This document discusses several medical conditions including headache, pyrexia (fever), menstrual pain, food and drug allergies. It provides details on the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment for each condition. For headaches, it describes different types like tension headaches, migraines and cluster headaches. It also discusses fever, the diagnostic process and treatments like medications. For menstrual pain, it covers primary and secondary dysmenorrhea as well as risk factors and management options. The document concludes by outlining food and drug allergies, common triggers, diagnosis and treatments such as antihistamines and epinephrine injections.

1. Headache , Pyrexia , Menstrual
Pain , Food and Drug Allergy
Submitted To :
Mrs. KANCHAN VOHRA
Assistant Professor
Submitted By :
Mohd. Rafi Bhat

2. HEADACHE
 Pain arising from the head or upper neck of the body.
 The pain originates from the tissues and structures that
surround the skull or the brain because the brain itself has no
nerves that give rise to the sensation of pain (pain fibers).
 The thin layer of tissue (periosteum) that surrounds bones,
muscles that encase the skull, sinuses, eyes, and ears, as well as
thin tissues that cover the surface of the brain and spinal cord
(meninges), arteries, veins, and nerves, all can become inflamed or
irritated and cause headache.
 The pain may be a dull ache, sharp, throbbing, constant,
intermittent, mild, or intense.

3. 1. Primary headaches
• Primary headaches are stand-alone illnesses caused directly by
the overactivity of, or problems with, structures in the head that
are pain-sensitive.
• This includes the blood vessels, muscles, and nerves of the head
and neck. They may also result from changes in chemical
activity in the brain.
• Common primary headaches include migraines, cluster
headaches, and tension headaches.

4. 2. Secondary headaches
• Secondary headaches are symptoms that happen when another
condition stimulates the pain-sensitive nerves of the head.
Secondary headaches are caused by other medical conditions,
such as sinusitis, neck injuries or abnormalities, and stroke.
• A wide range of different factors can cause secondary headaches.
• These include:
• Eating something very cold can lead to a "brain freeze."
• alcohol-induced hangover
• brain tumor
• blood clots
• bleeding in or around the brain

5. Headache types
Tension headaches
 most common form of primary headache.
 normally begin slowly and gradually in the middle of the day.
The person can feel:
as if they have a tight band around the head
a constant, dull ache on both sides
cause is not known. The most likely cause is contraction of the muscles that cover
the skull. When the muscles covering the skull are stressed, they may become
inflamed, go into spasm, and cause pain.
Tension-type headaches can be either episodic or chronic. Episodic attacks are
usually a few hours in duration, but can last for several days. Chronic headaches
occur for 15 or more days a month for a period of at least 3 months.
Over-the-counter treatments, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or acetaminophen
(Tylenol), are usually sufficient to treat them.

7. Migraines
A migraine headache may cause a pulsating, throbbing pain usually only
on one side of the head. The aching may be accompanied by:
 blurred vision
 light-headedness
 nausea
 sensory disturbances known as auras
Migraine headache is caused by inflammation or irritation of structures
that surround the brain or affect its function.
Migraine is the second most common form of primary headache and can
have a significant impact on the life of an individual. A migraine can last
from a few hours to between 2 and 3 days.

8. Cluster headaches
Cluster headaches usually last between 15 minutes and 3 hours, and they
occur suddenly once per day up to eight times per day for a period of weeks
to months. In between clusters, there may be no headache symptoms, and
this headache-free period can last months to years.
The pain caused by cluster headaches is:
one-sided
severe
often described as sharp or burning
typically located in or around one eye
The affected area may become red and swollen, the eyelid may droop, and
the nasal passage on the affected side may become stuffy and runny.
The cause of cluster headaches is uncertain but may be due to a sudden release of the
chemicals histamine and serotonin in the brain.

9. Rebound headaches
Rebound or medication-overuse headaches stem from an excessive
use of medication to treat headache symptoms.
They are the most common cause of secondary headaches.
They usually begin early in the day and persist throughout the
day.
 They may improve with pain medication, but worsen when its
effects wear off.
Along with the headache itself, rebound headaches can cause:
 neck pain
 restlessness
 a feeling of nasal congestion
 reduced sleep quality
 Rebound headaches can cause a range of symptoms, and the
pain can be different each day.
 The treatment of rebound headaches involves the reducing or
stopping pain relief medication. In extreme cases, a short hospital
stay may be needed to manage withdrawal safely and effectively.

10. Headache diagnosis
diagnose a particular type of headache through a description of the
condition, the type of pain, and the timing and pattern of attacks. If
the nature of the headache appears to be complex, tests may be
carried out to eliminate more serious causes.
Further testing could include:
blood tests
X-rays
brain scans, such as CT and MRI

11. Medications for Headaches
• Different types of medicine treat different types of headaches.
• Tension-type headaches: Pain relievers such as
acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen, usually help.
Taking too many of these pills can cause hard-to-treat rebound
headaches.
• Migraine headaches: One clas of drug, called triptans, is the
mainstay of migraine treatment. They include eletriptan (Relpax),
naratriptan (Amerge), rizatriptan (Maxalt), sumatriptan (Imitrex),
zolmitriptan (Zomig) , ( as pills, injections, or nasal spray
available ).
• A form of ergotamine, called dihydroergotamine (DHE), also
treats migraine headaches (as an injection or as a nasal spray).

12. • Cluster headaches : Pain medicine such as lidocaine that goes
inside the nose helps some people.
• Injection of triptans such as ergotamine or sumatriptan (Imitrex)
also might help if you take them at the first sign of a cluster
headache.
• Preventive medicines often work when you take them at the first
sign of a new cluster of headaches. Choices include the blood
pressure medicine verapamil or a short course of a steroid
like prednisone.
• Sinus headaches: Decongestants, and antibiotics, usually help.

13. PYREXIA
Elevation of body temperature above the normal range of 36.5-37.5 degree C. When body
temperature increases, there is a feeling of cold despite an increasing body of
temperature.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• The most common fever symptoms are:
• Shivering
• Headache
• Lethargy
• Feeling dull
• Sleepiness
• Inability to focus
CAUSES
• Fever is generally the result of an immune response by your body to a foreign invader.
These foreign invaders may include viruses, bacteria, fungi, drugs, or other toxins.
• Fever is a common symptom of most infections. In children, immunizations or teething
may cause low-grade fever. Autoimmune disorders, medication reactions, seizures, or
cancer may also cause fevers.

14. • Certain inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid
arthritis — inflammation of the lining of your joints
(synovium)
• A malignant tumor
• Some medications, such as antibiotics and drugs used
to treat high blood pressure or seizures
• Some immunizations, such as the diphtheria, tetanus
and acellular pertussis (DTaP) or pneumococcal
vaccine.

15. Diagnosis of fever
A person is said to have a fever if:
The temperature in the mouth is over 37.7 Centigrade
(99.9 Fahrenheit).
The temperature in the rectum (anus) is over 37.5-38.3
Centigrade (100-101 Fahrenheit).
The temperature under the arm or inside the ear is over
37.2 Centigrade (99 Fahrenheit).

16. Treatments for fever
• Over-the-counter medications
• such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil,
Motrin IB, others).
• High doses or long-term use of acetaminophen or ibuprofen may
cause liver or kidney damage, and acute overdoses can be fatal.
• Prescription medications
• antibiotic, especially if bacterial infection, such as pneumonia or
strep throat.
• Antiviral drugs used to treat certain viral infections. However, the
best treatment for most minor illnesses caused by viruses is
often rest and plenty of fluids.
• Treatment of infants
• For infants, especially those younger than 28 days, your baby
might need to be admitted to the hospital for testing and
treatment. In babies this young, a fever could indicate a serious
infection that requires intravenous (IV) medications and round-
the-clock monitoring.

17. Menstrual pain
Dysmenorrhea is a term describing painful menstruation that
typically involves cramps caused by uterine contractions.
Dysmenorrhea is divided into two categories:
1. Primary dysmenorrhea
2. Secondary dysmenorrhea
• Pain occurs in the lower abdomen and lower back. It usually begins 1
to 2 days before menstruation and lasts from 2 to 4 days.
• Pain that is only associated with the process of menstruation is
known as primary dysmenorrhea.
• If the cramping pain is due to an identifiable medical problem such
as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, or pelvic inflammatory disease, it
is called secondary dysmenorrhea.

18. Causes and risk factors
• Approximately once every 28 days, if there is no sperm to fertilize
the egg, the uterus contracts to expel its lining.
• Hormone-like substances called prostaglandins trigger this
process.
• Prostaglandins are chemicals that form in the lining of the uterus
during menstruation. They cause muscle contractions and
cramps that are similar to labor pains. They can also contribute
to nausea and diarrhea.
• The contractions inhibit the blood flow to the lining of the uterus,
or endometrium. It may also happen because there are high
levels of leukotrienes during menstruation.
• Those who are more likely to experience menstrual pain include:
• Being younger than 20 years of age
• Starting puberty at 11 years or younger
• Menorrhagia, or heavy bleeding during periods

19. Conditions that can worsen menstrual cramps
• Several underlying medical conditions are also linked to
menstrual cramps.
• These include:
• Endometriosis: the tissue that lines the uterus develops outside
the uterus.
• Uterine fibroids - Noncancerous tumors and growths in the wall
of the uterus.
• Adenomyosis: The tissue that lines the uterus grows into the
muscular walls of the uterus.
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): A sexually transmitted
infection caused by a bacterium
• Cervical stenosis: The opening of the cervix is small and limits
menstrual flow.
• Women with delayed sleep phase syndrome are more likely to
report irregular menstrual cycles and premenstrual symptoms,
as well as menstrual cramps

20. Symptoms
• Menstrual cramps usually refer to a dull, throbbing, cramping
pain in the lower abdomen, just above the pelvic bone.
• Other symptoms may include:
• pain in the lower back and thighs
• nausea and vomiting
• sweating
• faintness and dizziness
• diarrhea or loose stools
• constipation
• bloating
• headaches

21. Diagnosis
• Most women can identify menstrual cramps without the help of a
physician.
• If the pains are severe, the doctor should carry out a full examination of
the pelvis and abdomen.
• The physician will ask the patient about their medical history and
perform a physical examination. This will include evaluating the size and
shape of the vagina, cervix, uterus, and ovaries, and possiby an internal
pelvic examination.
• If the doctors suspect an underlying condition, they may order tests to
gather more information about the abdominal area, uterus, cervix,
vagina, and fallopian tubes.
• These may include:
• ultrasound
• computerized tomography (CT) scan
• magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• hysteroscopy
• laparoscopy
• Imaging techniques can help identify cases of endometriosis, adhesions,
fibroids, ovarian cysts, and ectopic pregnancy.

22. Treatment
• Over-the-counter medication is available to treat most cases of menstrual
cramps.
• Anti-prostaglandins reduce cramping in the uterus, lighten the flow of blood, and
relieve discomfort.
• These medications may also contain pain killers, such as ibuprofen or naproxen.
These are types of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
• NSAIDs are also used alone to reduce menstrual cramp pain.
• In some cases, birth control pills can be used continuously, without the 4 to 7-
day break each month that is normally adhered to. There will be no bleeding at
all, in this case.
• Other types of birth control, including some types of hormonal IUD, vaginal rings,
patches, and injections can all help decrease cramping.
• If the cramps are due to an underlying medical condition, such as endometriosis
or fibroids, surgery may be needed to remove the abnormal tissue.

23. Allergic reaction to drugs get into the classification of intersection of
drug (adverse drug reaction), which includes toxicity, side effects,
idiosyncrasy, intolerance and medications allergy. Drug allergy is
an abnormal response to the medicine or metabolites through
immunological reactions are known as hypersensitivity reaction
that occurs during or after use of the drug.
many drugs can cause issues like an upset stomach. But during
an allergic reaction, the release of histamine can cause symptoms
like hives, a skin rash, itchy skin or eyes, congestion, and
swelling in the mouth and throat.

24. A more severe reaction, called anaphylaxis, may include trouble
breathing, blueness of the skin, dizziness, fainting, anxiety,
confusion, rapid pulse, nausea, diarrhea, and other serious
symptoms.
Common Triggers of Drug Allergies
• Penicillin and related antibiotics
• Antibiotics containing sulfonamides (sulfa drugs)
• Anticonvulsants
• Aspirin, ibuprofen and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs)
• Chemotherapy drugs.
Diagnosing Drug Allergies
• Skin test (accurate only for penicillin)

25. Drug Allergy Management and Treatment
• Avoid triggers.
• Take antihistamines to control some symptoms.
• Seek immediate medical care if symptoms worsen or multiple symptoms
occur together (anaphylaxis).
• Corticosteroids. Either oral or injected corticosteroids may be used to
treat inflammation associated with more-serious reactions.
• Treatment of anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis requires an immediate
epinephrine injection as well as hospital care to maintain blood pressure
and support breathing.
Food allergy is an immune system reaction that occurs soon after eating
a certain food. Even a tiny amount of the allergy-causing food can trigger
signs and symptoms such as digestive problems, hives or swollen
airways. In some people, a food allergy can cause severe symptoms or
even a life-threatening reaction known as anaphylaxis.

26. causes
• Food allergies are caused when the immune system (the body’s defence
against infection) mistakenly treats proteins found in food as a threat to the
body, when in fact they should be harmless.
• It then releases a number of chemicals to prevent what it sees as an infection
taking hold. It is these chemicals that cause the symptoms of an allergic
reaction.
• Any food could cause an allergic reaction, but there are certain foods that are
responsible for most food allergies.
In children, the foods that most commonly cause an allergic reaction are:
• Milk
• Eggs
• Peanuts
• Tree nuts
• Fish and Shellfish
• Wheat
• Soy

27. Prevention and Treatment
• Preventing a food allergy reaction
• There are no drugs or treatments available that prevent food
allergies. If you have food allergies, the only way to avoid allergic
reactions is to avoid allergenic foods. After you and your
healthcare professional have identified the food(s) to which you
are sensitive, you must remove them from your diet.
• Treating a Food Allergy Reaction
• Unintentional exposure
• When you have food allergies, you must be prepared to treat
unintentional exposures. Talk to your healthcare professional and
plan to protect yourself by taking the following steps:
• Carry an auto-injector device containing epinephrine (adrenaline),
such as an EpiPen
• Seek medical help immediately if you are having symptoms

28. Medication for emergencies
• Antihistamines - these will come in the form of gels, liquids, or
tablets. They are usually effective for patients with mild or
moderate allergies. Histamines are chemicals which cause most
allergy symptoms, and antihistamines block their effects.
• Epinephrine (adrenaline) - this is used by individuals who have
food allergies that may result in anaphylaxis. Epinephrine keeps
blood pressure up by constricting blood vessels, as well as easing
the airways.
• People who have had severe allergic reactions should carry an
epinephrine auto-injector with them, for instance, the EpiPen,
EpiPen Jr., Twinject, or Anapen.

29. THANK YOU