The document discusses the manufacturing process for glass. It begins with an introduction to glass and its properties. It then outlines the raw materials used, including sand, soda ash, calcium oxide and others. The process involves four main steps: melting the raw materials in a furnace at high temperatures; fabricating the molten glass into an article using methods like blowing or casting; annealing the article by slowly cooling it to relieve internal stresses; and applying finishing treatments like bending, cutting or silvering. Key agents in the process include network formers, modifiers and oxidizing agents to control the glass composition and properties.

1. MANUFACTURING PROCESS IN GLASS INDUSTRY
ADVISED BY :- DR. ARVIND KUMAR GAUTAM
• KRISHNANAND KUSHWAHA
SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES,
LOVELY PROFESIONAL UNIVERSITY,
JALANDHAR (PUNJAB)
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2. INTRODUCTION
 Glass is the name given to all amorphous bodies that are
obtained by lowering the temperature of a melt independently of
its chemical composition and the temperature range of
solidification, which as a result of the gradual increase of viscosity
adopts the mechanical properties of a solid body.
 Glass is melted at a temperature between 1000 and 2000° C.
 The microscopic structure of glass is comparable to that of a
liquid in which the individual constituents form an irregular
network without a long range order. Glass is also the name given
to a cooled melt.
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3. RAW MATERIALS FOR GLASS PRODUCTION
 The raw material in manufacture of glass may be
selected from the following.
 Sand, soda ash, calcium oxide, fled spar, borax,
magnesia, zinc, alumina, lead oxide, manganese
oxide, selenium metal, broken glass, fluxes,
coloring agent, reducing agent, oxidizing agent
etc.
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4. GLASS MANUFACTURING AGENTS
 Network former
 Network modifier
 Intermediate glass formers
 Oxidizing agent
 Refining agent
 Cullet
 Coloring agent
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5. MANUFACTURING PROCESS
The manufacturing process of glass consisting of
the following four steps
 Melting the charge
 Fabrication of the article
 Annealing the article formed
 Finishing treatments
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6. MELTING OF THE CHARGE
 Amount of raw materials for the batch are calculated from
the chemical composition of individual components.
 the batch mixer which is a revolving drum provided with
blades to lift and spread the material uniformly. After proper
mixing of ingredient it is charged into the furnace.
 Where all the raw materials melts to liquid state.
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7. FABRICATION OF AN ARTICLE
 Blowing
 Casting
 Drawing
 Pressing
 Rolling
 Spinning
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8. ANNEALING THE ARTICLE FORMED
 Glass articles, after being manufactured, are to be cooled
down slowly and gradually. This process of slow and
homogeneous cooling of glass articles is known as
annealing of glass.
Following are the methods of annealing
 Flue Treatment
 Oven treatment
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9. FINISHING TREATMENTS
Finishing treatments consist of following steps.
 Bending
 Cutting
 Opaque making
 Silvering
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10. BLOCK DIGRAM FOR GLASS INDUSTRIES
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11. Process diagram for glass manufacturing
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