMREM)
||Volume|| 1||Issue|| 1 ||Pages|| 33-41 ||January- 2018|| ISSN: 2581-4540
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 33
Effect of Thickness and Annealing Temperature on Optical
Properties of CuIn1-xGaxSe2 (CIGS) Thin Films
*1,
Najiba Abdullah Al- Hamadani , 2,
Falah Ibrahim Mustafa, 3,
Jamal Jasim
Al-Kabi
1
Physics Department, Education College, Al-Mustansiriyah University
2
Solar Energy Research Center, Higher Education and Scientific Research Ministry,
Baghdad, Iraq
-----------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT---------------------------------------------
CuIn1-xGaxSe2(CIGS) thin films for x=0.3 with the thickness (500,1000) nm on glass substrate at ambient
temperature have been prepared by thermal evaporation technique from four-component semiconductors alloy
(CIGS) which obtained by the melt-quenching method. The effects of thickness and annealing temperature on
structural and optical properties have been studied. The results showed that as the film thickness increases the
crystallinity improves and the more improvement were observed with the increase in annealing temperature.
The optical measurements revealed that most of the optical properties were significantly affected by the
thickness and annealing temperature, the CIGS thin films conformed that all films have, direct allowed energy
gap of (500 and 1000 ) nm thickness as prepared equal to ( 1.75 and 2.35 ) eV respectively. In addition,
annealing of the thin films improves their band gap value to 2.59 eV for 500 nm to 2.44 eV for 1000 nm thin
films. The values of some important optical parameters of the studied films such as (absorption coefficient,
refractive index, extinction coefficient, and dielectric constant (real and imaginary parts) were determined and
analyzed.
Key words: CIGS, Thermal Evaporation, optical properties, annealing temperature.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: Date, 12 January 2018 Date of Accepted: 28 January 2018
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Copper indium gallium dieseline (CIGS) thin films are formed p-type and direct bandgap in the range 1.0-1.4
eV within the family of Cu-chalcopyrite semiconductors, Cu (In, - Ga) Se2 which have light absorption
coefficient and high photoelectric conversion efficiency used as an absorber layer in the solar cells[1]. Because
of the high absorption coefficient (~105 cm-1) a thin layer of ~2 mm is sufficient to absorb the useful part of the
spectrum, they are considered as the most promising material for low cost and high-efficiency solar cells. The
higher efficiencies realized in CIGS based devices is due to the fact that the band gap of the material can be
adjusted towards the optimum value (1.45 eV) by the partial substitution of gallium for indium [2]. The copper
indium gallium dieseline, CuIn1-xGaxSe2 (CIGS), based solar cells have largest efficiencies on the laboratory
scale and as well as on the level of large-area modules. In addition CIGS thin-film modules exhibit excellent
outdoor stability and radiation hardness. Therefore, this combination of high efficiency coupled with stability
and radiation hardness makes CIGS a promising material for the low cost, high efficiency solar cells [3]. CIAS
thin films have been prepared by several techniques including CBD [3, 4] co-evaporation [5], RF magnetron
sputtering [6], chemical bath deposition (CBD) [7] and sequential deposition methods [8,9]. The aim of the
Present work is to study the effect of thickness and annealing temperature on structural and optical properties of
CIGS thin films that was prepared by thermal evaporation technique.
II. EXPERIMENTAL PARTS
CuIn0.7Ga0.3Se2 (CIGS) films of different thickness (500 and 1000) nm were prepared by the alloy (CIGS) which
obtained by fusing the mixture of the appropriate quantities of the elements Cu, In, Ga and Se of high purity
(99.999%) are sealed in vacuum pressure 10-4
mbar and heated at the 1373K at a rate of 10 ℃/min for 12 hours.
CIGS films were prepared onto a glass slide substrate by thermal evaporation technique in a high vacuum
system of (5𝑥10−5
) mbar using Edward coating unit model (E 306) from molybdenum boat. The distance from
molybdenum boat to substrate was about (15 cm), the deposition rate was about (5 nm/s) for all the films on
glass substrate as prepared. CIGS thin films of (500 and 1000 ) nm thickness were annealed at (373, 473,573) K
for one hour in air. The structures of the deposited films have been examined by XRD methods using (Shimadzu
6000, Japan) x-ray diffractometer system. The optical parameters, such as the refractive index, real and
imaginary parts of dielectric constant, extinction coefficient, and optical energy gap of CuIn1-xGaxSe thin films
2. Effect of Thickness and Annealing Temperature…
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 34
have been calculated, using the measurement of absorption and transmission as a function of wavelength in
range (400-1100) nm, using UV-Visible 1800 spectra photometer.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION:
XRD patterns of the CIGS films with different thickness before and after annealing are shown in Fig. 1. All the
deposited films are CuIn0.7Ga0.3Se2 polycrystalline tetragonal type structure. The X-ray diffraction patterns have
been used to estimate the crystallite size of CIGS thin films by using Scherrer’s equation (1)[10] and listed in
table (1),
D=
kλ
β cos(θ)
----------------- (1)
Where‘d’ is the interplanar spacing and h, k, and l are the Miller indices, D is the mean size of the crystallite, k
is a dimensionless factor around 0.9, λ is the X- ray wavelength, β is the line broadening at half the maximum
intensity (FWHM) in radians, and θ is the Bragg angle, the results reveal that the crystalline size increases with
thickness and annealing temperature increasing, indicating crystalline quality improvement.
Fig.(1) XRD patterns of the CIGS films with different
thickness before and after annealing
Table (1) crystallite size CIGS thin films with different thickness
before and after annealing
crystallite size (nm)Temperature (K)Sample
14.56As-prepared
Thin film
CIGS
t=500nm
20.87373
27.34473
32.28573
10.76As-prepared
Thin film
CIGS
t=1000nm
24.79373
41.32473
56.93573
The optical transmission (T) and absorbance (A) spectra of CIGS thin films with varying thicknesses and
annealing temperature have been shown in Fig (2) and Fig (3) The transmittance of the films was found to
increase and absorbance was found to decrease with increase in wavelength, and transmittance of films with
thickness (100nm) higher than that 500 nm may be due to improvement of the crystallinity or indicates a smooth
surface and relatively good homogeneity of the films.
3. Effect of Thickness and Annealing Temperature…
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 35
Fig. (2) Transmittance as a function of wavelength of the CIGS
films with different thickness before and after annealing
Fig. (3) Absorbance as a function of wavelength of the CIGS films
with different thickness before and after annealing
The absorption coefficient 𝛼 estimated by using following equation [11]:
𝛼 = 1
𝑡
ln(1
𝑇
) ------------- (2)
Where’d’ is the thickness of the film.
It is clear from Fig(4) that all values of absorption coefficient higher than 104
cm-1
this means the direct
transition is possible occurs. Also, it can be seen from the figures that the absorption coefficient decrease with
increase the thickness and annealing temperature for the film with the thickness 500nm, while for film (1000nm)
the absorption coefficient increase with increasing annealing temperature up to 473 K then decreased at 573K,
this behavior can be attributed to the density of localize states in energy band gap.
Fig (4) The variation of absorption coefficient as a function of wavelength of the CIGS films with different
thickness before and after annealing
0.0E+00
5.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.5E+05
400 600 800 1000
As prepared
T=373 K
T=473 K
T-573 K
Absorbtioncoffieicntcm
Wavelength nm
t= 500 nm
0
20
40
60
80
100
400 600 800 1000
As prepared
T=373 K
T=473 K
T=573 K
Transmitance%
Wavelength nm
t=1000 nm
0
1
2
3
4
400 600 800 1000
As prepared
T= 373 K
T=473 K
T=573 K
Absorbance
Wavelength nm
t= 1000
nm
0.E+00
2.E+04
4.E+04
6.E+04
8.E+04
1.E+05
400 600 800 1000
As
prepared
T=373 K
Absorbtioncoffieicntcm
Wavelength nm
t= 1000 nm
0
1
2
3
400 600 800 1000
As
prepared
T=373 K
Absorpance
Wavelength nm
t= 500
nm
0
20
40
60
80
350 550 750 950
as prepared
T=373 K
T=473 K
T=573 K
Transmitance%
Wavelength nm
t=500 nm
4. Effect of Thickness and Annealing Temperature…
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 36
The optical band gap 𝐸𝑔 is the calculated by using Tauc formula [11-12]:
𝛼ℎʋ = 𝐵(ℎʋ − 𝐸𝑔)
1
𝑟 ------------- (3)
Where B, is a constant, r, is factor depending which depends on the probability of transitions, it takes values as
1/2, 3/2, 2 and 3 for direct allowed, direct forbidden, indirect allowed and indirect forbidden respectively, ℎʋ,
photon energy. The optical energy gap Eg thin films was calculated by plotting (α ℎʋ)2
versus (ℎʋ) (figure 5a
and 5b), then extrapolating the straight-line part of the plot to the photon energy axis. Many authors have
reported such a variation in energy band gap with increase in film thickness [11]. However, an increase in band
gap of thick CIGS film, with annealing, is consistent with the fact that the crystallinity of the polycrystalline thin
film improves on annealing [12]. Table (2) shows the optical band gap of annealed and as-deposited CIGS thin
films of different thicknesses. The value of optical band gap energy for increasing film thickness from 500 nm
to 1000 nm has been found to be increased from 1.80 to 2.35 eV. In addition, annealing of the thin films
improves their band gap value to 2.59 eV for 500 nm to 2.44 eV for 1000 nm thin films. The increasing in the
band gap and sharpening of the band edge at the band gap region clearly shows the improvement in the film
crystallite after annealing. On the other hand, the density of localized state in the film decreases with the film
thickness, which leads to a increase in the energy band gap. Many authors have reported such a variation in
energy band gap with increase in film thickness. However, an increase in band gap of thick CIGS film, with
annealing, is consistent with the fact that the crystallinity of the polycrystalline thin film improves on annealing
[12].
0
5E+09
1E+10
1.5E+10
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
"As prepared "Eg=1.75 eV
T= 373 K Eg= 1.80 ev
T=473 K Eg= 2.10 ev
T =573 K Eg= 2.59 ev
hʋ eV
(αhʋ)^2
(eV/cm)^2
t= 500
nm
5. Effect of Thickness and Annealing Temperature…
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 37
Fig. (5) The paned gap energy of the CIGS films with different
Thickness before and after annealing
The width of localized state into energy gap 𝐸 𝑢 is the calculated by using Urbach formula [13]:
=
Eu
hv
exp0 ---------------- (4)
Where α0 , is a constant, Δ𝐸 𝑢,is the width of localized state into energy gap. Table (2) shows the width of
localized state into energy gap of as-prepared and annealed CIGS thin films of different thicknesses. The value
of the width of localized state into energy gap for increasing film thickness from (500 to 1000) nm has been
found to be decrease from (0.706 to 0.218) eV. In addition, annealing of the thin films decrease their width of
localized state into energy gap value to 0.458 eV for 500 nm to 0.205 eV for 1000 nm thin films shows as
Fig.(6a and 6b).
0
2E+09
4E+09
6E+09
8E+09
1 1.5 2 2.5 3
As- prepared Eg= 2.35 eV
T=273 K Eg=2.11 eV
T=473 K Eg=2.01 eV
T=573 K Eg=2.44 eV
hʋ eV
t= 1000 nm
(αhʋ)^2(eV/cm)^2
y = 1.4163x + 7.6047
9.4
9.6
9.8
10
10.2
10.4
1.4 1.6 1.8 2
t = 500 nm As-pepared"
ln(α)
hʋ eV
y = 2.1829x + 6.1289
8.6
9
9.4
9.8
1.7 2.2 2.7
t = 500 nm T =573 K
ln(α)
hʋ eV
y = 1.4378x + 7.5718
9.6
9.8
10
10.2
1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9
t=500 nm T =…
ln(α)
hʋ eV
y = 1.4788x + 6.1289
9.4
9.6
9.8
10
1.7 1.8 1.9 2
t = 500 nm T = 473 K
ln(α)
hʋ eV
6. Effect of Thickness and Annealing Temperature…
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 38
Fig. (6) The variation of paned gap energy of the CIGS films with
thickness (t= 1000nm) before and after annealing
Table (2) The optical band gap of CIGS thin films with
different thickness before and after annealing
Thickness (nm) Temperature (K) Eg (eV) Eu eV
Thin film
CIGS
t=500nm
As prepared 1.75 0.706
373 1.80 0.695
473 2.10 0.676
573 2.59 0.458
Thin film
CIGS
t=1000nm
As prepared 2.35 0.218
373 2.11 0.276
473 2.01 0.306
573 2.44 0.205
. The extinction coefficient (𝑘 𝑜) of CIGS thin films were calculated from [11]:
𝑘 𝑜 =
𝛼 𝜆
4 𝜋
------------- (5)
Fig(7) shows the extinction coefficient of CIGS thin films with different thickness before and after annealing .It
is observed that the extinction coefficient decreases with increase in films thickness and annealing temperature
and it behaves the same as absorption.
y = 4.7611x - 0.7941
8.8
9
9.2
1.95 2 2.05 2.1
t = 1000 nm As-prepard
ln(α)
hʋ eV
y = 3.3092x + 3.1903
9.8
9.85
9.9
9.95
10
10.05
10.1
10.15
1.95 2 2.05 2.1 2.15
t = 1000 nm T = 473 K
hʋ eV
ln(α)
y = 3.8412x + 1.6544
9.3
9.5
9.7
1.95 2 2.05 2.1
t = 1000 nm T = 373 K
ln(α)
hʋ eV
y = 4.8751x + 4.6099
9
9.04
9.08
9.12
9.16
9.2
1.95 2 2.05 2.1
t = 1000 nm T = 573 K
ln(α)
hʋ eV
7. Effect of Thickness and Annealing Temperature…
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 39
Fig. (7) The variation of extinction coefficient as a function of wavelength of the CIGS films with different
thickness before and after annealing
The refraction index (n) value can calculate from the formula [11]:
n= {[4R/(R-1)]- 𝑘 𝑜
2
}1/2
– [(R+1)/(R-1)] --------------- (6)
Where, R is the reflectance, the refractive index spectra of CIGS thin films with varying thicknesses and
annealing temperature have been shown in Fig.(8) The refractive index decrease with increase in films
thickness and annealing temperature probably due to the increase of the compactness of the films after the heat
treatment simultaneously with the increase of the crystallite size.
Fig. (8) The variation of refractive index as a function of wavelength of the CIGS films with different thickness
before and after annealing.
The dielectric constant can be introduced by [14, 11]:
ε= 𝜀1-i𝜀2 ------------- (7)
Where,
𝜀1 = 𝑛2
− k02 -------------- (8)
ε2 =2nk0 -------------- (9)
Fig. (9 and 10) shows the variation of the real ε1 and imaginary ε2 parts of the dielectric constant with varying
thicknesses and annealing temperature as a function of wavelength. The behavior of ε1 is similar to refractive
index because the smaller value of ko
2
comparison of n2
, while ε2 is mainly depends on the ko values, which are
related to the variation of absorption coefficient. It is found that ε1 and ε2 decrease with the increase of
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
400 600 800 1000
As prepared
T=373 K
T=473 K
T=573 K
Extionctioncoefficient
Wavelength nm
t= 500 nm
2
4
6
8
10
400 600 800 1000
As prepared
T= 373 K
T=473 K
T=573 K
Refractiveindex
Wavelength nm
t= 500 nm
0
2
4
6
8
10
400 600 800 1000
As prepared
T=373 K
T=473 K
T=573 K
Refractiveindex
Wavelength nm
t=1000 nm
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
400 600 800 1000
Asprepared
T= 373 K
T= 473 K
T= 573 K
Extionctioncoefficient
Wavelength nm
t=1000 nm
8. Effect of Thickness and Annealing Temperature…
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 40
thicknesses and annealing temperature. The imaginary part represents the absorption associated of radiation by
free carriers [15,16].
Fig. (9) The variation of real part of dielectric constant as a function of wavelength of the
CIGS films with different thickness before and after annealing.
Fig.(10) The variation of imaginary part of dielectric constant as a function of wavelength of the CIGS films
with different thickness before and after annealing.
To determine the behavior of the optical constants with different thickness before and after annealing, we
selected a specific wavelength near the absorption edge and determined the values of those constants at that
wavelength. Values are shown in table (3).
Table (3)the optical constant of the CIGS films with different thickness before and after annealing at
wavelength (λ= 630nm).
Optical constant at λ=630nm(CIGS) films Properties
(eV)gEiεrεkn)1-
α(cmTemperature
(K)
Thickness
(nm)
1.753.2181.420.17799.0235512.1As prepared
t=500 1.803.1579.410.17718.9135338.5373
2.101.4042.910.10716.5521388.2473
2.590.2911.690.04853.418484.7573
2.350.2720.480.03004.526039.2As prepared
t=1000 2.110.7445.510.05536.7411115.1373
2.010.5177.960.08578.8317225.5473
2.440.3624.590.03674.957372.6573
0
20
40
60
80
100
400 600 800 1000
As prepared
T= 373 K
T=473 K
T=573 K
Realpartofdielectricconstant
Wavelength nm
t= 500 nm
0
20
40
60
80
100
400 600 800 1000
As prepared
T=373 K
T=473 K
T=573 K
Realpartofdielectricconstant
Wavelength nm
t= 1000 nm
0
1
2
3
4
5
400 600 800 1000
As prepared
T=373 K
T=473 K
T=573 K
Imagenerypartofdielectric
constant
Wavelength nm
t= 500 nm
0
1
2
3
400 600 800 1000
As
prepared
T= 373 K
Imagenerypartofdielectric
constant
Wavelength nm
t=1000 nm
9. Effect of Thickness and Annealing Temperature…
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 41
IV. CONCLUSION
1- The X-ray diffraction observed that all the prepared films were of films have polycrystalline tetragonal type
structure of multiphase.
2- crystalline size increases with thickness and annealing temperature increasing
3- The optical energy gap has an allowed direct transition types and it was increase with the increasing of the
thickness and annealing temperature.
4- The variation of real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant have similar trends as for refractive index
and extinction coefficient respectively
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