This presentation is all about Glass, its properties,the raw materials used in glass, the manufacturing process for making glasses and then different types of glasses and their properties. :)
Ceramics are important engineering materials from engineering applications point of view.This presentation gives briefly important properties and applications of ceramics
Glass is an inorganic product of fusion that has cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing. Glass is typically hard and brittle, and has a conchoidal fracture. A glass may be colorless or colored. It is usually transparent, but may be made translucent or opaque (such as in white, opal glass). Objects made of glass are loosely and popularly referred to as glass; such as glass for a tumbler, a barometer, a window, a magnifier, or a mirror. The subject of studying glass in materials science is an important part.
Glass has emerged as one of the favoured materials in architecture and interior design be it a window, a door, a façade and much more..
AIS, India's leading integrated glass manufacturer, takes you through the complete process of manufacturing of glass in just 6 steps. #Infographic
introduction of ceramic: A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic solid material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and all are made by firing or burning, often including silicates and metal oxides.
classification and types of ceramic, application of ceramic and innovations on it.
Ceramics are important engineering materials from engineering applications point of view.This presentation gives briefly important properties and applications of ceramics
Glass is an inorganic product of fusion that has cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing. Glass is typically hard and brittle, and has a conchoidal fracture. A glass may be colorless or colored. It is usually transparent, but may be made translucent or opaque (such as in white, opal glass). Objects made of glass are loosely and popularly referred to as glass; such as glass for a tumbler, a barometer, a window, a magnifier, or a mirror. The subject of studying glass in materials science is an important part.
Glass has emerged as one of the favoured materials in architecture and interior design be it a window, a door, a façade and much more..
AIS, India's leading integrated glass manufacturer, takes you through the complete process of manufacturing of glass in just 6 steps. #Infographic
introduction of ceramic: A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic solid material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and all are made by firing or burning, often including silicates and metal oxides.
classification and types of ceramic, application of ceramic and innovations on it.
Glass Industry (Chemistry of Glass industry) Pakistan's Glass IndustryMuhammad Abubakar
This Presention is about the chemistry of glass industry.
This includes
Glass
Types of glass
General properties of glass
Manufacturing process of glass
Uses of glass.
Pakistan's glass's economy
import and export of float glass of Pakistan
Glass, a translucent marvel, is a solid material crafted from silica, soda ash, and limestone. Renowned for its transparency, it serves as a vessel for both artistic expression and practical utility. Whether in architecture, décor, or everyday containers, glass's unique properties of transparency and malleability make it an indispensable element of our modern world. Celebrating its versatility, glass stands as a testament to human creativity and innovation, shaping our surroundings with its clear and enduring presence.
The ppt is useful for basic information on Cement, glass & refactories.
All above materials are used as Civil engineering materials.
Study group: Polytechnic level, For First Year students.
Engineering Materials:
Portland Cement: Definition, manufacturing by Rotary Kiln, role of gypsum, chemistry of
setting and hardening of cement.
Glass: Definition, manufacturing by tank furnace, significance of annealing, types and
properties of soft glass, hard glass, borosilicate glass.
Lubricants: Classification, mechanism, properties; viscosity and viscosity index, flash and
fire point, cloud and pour point.
This ppt is made for the f****ng teachers who give there students these foolish work and waste there time....hope..next time the'll nt give these type of HOLIDAY.H.W..
i have made all the slide for civil engineering and poly diploma civil.
these are 100% correct but in case of some error comment down or contact me on (laxmans227@gmail.com)
follow me for all updates
if u have any doubt fell free to ask on comment section
so keep calm and follow me(now).
software - power point presentation 2015
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
2. Contents:
Introduction
General properties of glass
Raw materials of glass
Glass manufacturing
Melting
• Pot furnace
• Tank furnace
Forming and Shaping
Annealing
Finishing
Types of glasses and their properties
3. Introduction
• Glass is an amorphous, hard, brittle, transparent or translucent, super-
cooled liquid, obtained by fusing a mixture of a number of metallic
silicates, most commonly Na, K,Ca and Pb”. It possesses no sharp melting
point, crystalline structure and definite formula
Represented as : xR2O. yMO. 6SiO2
R = monovalent alkali metals like Na,K
M = Divalent metals like Ca, Pb,Zn, etc
x & y = whole numbers
• Approximate composition of ordinary glass(Soda lime glass) is
Na2O . CaO . 6SiO2
• In some glasses, SiO2 may be replaced by Al2O3 . B2O3 . P2O5 , etc
4. 4
General Properties of glass
Amorphous Solid
No definite melting point
Very brittle
Softens on heating
Can absorb, reflect and transmit light
Good electrical insulator
Affected by alkalis
Not affected by air,water,acid or chemical reagents . But soluble in HF which
converts into SiF4
Possesses high compressive strength and since it doesn’t have any crystalline
structure , no slippage between planes can occur
Light in weight because it has homogeneous internal structure similar to liquids
5. Raw Materials of Glass:
Sodium
(Na), 14
Potassiu
m (K),
0.3
Calcium
(Ca), 9
Barium
(Ba), 4
Silica, 70
Others,
2.7
Sodium (Na) Potassium (K)
Calcium (Ca) Barium (Ba)
Glass Components
Sl.No Name of the
element
Source of the element Name of the
glass produced
1 Sodium (Na) Na2CO3,Na2SO4 Soft glass
2 Potassium (K) Potash, K2CO3,KNO3 Hard glass
3 Calcium (Ca) Lime, limestone Glass with
high RI
4 Barium (Ba) BaCO3 Glass with
high RI
5 Lead Litharge, red lead Flint glass
6 Zinc Zinc Oxide Heat & Shock
proof glass
7 Borate Borax, boric acid Heat & shock
proof glass
8 Silica Sand, quartz
Colors
Yellow
Ferric Salt
Green Ferrous and chromium
Blue Cobalt salt
6. Glass Manufacturing
Manufacturing of glass consists of following high level steps:
1. Formation of Batch Materials
2. Melting
a. Pot furnace
b. Tank furnace
3. Forming and shaping
4. Annealing
5. Finishing
7. Melting
• Raw materials in proper proportions (sand, soda ash
and lime stone ) are mixed and finely powdered
• The homogenous mixture known as Batch is fused with
some broken glass , called “Cullet” in any of the two
types of furnaces
• The homogeneous mixture is melted either in
a. Pot furnace or
b. Tank furnace
• The batch melts and fuses at 1800oC
8. 8
Melting: Pot furnace
Hot Gases
A BDC
Hot Air
Figure showing Pot furnace
Two types of pots are used
a. Open crucible type pot
b. Closed covered type pot
Generally closed covered type pot is used
Pot is placed in a circle around a central
opening in its bottom
Heated by burning producer gas and air
Roof of the pot is constructed with refractory
material which also reflects the heat
Also called as batch process
9. 9
Melting: Tank Furnace
Molten gas
Burning fuel gas
A B C D
Air Fuel gas Fuel gases
Fuel gas and air being
heated by hot checker
work
The “batch” is melted in the tank using
producer gas and air
It follows “regenerative system of heat
economy”
Air and fuel passes through A & B
The burnt gases are deflected by the roof
and “batch” gets melted
Hot waste gas escapes through firebricks
C & D
The direction of the fuel gas & air is reversed through C & D , which absorbs the
heat of the waste gas and burns
The waste gas now escapes through A & B
Figure showing tank furnace
10. 10
Forming & Shaping, Annealing and Finishing
Molten glass is converted to desired shape by blowing or molding or pressing
between rollers - “Forming and Shaping”
Articles are then cooled gradually at room temperature. - “Annealing”
The longer the annealing period better the quality of glass
After annealing, the articles are subjected to cleaning, polishing, cutting, sand
blasting etc., - “Finishing”
11. Types of glasses
1. Soda-lime or soda glass
2. Potash lime or hard glass
3. Lead glass or Flint glass
4. Borosilicate glass or Pyrex glass or Jena
glass
5. Alumina silicate glass
6. Optical or Crookes glass
7. Glass wool
8. Quartz glass
9. Opal glass
12. 12
Soda-lime (or) Soft glass
Raw Materials
• Silica
• CaCO3
• Soda ash
Properties
• Low cost
• Resistant to water
• Attacked by acids
• Melts easily
• Molded easily to any shape
• Poor thermal & chemical resistance
Uses
Window glasses, electric bulbs, bottles, jars, table wares etc.,
Composition
Na2O . CaO . 6SiO2
13. 13
Potash-lime (or) Hard glass
Raw Materials
• Silica
• CaCO3
• K2CO3
Properties
• High Melting point
• Not attacked by acids, alkali and other solvents
• Costlier than soda-lime glass
Uses
Combustion tubes, chemical apparatus
Composition
K2O . CaO . 6SiO2
14. 14
Lead glass (or) Flint glass
Raw Materials
• Silica
• Lead Oxide
• Potassium Oxide
Properties
• Bright, lustrous and possesses high specific gravity
• Expensive to manufacture , than ordinary lime-soda glass
• Lower softening temperature than soda-lime glass
• Higher refractive index and excellent electrical properties
Uses
• High quality table wares, neon sign tubings , optical lenses
• High dense glasses are used for windows to protect from
X-rays and gamma rays
Composition
K2O . PbO . 6SiO2
15. 15
Pyrex-glass (or) Jena glass
Raw Materials
• Silica
• Small amount of alumina
• Some oxides
Properties
• Substitution of alkali (Na2O) and basic alkaline
earth oxides(CaO) of the soda glasses by boron
and aluminium oxides results in low thermal co-efficient
• High softening point and excellent resistivity(shock proof)
• High chemical resistance
Uses
Industrial pipeline for corrosive liquids, gauge glasses,
superior laboratory apparatus etc.,
Composition
SiO2 80.5 %
B2O3 13 %
Al2O3 3 % K2O 3 %
Na2O 0.5 %
16. 16
Alumina Silicate glass
Raw Materials
• 5 % more of alumina
• Addition of alumina makes glass heat resistant
Properties
• Exceptionally high softening temperature
• Chemically durable
• Resistance to hydrolysis
• Affected by moisture due to high surface area
Uses
• High pressure mercury discharge tubes, chemical
combustion tubes, specific domestic equipments
• Fibre glass
Composition
SiO2 55 %
B2O3 7 %
Al2O3 23 %
CaO 5 %
Na2O+ K2O1 %
MgO 9 %
17. 17
Optical, Quartz and Opal Glass
Optical glass Quartz glass Opal glass
Raw Material
• Phosphorous and lead
silicate together with small
amount of cerium oxide
Properties
• Low melting point
• Soft
• Chemical-resistance
• Durability lesser than
ordinary glasses
• Absorbs UV light
Uses
Optical lenses
Raw Material
• Crystalline silica fused at
1900oC
Properties
• Outstanding resistance to
thermal shock and
chemicals
Uses
• Special lab-ware
• Crucibles
• Reaction tubes
Raw Material
• NaF (or) CaF2 (or)
Ca3(PO4)2 (or) SnO2
Properties
• Translucent white or milky
glasses
• Transparent when in liquid
• Opaque when cooled
18. 18
Glass wool
• Fibrous wool-like material, composed of
intermingled fine threads (or) filaments of glass
• Alkali free
• Glass filaments are obtained by forcing molten
glass through small orifices which measures about
0.0005 to 0.0007 mm in diameter
Properties
• Very good fire-proof and heat proof
• Very low electircal conductivity and thermal conductivity
• Resistance to water and most chemicals
• Tensile strength is 8X of steel
Uses
• Heat insulation purpose
• Electrical and sound insulation
• Filtration of corrosive liquids like acids
• Manufacturing fibre-glass, by blending with plastic resins
