The document provides an overview of the evolution of Intel microprocessors from 1971 to 1998. It discusses the key 4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit microprocessors released by Intel, including the 4004, 8080, 8086, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, and Pentium II Xeon. Each generation saw improvements in clock speed, number of transistors, memory addressing capabilities, and instructions per second. The Intel 4004 was the first microprocessor, while the 80386 was the first 32-bit microprocessor and Pentium chips popularized multimedia and cache memory.
8085 Microprocessor, Features/Characteristics of 8085, Communication between Microprocessor & Memory, 8085 Programming Model, 8085 Registers, Flag Register, General Purpose Register, Special Purpose Register, Stack Pointer, Program Counter, Interrupts, Control Unit, Architecture/Block Diagram of 8085 & its explanation, Pin diagram of 8085
8085 Microprocessor, Features/Characteristics of 8085, Communication between Microprocessor & Memory, 8085 Programming Model, 8085 Registers, Flag Register, General Purpose Register, Special Purpose Register, Stack Pointer, Program Counter, Interrupts, Control Unit, Architecture/Block Diagram of 8085 & its explanation, Pin diagram of 8085
The main Objective of this presentation is to define computer buses , especially system bus . which is consists of data bus , address bus and control bus.
PIC A special purpose integrated circuit that function as an overall manager in an interrupt driven system.
It accepts request from the peripheral equipment,determines which of the incoming request is of the highest priority, ascertains whether the incoming request has a higher priority value than the level currently being serviced, and issues an interrupt to the CPU based on this determination.
INTRODUCTION
We know that a microprocessor is the CPU of a computer. A microprocessor can perform some operation on a data and give the output. But to perform the operation we need an input to enter the data and an output to display the results of the operation. So we are using a keyboard and monitor as Input and output along with the processor. Microprocessors engineering involves a lot of other concepts and we also interface memory elements like ROM, EPROM to access the memory.
Types of Interfacing
There are two types of interfacing in context of the 8085 processor.
Memory Interfacing.
I/O Interfacing.
Memory Interfacing:
While executing an instruction, there is a necessity for the microprocessor to access memory frequently for reading various instruction codes and data stored in the memory. The interfacing circuit aids in accessing the memory.
Memory requires some signals to read from and write to registers. Similarly the microprocessor transmits some signals for reading or writing a data.
But what is the purpose of interfacing circuit here?
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
I/O Interfacing:
We know that keyboard and Displays are used as communication channel with outside world. So it is necessary that we interface keyboard and displays with the microprocessor. This is called I/O interfacing. In this type of interfacing we use latches and buffers for interfacing the keyboards and displays with the microprocessor.
But the main disadvantage with this interfacing is that the microprocessor can perform only one function. It functions as an input device if it is connected to buffer and as an output device if it is connected to latch. Thus the capability is very limited in this type of interfacing.
The main Objective of this presentation is to define computer buses , especially system bus . which is consists of data bus , address bus and control bus.
PIC A special purpose integrated circuit that function as an overall manager in an interrupt driven system.
It accepts request from the peripheral equipment,determines which of the incoming request is of the highest priority, ascertains whether the incoming request has a higher priority value than the level currently being serviced, and issues an interrupt to the CPU based on this determination.
INTRODUCTION
We know that a microprocessor is the CPU of a computer. A microprocessor can perform some operation on a data and give the output. But to perform the operation we need an input to enter the data and an output to display the results of the operation. So we are using a keyboard and monitor as Input and output along with the processor. Microprocessors engineering involves a lot of other concepts and we also interface memory elements like ROM, EPROM to access the memory.
Types of Interfacing
There are two types of interfacing in context of the 8085 processor.
Memory Interfacing.
I/O Interfacing.
Memory Interfacing:
While executing an instruction, there is a necessity for the microprocessor to access memory frequently for reading various instruction codes and data stored in the memory. The interfacing circuit aids in accessing the memory.
Memory requires some signals to read from and write to registers. Similarly the microprocessor transmits some signals for reading or writing a data.
But what is the purpose of interfacing circuit here?
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
I/O Interfacing:
We know that keyboard and Displays are used as communication channel with outside world. So it is necessary that we interface keyboard and displays with the microprocessor. This is called I/O interfacing. In this type of interfacing we use latches and buffers for interfacing the keyboards and displays with the microprocessor.
But the main disadvantage with this interfacing is that the microprocessor can perform only one function. It functions as an input device if it is connected to buffer and as an output device if it is connected to latch. Thus the capability is very limited in this type of interfacing.
Micro controller and dsp processor, Microcontroller, What is Microcontroller , Features of a Microcontroller, Types of Microcontrollers, cisc, risc, Comparison between RISC and CISC, Harvard Memory Architecture Microcontroller, Von Neumann or Princeton Memory Architecture Microcontroller, External memory microcontroller, Embedded memory microcontroller, How does the microcontroller operate, Microcontroller architecture, Applications of Microcontroller, Microcontrollers used in , Various manufacturers of Microcontroller, Advantages and Disadvantages of Microcontroller, Comparing microcontroller and microprocessor, DSP Processor, Digital signal Processor, What is DPS Processor, Components of DSP, Architecture of DSP Processor, How DSP processor works, Advantages and disadvantages of DSP, Application of DSP, APPLICATIONS of DSP, MGCGV, Shubham Mishra
Time delays & counter, Need of Counter and Time Delays, Using a Register Pair as a Counter, Delay Loops, Using a Register Pair as a Loop Counter, Delay Calculation of Nested Loops, Increasing the delay.
3. Addressing Modes in 8085 microprocessor.pptxISMT College
Addressing Modes in 8085, Register Addressing Mode with example, Direct Addressing Mode with example, Register Indirect Addressing Mode with example, Immediate Addressing Mode with example, Implicit/Implied Addressing Mode with example
Chapter 1 Introduction to Digital LogicISMT College
BCA 1st semester. Chapter 1 (One), Digital Logic. Analog & Digital Signal, Digital Waveform, Digital Pulse, Ideal Pulse, Periodic & Aperiodic Pulse, Clock Signal, Digital Logic Gate, Integrated Circuit(IC)
Chapter 2.1 introduction to number systemISMT College
Binary Number System, Decimal Number System, Octal Number System, Hexadecimal Number System, Conversion, Binary Arithmetic, Signed Binary Number Representation, 1's complement, 2's complement, 9's complement, 10's complement
AND, OR, NOT, EX-OR, EX-NOR, NAND, NOR Gates with description, truth table, circuiy diagram and universal gate. Conversion of universal gate to basic gates
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
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2. What is a Microprocessor?
Definition:
“The Microprocessor is a
Multipurpose,
Programmable,
Clock Driven,
Register Based,
Digital-Integrated Circuit
which accepts binary data as input,
processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides
results as output.”
2
Can perform
multiple tasks
Can be instructed
to perform
specific task
Provides
Synchronization Store
Intermediate
Processing data
Form of an
Integrated
circuit (IC)
4. Basic concepts of Microprocessor
4
Microprocessor Silicon chip which includes ALU,
Register circuits & Control circuits
Control
Logic
Registers
ALU
Microprocessor
5. Basic concepts of Microprocessors
5
Microcontroller
Silicon chip which includes
microprocessor, memory & I/O in a
single package.
Micro
Processor
Microcontroller
RAM
ROM
I/O
7. Microprocessor vs Microcontroller
7
Microprocessor Microcontroller
It is vital part of computer system. It is vital part of embedded system.
It contain CPU inside it but does not
contain on chip RAM, ROM and other
peripherals.
It has CPU, fixed size of RAM, ROM and
peripherals mounted on a single chip.
It is multipurpose device which performs
several tasks.
E.g. Software development, word
processing, playing games, surfing etc.
It is designed for specific task with fixed
input, processing and output.
E.g. Operating a washing machine,
handling mouse click event etc.
It operates at high speed compared to
microcontroller.
E.g. Clock speed of latest microprocessor is
measured in GHz.
It operates at comparatively lower speed
than microprocessor.
E.g. Clock speed is measured in MHz.
Application:
Desktop PC’s, Laptops, notepads etc.
Application:
Microwave oven, washing machine,
remote control, Mouse etc.
8. Basic concepts of Microprocessors
8
Microcomputer
A small computer with a
microprocessor as its CPU.
Includes memory, I/O etc.
Keyboard Display
Micro
processor
RAM
ROM
I/O
Microcomputer
9. Components of Microprocessor
9
Arithmetic
and
Logical
Unit (ALU)
Register
Array
Control Unit
• Brain of the
computer.
• Performs
Arithmetic and
Logical operations
Small additional
memory location,
which are used to
store and transfer
data.
• It controls and executes the flow of data between the
microprocessor, memory and peripherals.
• Signal permits the CPU to receive or transmit data.
10. Basic concepts of Microprocessors
• Microprocessor is a computer Central Processing Unit
(CPU) on a single chip that contains millions of
transistors connected by wires.
10
Processor No. of transistors
Intel 8085 6500
Pentium IV 42 million
Core i3 1.4 Billion
Core i7 1.7 Billion
11. Features of Microprocessor
• Cost-effective − The microprocessor chips are available at low prices
and results its low cost.
• Size − The microprocessor is of small size chip, hence is portable.
• Low Power Consumption − Microprocessors are manufactured by
using metaloxide semiconductor technology, which has low power
consumption.
• Versatility − The microprocessors are versatile as we can use the same
chip in a number of applications by configuring the software program.
• Reliability − The failure rate of an IC in microprocessors is very low,
hence it is reliable.
13. System bus
• The network of wires or electronic pathways is known as 'Bus'.
• The technique was developed to reduce costs and improve modularity.
• Classification
1. Address Bus - Transfer Address
2. Data Bus - Transfer Data
3. Control Bus - Transfer Control Signal
13
16. Address Bus
• Transfers the addresses of Memory or I/O devices.
• Address bus is unidirectional.
• The maximum address capacity is equal to two to the power of the
number of lines present (2lines).
E.g. 8085 has 16-address lines
Maximum address capacity => 216 = 65536 bytes
16
18. Data Bus
• It is used to transfer data within Microprocessor and Memory/IO
devices.
• Data Bus is bidirectional as Microprocessor requires to send and
receive data.
• Each wire of data bus is used to transfer the data corresponding to a
single bit of binary data.
E.g. 8085 has 8 - data lines
8085 is known as 8-bit processor
18
20. Control Bus
• Microprocessor uses control bus to process data.
i.e. what to do with the selected memory location.
• Some control signals are Read, Write and Opcode fetch etc.
• Control Bus is bidirectional.
• This is a dedicated bus, because all timing signals are generated
according to control signal.
20
22. Microprocessor systems with bus organization
22
System Bus
Input/Output
ROM RAM
Arithmetic
and
Logical
Unit (ALU)
Register
Array
Control Unit Memory
23. Stored Program Concept and Von-Neumann
Machine
• The term Stored Program Control Concept refers to the storage of
instructions in computer memory to enable it to perform a variety of
tasks in sequence or intermittently.
• The idea was introduced in the late 1940s by John von Neumann who
proposed that a program be electronically stored in the binary-number
format in a memory device so that instructions could be modified by
the computer as determined by intermediate computational results.
• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the
first computing system designed in the early 1940s. It was based on
Stored Program Concept in which machine use memory for processing
data.
24. Stored Program Concept and Von-Neumann
Machine
• Stored program concept - a program must be in main memory in
order for it to be executed. The instructions are fetched, decoded and
executed one at a time.
• The Von-Neumann Architecture, and stored-program concept, works
where machine code instructions and data are stored, and loaded from
memory into the processor to be executed in sequential order.
• Von-Neumann Architecture is used for general purpose machines,
where instructions and data are held in the same memory location -
this is our main memory, or RAM.
25. Stored Program Concept and Von-Neumann
Machine
• On the other hand, Harvard Architecture follows the stored-program
concept, however it takes into account the use of the memory unit.
• With both instructions and data being held in the same address, the
processor is unable to work at optimum speed as the two are
competing over the same data bus.
• In addition, one data bus may have an insufficient bus width for
program instructions i.e. increased traffic due to program instructions
having a greater word length.
• Harvard Architecture is often used for specialist embedded computer
systems, where optimum speed is the priority of the system.
26. Von Neumann Architecture
• Von Neumann architecture was first published by John von Neumann
in 1945.
• His computer architecture design consists of a Control
Unit, Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Memory Unit, Registers and
Inputs/Outputs.
• Von Neumann architecture is based on the stored-program computer
concept, where instruction data and program data are stored in the
same memory. This design is still used in most computers produced
today.
27.
28.
29. Harvard Architecture
• In von-Neumann architecture, the same memory is used for storing
instructions and data. Similarly, a single bus called data bus or address
bus is used for reading data and instructions from or writing to
memory.
• It also had limited the processing speed for computers.
• The hardvard architecture based computer consists of separate
memory spaces for the programs (instructions) and data.
• Each space has its own address and data buses. So instructions and
data can be fetched from memory concurrently and provides
significance processing speed improvement.
33. INTRODUCTION
Fairchild Semiconductors (founded in 1957)
invented the first IC in 1959.
In 1968, Robert Noyce, Gordan Moore, Andrew
Grove resigned from Fairchild Semiconductors.
They founded their own company Intel
(Integrated Electronics).
Intel grown from 3 man start-up in 1968 to
industrial giant by 1981.
It had 20,000 employees and $188 million
revenue.
33
35. INTEL 4004
Introduced in 1971.
It was the first
microprocessor by Intel.
It was a 4-bit µP.
Its clock speed was
740KHz.
It had 2,300 transistors.
It could execute around
60,000 instructions per
second. 35
38. INTEL 8008
Introduced in 1972.
It was first 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 500
KHz.
Could execute 50,000
instructions per second.
38
39. INTEL 8080
Introduced in 1974.
It was also 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 2
MHz.
It had 6,000 transistors.
Was 10 times faster
than 8008.
Could execute 5,00,000
instructions per second. 39
40. INTEL 8085
Introduced in 1976.
It was also 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
Its data bus is 8-bit and
address bus is 16-bit.
It had 6,500 transistors.
Could execute 7,69,230
instructions per second.
It could access 64 KB of
memory.
It had 246 instructions.
Over 100 million copies
were sold.
40
42. INTEL 8086
Introduced in 1978.
It was first 16-bit µP.
Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8
MHz and 10 MHz, depending
on the version.
Its data bus is 16-bit and
address bus is 20-bit.
It had 29,000 transistors.
Could execute 2.5 million
instructions per second.
It could access 1 MB of
memory.
It had 22,000 instructions.
It had Multiply and Divide
instructions.
42
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43. INTEL 8088
Introduced in 1979.
It was also 16-bit µP.
It was created as a cheaper
version of Intel’s 8086.
It was a 16-bit processor with
an 8-bit external bus.
Could execute 2.5 million
instructions per second.
This chip became the most
popular in the computer
industry when IBM used it
for its first PC.
43
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44. INTEL 80186 & 80188
Introduced in 1982.
They were 16-bit µPs.
Clock speed was 6 MHz.
80188 was a cheaper
version of 80186 with an 8-
bit external data bus.
They had additional
components like:
Interrupt Controller
Clock Generator
Local Bus Controller
Counters
44
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45. INTEL 80286
Introduced in 1982.
It was 16-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 8 MHz.
Its data bus is 16-bit and
address bus is 24-bit.
It could address 16 MB of
memory.
It had 1,34,000
transistors.
It could execute 4 million
instructions per second.
45
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47. INTEL 80386
Introduced in 1986.
It was first 32-bit µP.
Its data bus is 32-bit and
address bus is 32-bit.
It could address 4 GB of
memory.
It had 2,75,000 transistors.
Its clock speed varied from 16
MHz to 33 MHz depending
upon the various versions.
Different versions:
80386 DX
80386 SX
80386 SL
Intel 80386 became the best
selling microprocessor in
history.
47
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48. INTEL 80486
Introduced in 1989.
It was also 32-bit µP.
It had 1.2 million transistors.
Its clock speed varied from 16
MHz to 100 MHz depending
upon the various versions.
It had five different versions:
80486 DX
80486 SX
80486 DX2
80486 SL
80486 DX4
8 KB of cache memory was
introduced. 48
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Gursharan Singh Tatla
mailme@gursharansingh.in
49. INTEL PENTIUM
Introduced in 1993.
It was also 32-bit µP.
It was originally named 80586.
Its clock speed was 66 MHz.
Its data bus is 32-bit and
address bus is 32-bit.
It could address 4 GB of
memory.
Could execute 110 million
instructions per second.
Cache memory:
8 KB for instructions.
8 KB for data.
49
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Gursharan Singh Tatla
mailme@gursharansingh.in
50. INTEL PENTIUM PRO
Introduced in 1995.
It was also 32-bit µP.
It had L2 cache of 256 KB.
It had 21 million
transistors.
It was primarily used in
server systems.
Cache memory:
8 KB for instructions.
8 KB for data.
It had L2 cache of 256 KB.
50
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Gursharan Singh Tatla
mailme@gursharansingh.in
51. INTEL PENTIUM II
Introduced in 1997.
It was also 32-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 233
MHz to 500 MHz.
Could execute 333
million instructions per
second.
MMX technology was
supported.
L2 cache & processor
were on one circuit.
51
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Gursharan Singh Tatla
mailme@gursharansingh.in
52. INTEL PENTIUM II XEON
Introduced in 1998.
It was also 32-bit µP.
It was designed for
servers.
Its clock speed was 400
MHz to 450 MHz.
L1 cache of 32 KB & L2
cache of 512 KB, 1MB or 2
MB.
It could work with 4 Xeons
in same system.
52
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mailme@gursharansingh.in
53. INTEL PENTIUM III
Introduced in 1999.
It was also 32-bit µP.
Its clock speed varied
from 500 MHz to 1.4
GHz.
It had 9.5 million
transistors.
53
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Gursharan Singh Tatla
mailme@gursharansingh.in
54. INTEL PENTIUM IV
Introduced in 2000.
It was also 32-bit µP.
Its clock speed was from
1.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz.
L1 cache was of 32 KB &
L2 cache of 256 KB.
It had 42 million
transistors.
All internal connections
were made from
aluminium to copper.
54
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Gursharan Singh Tatla
mailme@gursharansingh.in
55. INTEL DUAL CORE
Introduced in 2006.
It is 32-bit or 64-bit µP.
It has two cores.
Both the cores have there
own internal bus and L1
cache, but share the
external bus and L2 cache
(Next Slide).
It supported SMT
technology.
SMT: Simultaneously
Multi-Threading
E.g.: Adobe Photoshop
supported SMT. 55
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Gursharan Singh Tatla
mailme@gursharansingh.in
58. INTEL CORE 2
Introduced in 2006.
It is a 64-bit µP.
Its clock speed is from 1.2
GHz to 3 GHz.
It has 291 million transistors.
It has 64 KB of L1 cache per
core and 4 MB of L2 cache.
It is launched in three
different versions:
Intel Core 2 Duo
Intel Core 2 Quad
Intel Core 2 Extreme
58
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mailme@gursharansingh.in
59. INTEL CORE I7
Introduced in 2008.
It is a 64-bit µP.
It has 4 physical cores.
Its clock speed is from 2.66
GHz to 3.33 GHz.
It has 781 million
transistors.
It has 64 KB of L1 cache
per core, 256 KB of L2
cache and 8 MB of L3
cache. 59
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mailme@gursharansingh.in
60. INTEL CORE I5
Introduced in 2009.
It is a 64-bit µP.
It has 4 physical cores.
Its clock speed is from 2.40
GHz to 3.60 GHz.
It has 781 million
transistors.
It has 64 KB of L1 cache
per core, 256 KB of L2
cache and 8 MB of L3
cache. 60
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Gursharan Singh Tatla
mailme@gursharansingh.in
61. INTEL CORE I3
Introduced in 2010.
It is a 64-bit µP.
It has 2 physical cores.
Its clock speed is from 2.93
GHz to 3.33 GHz.
It has 781 million
transistors.
It has 64 KB of L1 cache
per core, 512 KB of L2
cache and 4 MB of L3
cache. 61
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Gursharan Singh Tatla
mailme@gursharansingh.in
Editor's Notes
A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an embedded system. A typical microcontroller includes a processor, memory and input/output (I/O) peripherals on a single chip.