This document discusses different types of headaches including their causes, symptoms, and characteristics. It describes tension headaches, migraines, sinus headaches, and toxic headaches. It explains that headaches can be caused by issues inside or outside the skull, such as problems with blood vessels, muscles, eyes, sinuses, infections, or toxic exposures. The majority of headaches are benign and self-limiting, but some rare headaches can signal serious underlying conditions.
This document provides an overview of traumatic brain injury (TBI), including its definition, pathophysiology, types (closed and open head injuries), specific injuries (contusions, hematomas, fractures), assessment (Glasgow Coma Scale), management (preventing secondary brain injury, ICP monitoring and treatment), and long-term outcomes (cognitive deficits, epilepsy, headaches). It describes the primary and secondary injury mechanisms of TBI, including diffuse axonal injury. Imaging and diagnostic criteria for different types of brain injuries are outlined. Guidelines for initial evaluation, monitoring, and medical and surgical management of increased ICP are also reviewed.
Neonatal mortality rate in Bangladesh is 24.20 deaths per 1000 live births in 2013 according to the World Bank. The leading causes of neonatal death in Bangladesh are perinatal asphyxia at 39% of deaths, preterm and low birth weight babies at 21% of deaths, and sepsis at 16% of deaths. High neonatal mortality is also attributed to social factors like illiteracy, ignorance, poverty, superstition and religious beliefs in Bangladesh.
This document provides an overview of headaches, including their prevalence, causes, classification, diagnosis, and management. Some key points:
- Headaches are one of the most common health complaints worldwide, affecting up to 90% of people in a given year.
- Headaches can be primary (e.g. migraines, tension-type) or secondary due to other causes like head trauma.
- Diagnosis is based on patient history. Management involves analgesics, preventative medications, and lifestyle changes like stress management.
- New treatments include biofeedback, Botox injections, and neuromodulation techniques like transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Neonatal acute respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is caused by surfactant deficiency in premature infants. Surfactant is produced in the lungs beginning at 24 weeks gestation and helps lower surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse. Preemies are at risk for RDS due to incomplete lung development and surfactant production. Treatment includes supportive care like CPAP, surfactant replacement therapy, and mechanical ventilation if needed. With treatment and lung maturation, symptoms typically improve within 3-5 days.
Meniere's disease is a balance disorder caused by abnormal fluid balance in the inner ear. It is characterized by episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, and fluctuating hearing loss. The cause is unknown but may involve excess fluid accumulation in the inner ear. Treatment involves managing symptoms with medication and a low-sodium diet. If conservative measures fail, surgical procedures like endolymphatic sac decompression or vestibular nerve sectioning can be performed to eliminate vertigo attacks.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is a disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system, damaging nerves and causing tingling, muscle weakness, and paralysis. It occurs in about 1 in 100,000 people and most often between ages 30-50. While it can occur at any age, it is rare in children under 2. Guillain-Barré syndrome may be triggered by viral infections and results in loss of reflexes and muscle function. Diagnosis involves neurological exams, spinal fluid tests, and electrodiagnostic tests like electromyography. Treatment focuses on reducing symptoms through antibiotics, analgesics, plasmapheresis, and immunoglobulin therapy to speed recovery.
This document discusses methods of assessing gestational age in neonates. Gestational age can be estimated based on the last menstrual period or determined more accurately using prenatal ultrasounds or the New Ballard Scale, which examines 6 external physical signs and 6 neuromuscular signs in infants from 20-44 weeks. The scale assigns scores to measures of posture, arm recoil, popliteal angle, and other indicators to determine preterm, term, or post-term status.
This document provides an overview of traumatic brain injury (TBI), including its definition, pathophysiology, types (closed and open head injuries), specific injuries (contusions, hematomas, fractures), assessment (Glasgow Coma Scale), management (preventing secondary brain injury, ICP monitoring and treatment), and long-term outcomes (cognitive deficits, epilepsy, headaches). It describes the primary and secondary injury mechanisms of TBI, including diffuse axonal injury. Imaging and diagnostic criteria for different types of brain injuries are outlined. Guidelines for initial evaluation, monitoring, and medical and surgical management of increased ICP are also reviewed.
Neonatal mortality rate in Bangladesh is 24.20 deaths per 1000 live births in 2013 according to the World Bank. The leading causes of neonatal death in Bangladesh are perinatal asphyxia at 39% of deaths, preterm and low birth weight babies at 21% of deaths, and sepsis at 16% of deaths. High neonatal mortality is also attributed to social factors like illiteracy, ignorance, poverty, superstition and religious beliefs in Bangladesh.
This document provides an overview of headaches, including their prevalence, causes, classification, diagnosis, and management. Some key points:
- Headaches are one of the most common health complaints worldwide, affecting up to 90% of people in a given year.
- Headaches can be primary (e.g. migraines, tension-type) or secondary due to other causes like head trauma.
- Diagnosis is based on patient history. Management involves analgesics, preventative medications, and lifestyle changes like stress management.
- New treatments include biofeedback, Botox injections, and neuromodulation techniques like transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Neonatal acute respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is caused by surfactant deficiency in premature infants. Surfactant is produced in the lungs beginning at 24 weeks gestation and helps lower surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse. Preemies are at risk for RDS due to incomplete lung development and surfactant production. Treatment includes supportive care like CPAP, surfactant replacement therapy, and mechanical ventilation if needed. With treatment and lung maturation, symptoms typically improve within 3-5 days.
Meniere's disease is a balance disorder caused by abnormal fluid balance in the inner ear. It is characterized by episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, and fluctuating hearing loss. The cause is unknown but may involve excess fluid accumulation in the inner ear. Treatment involves managing symptoms with medication and a low-sodium diet. If conservative measures fail, surgical procedures like endolymphatic sac decompression or vestibular nerve sectioning can be performed to eliminate vertigo attacks.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is a disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system, damaging nerves and causing tingling, muscle weakness, and paralysis. It occurs in about 1 in 100,000 people and most often between ages 30-50. While it can occur at any age, it is rare in children under 2. Guillain-Barré syndrome may be triggered by viral infections and results in loss of reflexes and muscle function. Diagnosis involves neurological exams, spinal fluid tests, and electrodiagnostic tests like electromyography. Treatment focuses on reducing symptoms through antibiotics, analgesics, plasmapheresis, and immunoglobulin therapy to speed recovery.
This document discusses methods of assessing gestational age in neonates. Gestational age can be estimated based on the last menstrual period or determined more accurately using prenatal ultrasounds or the New Ballard Scale, which examines 6 external physical signs and 6 neuromuscular signs in infants from 20-44 weeks. The scale assigns scores to measures of posture, arm recoil, popliteal angle, and other indicators to determine preterm, term, or post-term status.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by external forces that impact or rapidly accelerate/decelerate the head. This can lead to primary injuries like contusions or hematomas from impact, or diffuse axonal injury from acceleration/deceleration forces. Secondary injuries may occur hours or days later and involve processes like cerebral edema, increased intracranial pressure, and reduced cerebral blood flow. The goals of management are to prevent secondary injuries by maintaining cerebral perfusion pressure and minimizing intracranial pressure increases through monitoring, treatment of complications, and other interventions.
A preterm newborn developed respiratory distress soon after birth, with signs including grunting and cyanosis. Evaluation found respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The baby was treated with nasal CPAP, surfactant, and mechanical ventilation. RDS is caused by surfactant deficiency in premature infants, resulting in alveolar collapse and impaired gas exchange. Management includes respiratory support, surfactant replacement therapy, and care to prevent complications.
ECT, also known as electroconvulsive therapy, involves inducing a seizure through electrical stimulation of the brain under anesthesia to treat various psychiatric conditions. It works by applying a brief electric current to the brain through electrodes placed on the head to trigger a grand mal seizure. Several theories explain its mechanism of action, including changes to neurotransmitter levels and anti-convulsant effects. Potential side effects include cognitive impairment and memory loss. Proper anesthesia and muscle relaxants are used to safely administer the treatment.
Migraine is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent headaches that are often severe and pulsating in nature. It is estimated to affect 10% of the worldwide population. There are two main types - migraine with aura, which involves neurological symptoms before or during the headache, and migraine without aura, which involves headaches without preceding neurological symptoms. Potential triggers include hormonal changes, stress, foods, and environmental factors like light and noise. Management involves lifestyle modifications and medications to abort acute attacks or prevent future attacks. Preventive medications include beta blockers, antidepressants, and anti-seizure drugs, while acute treatments include analgesics, triptans, and anti-nausea drugs.
The document describes several physiological changes that occur with aging. Key changes include a decline in organ function such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys. Muscle and bone mass is also lost. Other changes involve thinning skin, graying hair, declining vision and hearing. Maintaining regular exercise, a healthy diet, and preventative healthcare can help optimize health and well-being in older age.
This document discusses diabetic neuropathy and its management. It provides definitions of diabetic neuropathy and outlines its causes, types, risk factors, features, burden, and management approaches. Pregabalin is established as an effective first-line treatment based on evidence from multiple clinical trials. Trials showed that pregabalin across dosage ranges of 150-600 mg/day significantly reduced neuropathic pain in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
This document discusses migraine, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent headaches. It notes that migraines significantly impact quality of life, with over 25% missing at least a day of work/school and over 30% reducing household productivity. The text describes migraine symptoms like pulsating one-sided headaches along with sensitivity to light and sound. It explains that migraines originate in the brain and involve changes in nerve cell activity and blood flow that can cause visual disturbances and pain. Common types of migraines are also outlined.
This document provides information about the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), including how to administer and score it. The NIHSS is an 11-item neurological examination used to evaluate stroke severity. It assesses different functional domains, with higher scores indicating more severe strokes. An increase of 2 points or more on serial NIHSS exams indicates stroke progression. NIHSS scores can help predict outcomes and guide treatment decisions. The presenter reviews the components and administration of the full NIHSS exam.
This document discusses transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN). TTN is a common condition caused by a delay in clearing fetal lung fluid after birth. It presents with respiratory distress and affects up to 15% of preterm infants. Risk factors include cesarean delivery, prematurity, and gestational diabetes. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, physical exam, and chest x-ray findings showing diffuse haziness. Treatment involves respiratory support and monitoring as symptoms typically resolve within 3 days. Medications are not routinely used or recommended for TTN management.
Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain, usually caused by a viral infection or the immune system attacking brain tissue. It affects 7.4 cases per 100,000 people annually in Western countries. Common causes include herpes simplex virus, rabies virus, and childhood infections. Symptoms include fever, headaches, drowsiness, personality changes, and seizures. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, imaging tests, and spinal tap. Treatment focuses on antiviral drugs, rest, hydration, and rehabilitation to address complications like weakness and memory problems.
Otosclerosis is a condition where abnormal bone growth occurs in the middle ear, usually affecting both ears. This causes the stapes bone to become fixed, preventing sound vibrations from being transmitted effectively and resulting in conductive hearing loss. It is classified based on histological and clinical presentations. Diagnosis involves tests like audiometry and imaging. Treatment options range from hearing aids for mild cases to stapedectomy surgery to restore hearing by replacing or drilling the stapes bone.
The tonsils are lymphoid organs located in the throat that play an important role in the immune system. There are four types of tonsils: palatine, lingual, tubal, and adenoid. The palatine tonsils are located on either side of the back of the throat. Tonsils help fight infections by capturing pathogens and stimulating an immune response. The palatine tonsils are largest in childhood and gradually shrink in adulthood. Tonsil infections and enlargement are common issues that may require treatment with antibiotics or tonsillectomy.
This document discusses coma and disorders of consciousness. It defines coma as a state of unresponsiveness and unconsciousness, and notes that coma can be a medical emergency requiring intervention. The document outlines different levels of arousal from alert to coma and describes conditions like encephalopathy, locked-in syndrome, and persistent vegetative state. Causes of impaired consciousness discussed include alcohol, epilepsy, intoxication, trauma, infection, stroke, and hypoxia-ischemia. The Glasgow Coma Scale for assessing coma is also summarized.
This document discusses perinatal asphyxia, including:
- The pathophysiology of hypoxia and ischemia on fetal and newborn tissues
- Diagnostic criteria and incidence rates for perinatal asphyxia
- Recent trends in management, including therapeutic hypothermia and other supportive treatments
- Long-term outcomes depend on severity of injury, with severe HIE carrying high risks of death or disability
Tinnitus is a ringing, swishing, or other noise that seems to originate in the ear or head, and is not a disease itself. It can be caused by ageing, noise exposure, ear infections, medications, and other conditions. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but often involves sound therapy, medications, or cognitive behavioral therapy since there is no cure. Laser therapy applied to the external ear and mastoid bone area is also used as a treatment approach.
A presentation about traumatic brain injury. This presentation composed of the definition, types, pathophysiology, clinical feature, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the traumatic brain injury.
This document discusses epilepsy and seizures. It defines seizures and epilepsy, describes different types of seizures including partial and generalized seizures. Common causes of epilepsy including strokes, brain injuries, tumors are mentioned. Management of seizures focuses on preventing injuries, identifying and removing seizure triggers, and treating with anti-seizure medications to control seizures. Nursing care revolves around safety during seizures, airway management, education, and supporting patients' psychosocial needs.
Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy where the mother's pancreas cannot produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. It can lead to complications for both mother and baby if not controlled, such as high birth weight, shoulder dystocia, hypoglycemia, and preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is defined as high blood pressure and excess protein in the urine after 20 weeks of pregnancy and is a leading cause of maternal and infant illness and death globally. The only cure for preeclampsia is delivery of the baby.
This document provides an overview of seizure disorders, including:
- Seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain and can cause changes in sensation, movement, or consciousness. Epilepsy is defined as recurrent seizures.
- Seizures are classified as partial or generalized, with partial seizures originating in one area of the brain and generalized seizures involving both hemispheres.
- Seizures have various clinical manifestations depending on their type, including motor, sensory, autonomic, or psychic symptoms. Generalized seizures typically involve loss of consciousness.
Headaches can have many different causes. They are generally classified into primary headaches like tension headaches and migraines, which are benign and self-limiting, and secondary headaches caused by underlying conditions like meningitis, brain tumors, or head injuries. The brain itself is not sensitive to pain, but structures like the blood vessels, dura, and sinuses surrounding it can stimulate pain fibers when tugged, stretched, or inflamed. Different areas of stimulation lead to pain being referred to specific parts of the head. Common primary headaches include tension, migraine, and sinus headaches.
Headaches can have many causes and present with varying symptoms. Primary headaches include tension, cluster, and migraine headaches which originate from structures surrounding the brain. Secondary headaches are caused by underlying conditions and can be life-threatening. A thorough history and physical exam is important to determine the type and cause of headache and appropriate treatment.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by external forces that impact or rapidly accelerate/decelerate the head. This can lead to primary injuries like contusions or hematomas from impact, or diffuse axonal injury from acceleration/deceleration forces. Secondary injuries may occur hours or days later and involve processes like cerebral edema, increased intracranial pressure, and reduced cerebral blood flow. The goals of management are to prevent secondary injuries by maintaining cerebral perfusion pressure and minimizing intracranial pressure increases through monitoring, treatment of complications, and other interventions.
A preterm newborn developed respiratory distress soon after birth, with signs including grunting and cyanosis. Evaluation found respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The baby was treated with nasal CPAP, surfactant, and mechanical ventilation. RDS is caused by surfactant deficiency in premature infants, resulting in alveolar collapse and impaired gas exchange. Management includes respiratory support, surfactant replacement therapy, and care to prevent complications.
ECT, also known as electroconvulsive therapy, involves inducing a seizure through electrical stimulation of the brain under anesthesia to treat various psychiatric conditions. It works by applying a brief electric current to the brain through electrodes placed on the head to trigger a grand mal seizure. Several theories explain its mechanism of action, including changes to neurotransmitter levels and anti-convulsant effects. Potential side effects include cognitive impairment and memory loss. Proper anesthesia and muscle relaxants are used to safely administer the treatment.
Migraine is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent headaches that are often severe and pulsating in nature. It is estimated to affect 10% of the worldwide population. There are two main types - migraine with aura, which involves neurological symptoms before or during the headache, and migraine without aura, which involves headaches without preceding neurological symptoms. Potential triggers include hormonal changes, stress, foods, and environmental factors like light and noise. Management involves lifestyle modifications and medications to abort acute attacks or prevent future attacks. Preventive medications include beta blockers, antidepressants, and anti-seizure drugs, while acute treatments include analgesics, triptans, and anti-nausea drugs.
The document describes several physiological changes that occur with aging. Key changes include a decline in organ function such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys. Muscle and bone mass is also lost. Other changes involve thinning skin, graying hair, declining vision and hearing. Maintaining regular exercise, a healthy diet, and preventative healthcare can help optimize health and well-being in older age.
This document discusses diabetic neuropathy and its management. It provides definitions of diabetic neuropathy and outlines its causes, types, risk factors, features, burden, and management approaches. Pregabalin is established as an effective first-line treatment based on evidence from multiple clinical trials. Trials showed that pregabalin across dosage ranges of 150-600 mg/day significantly reduced neuropathic pain in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
This document discusses migraine, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent headaches. It notes that migraines significantly impact quality of life, with over 25% missing at least a day of work/school and over 30% reducing household productivity. The text describes migraine symptoms like pulsating one-sided headaches along with sensitivity to light and sound. It explains that migraines originate in the brain and involve changes in nerve cell activity and blood flow that can cause visual disturbances and pain. Common types of migraines are also outlined.
This document provides information about the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), including how to administer and score it. The NIHSS is an 11-item neurological examination used to evaluate stroke severity. It assesses different functional domains, with higher scores indicating more severe strokes. An increase of 2 points or more on serial NIHSS exams indicates stroke progression. NIHSS scores can help predict outcomes and guide treatment decisions. The presenter reviews the components and administration of the full NIHSS exam.
This document discusses transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN). TTN is a common condition caused by a delay in clearing fetal lung fluid after birth. It presents with respiratory distress and affects up to 15% of preterm infants. Risk factors include cesarean delivery, prematurity, and gestational diabetes. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, physical exam, and chest x-ray findings showing diffuse haziness. Treatment involves respiratory support and monitoring as symptoms typically resolve within 3 days. Medications are not routinely used or recommended for TTN management.
Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain, usually caused by a viral infection or the immune system attacking brain tissue. It affects 7.4 cases per 100,000 people annually in Western countries. Common causes include herpes simplex virus, rabies virus, and childhood infections. Symptoms include fever, headaches, drowsiness, personality changes, and seizures. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, imaging tests, and spinal tap. Treatment focuses on antiviral drugs, rest, hydration, and rehabilitation to address complications like weakness and memory problems.
Otosclerosis is a condition where abnormal bone growth occurs in the middle ear, usually affecting both ears. This causes the stapes bone to become fixed, preventing sound vibrations from being transmitted effectively and resulting in conductive hearing loss. It is classified based on histological and clinical presentations. Diagnosis involves tests like audiometry and imaging. Treatment options range from hearing aids for mild cases to stapedectomy surgery to restore hearing by replacing or drilling the stapes bone.
The tonsils are lymphoid organs located in the throat that play an important role in the immune system. There are four types of tonsils: palatine, lingual, tubal, and adenoid. The palatine tonsils are located on either side of the back of the throat. Tonsils help fight infections by capturing pathogens and stimulating an immune response. The palatine tonsils are largest in childhood and gradually shrink in adulthood. Tonsil infections and enlargement are common issues that may require treatment with antibiotics or tonsillectomy.
This document discusses coma and disorders of consciousness. It defines coma as a state of unresponsiveness and unconsciousness, and notes that coma can be a medical emergency requiring intervention. The document outlines different levels of arousal from alert to coma and describes conditions like encephalopathy, locked-in syndrome, and persistent vegetative state. Causes of impaired consciousness discussed include alcohol, epilepsy, intoxication, trauma, infection, stroke, and hypoxia-ischemia. The Glasgow Coma Scale for assessing coma is also summarized.
This document discusses perinatal asphyxia, including:
- The pathophysiology of hypoxia and ischemia on fetal and newborn tissues
- Diagnostic criteria and incidence rates for perinatal asphyxia
- Recent trends in management, including therapeutic hypothermia and other supportive treatments
- Long-term outcomes depend on severity of injury, with severe HIE carrying high risks of death or disability
Tinnitus is a ringing, swishing, or other noise that seems to originate in the ear or head, and is not a disease itself. It can be caused by ageing, noise exposure, ear infections, medications, and other conditions. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but often involves sound therapy, medications, or cognitive behavioral therapy since there is no cure. Laser therapy applied to the external ear and mastoid bone area is also used as a treatment approach.
A presentation about traumatic brain injury. This presentation composed of the definition, types, pathophysiology, clinical feature, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the traumatic brain injury.
This document discusses epilepsy and seizures. It defines seizures and epilepsy, describes different types of seizures including partial and generalized seizures. Common causes of epilepsy including strokes, brain injuries, tumors are mentioned. Management of seizures focuses on preventing injuries, identifying and removing seizure triggers, and treating with anti-seizure medications to control seizures. Nursing care revolves around safety during seizures, airway management, education, and supporting patients' psychosocial needs.
Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy where the mother's pancreas cannot produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. It can lead to complications for both mother and baby if not controlled, such as high birth weight, shoulder dystocia, hypoglycemia, and preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is defined as high blood pressure and excess protein in the urine after 20 weeks of pregnancy and is a leading cause of maternal and infant illness and death globally. The only cure for preeclampsia is delivery of the baby.
This document provides an overview of seizure disorders, including:
- Seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain and can cause changes in sensation, movement, or consciousness. Epilepsy is defined as recurrent seizures.
- Seizures are classified as partial or generalized, with partial seizures originating in one area of the brain and generalized seizures involving both hemispheres.
- Seizures have various clinical manifestations depending on their type, including motor, sensory, autonomic, or psychic symptoms. Generalized seizures typically involve loss of consciousness.
Headaches can have many different causes. They are generally classified into primary headaches like tension headaches and migraines, which are benign and self-limiting, and secondary headaches caused by underlying conditions like meningitis, brain tumors, or head injuries. The brain itself is not sensitive to pain, but structures like the blood vessels, dura, and sinuses surrounding it can stimulate pain fibers when tugged, stretched, or inflamed. Different areas of stimulation lead to pain being referred to specific parts of the head. Common primary headaches include tension, migraine, and sinus headaches.
Headaches can have many causes and present with varying symptoms. Primary headaches include tension, cluster, and migraine headaches which originate from structures surrounding the brain. Secondary headaches are caused by underlying conditions and can be life-threatening. A thorough history and physical exam is important to determine the type and cause of headache and appropriate treatment.
Headaches are caused by pressure or irritation of the sensitive structures surrounding the brain, like blood vessels, cranial nerves, sinuses, and meninges, rather than direct stimulation of the brain itself which lacks pain receptors. There are two main types of headaches - primary headaches which include migraines, cluster, and tension headaches, and secondary headaches caused by underlying disorders like cervicogenic headaches or cranial neuralgias. Migraines are the most common primary headache, characterized by moderate to severe pulsating pain typically on one side of the head lasting 4 hours to 3 days along with symptoms like aura, nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and smells. Cervicogenic headaches are referred pain in the head caused by issues
This document provides an overview of headaches including migraine and tension headaches. It begins by defining headaches as pain in the head or neck region that originates from tissues surrounding the skull or brain. Headaches are then classified as either primary, which are benign and recurrent, or secondary, caused by underlying disease. Migraine is described as the most common primary headache, characterized by moderate to severe pulsating pain that worsens with activity and is often accompanied by nausea, sensitivity to light and sound. Diagnostic criteria for migraine with and without aura are outlined. Tension headaches are also common and involve mild to moderate pressing or tightening pain. Secondary headaches require further evaluation to identify their underlying cause.
The document outlines the classification of headaches according to the International Headache Society. It discusses the primary and secondary headaches, listing the specific types under each category. For the primary headaches, it describes the characteristics of migraine, tension-type headache, and cluster headaches. It also discusses the symptoms, locations, intensities, modes of onset and durations of different headache types to help with diagnosis. The document provides details on pain-sensitive and insensitive cranial structures and the pathways involved in headache pain. It explains the concept of referred pain from structures innervated by the trigeminal, cervical and other cranial nerves.
Migraines and tension headaches are the two most common types of primary headaches. Migraines are characterized by severe pulsating pain that is often unilateral, lasting from 2-72 hours and accompanied by symptoms like nausea, sensitivity to light and sound. Tension headaches cause non-pulsating mild to moderate bilateral pain that feels like tightness or pressure around the head. Cervicogenic headaches originate from issues in the neck muscles or structures and cause unilateral pain that increases with neck movement. Secondary headaches are caused by underlying medical conditions and can include headaches due to head trauma, vascular disorders, infections or psychiatric disorders.
Headache is one of the most common human complaints worldwide. There are two main types of headaches - primary and secondary. Primary headaches include migraines, tension headaches, and cluster headaches, which are caused by the condition itself rather than another cause. Migraines are severe headaches that can cause throbbing pain on one or both sides of the head along with nausea and sensitivity to light and sound. Tension headaches cause mild to moderate dull pain across both sides of the head that is often exacerbated by stress. Cluster headaches involve excruciating pain around one eye and are more common in men. Secondary headaches are caused by underlying conditions like infections, head injuries, or tumors. Diagnosis involves history and exams, while treatment
This document discusses different types of headaches including tension headaches, migraines, and cluster headaches. It provides information on the characteristics, causes, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment for each type. Primary headaches are not caused by another condition while secondary headaches are caused by other disorders. Tension headaches involve tight, pressing pain on both sides of the head while migraines cause severe throbbing pain on one side with sensitivity to light and sound. Cluster headaches involve sharp, stabbing pain around the eye and are more common in men. The document outlines approaches for diagnosing and managing different headache types through symptomatic drugs, prophylactic drugs, and lifestyle changes.
This document discusses several medical conditions including headache, pyrexia (fever), menstrual pain, food and drug allergies. It provides details on the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment for each condition. For headaches, it describes different types like tension headaches, migraines and cluster headaches. It also discusses fever, the diagnostic process and treatments like medications. For menstrual pain, it covers primary and secondary dysmenorrhea as well as risk factors and management options. The document concludes by outlining food and drug allergies, common triggers, diagnosis and treatments such as antihistamines and epinephrine injections.
This document classifies and describes the pathophysiology of various headache types. It discusses primary headaches like migraines, cluster, and tension headaches that originate in the head. It also covers secondary headaches that are referred pain from other areas, such as sinus headaches from sinus inflammation, spinal headaches from low cerebrospinal fluid pressure, and hormonal headaches related to changes in estrogen levels. For each type, it provides the theories of their pathophysiological causes and lists common symptoms to help with diagnosis. In total, it examines eight different headache classifications and their underlying biological mechanisms.
Migraine is a common type of headache disorder characterized by recurrent headaches that can cause severe throbbing pain, nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. It is believed to involve changes in brain activity and inflammation of the blood vessels around the brain. Migraines can be further classified based on whether an "aura" occurs before the headache, as well as other associated neurological symptoms. Common triggers include hormonal changes, stress, foods, and environmental factors. Treatment involves managing acute attacks with over-the-counter or prescription medications as well as lifestyle changes and preventive medications to reduce frequency and severity of migraines.
Headache with Special Reference to MigraineAbinayaa Arasu
Headache is a common pain problem that can have various causes. The document discusses the main types of headaches including those due to vasodilation, traction, inflammation, muscle spasm, referred pain, and psychogenic factors. It then focuses on migraine headaches, providing details on characteristics, pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, treatment and variants. Tension-type headaches and cluster headaches are also summarized, with the key points being their recurrent but mild-moderate pain, and the severe unilateral pain of cluster headaches that occurs in bouts. A headache diary and red flag signs are important for properly evaluating the type and cause of a patient's headaches.
This document provides an introduction to headaches, including their prevalence, origins, symptoms, pathophysiology, classification, and types. Some key points:
- Headaches are the most common neurological disorder and reason patients seek medical attention.
- Tension-type headaches are the most prevalent primary headache, affecting 69% of the population. Migraines affect 16%.
- Headaches can originate from extracranial structures like sinuses, eyes, teeth, and ears, or intracranial structures like arteries and dural veins.
- Pathophysiology involves stimulation of nociceptors and transmission of pain signals through small myelinated fibers to the thalamus.
- Classification systems
This document provides information on different types of headaches, including their causes, symptoms, and characteristics. It discusses primary headaches like tension headaches, which most commonly affect women, and migraines, which often affect younger females. It also covers secondary headaches that can result from issues like infections, head injuries, or vascular disorders. Specific headache types like clusters headaches that predominantly impact adolescent males are also outlined. The document details factors like headache location, duration, frequency, and associated symptoms that can provide clues to determining the underlying headache type and cause.
This document discusses different types of headaches. It defines headache and classifies headaches as primary or secondary. The main primary headaches are tension-type headaches, migraines, and cluster headaches. Tension-type headaches are the most common and feel like constant squeezing tightness. Migraines typically affect one side of the head and cause throbbing pain. Cluster headaches cause severe, stabbing pain around the eye and last 15-180 minutes. The document outlines symptoms, causes, diagnostic tests, and treatment for each type of primary headache. Nursing management includes comprehensive assessment, non-pharmacological therapies, avoiding triggers, and educating patients.
The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that almost half of all adults worldwide will experience a headache in any given year. A headache can be a sign of stress or emotional distress, or it can result from a medical disorder, such as migraine or high blood pressure, anxiety, or depression. It can lead to other problems. People with chronic migraine headaches, for example, may find it hard to attend work or school regularly.
Headaches are classified into 12 main types by the International Headache Society. The most common types are migraine, tension, and cluster headaches. Migraines involve severe throbbing pain and symptoms like nausea, sensitivity to light and sound. Tension headaches cause tight, band-like discomfort and are associated with stress and fatigue. Cluster headaches involve intense, unilateral pain around the eye and are characterized by bouts of attacks over weeks or months. Causes of headaches include issues like tumors, infections, hypertension, and eye/ear/nose/throat problems. Treatment depends on the type but may involve medications, oxygen therapy, or stress reduction.
Cluster headaches are extremely painful headaches that occur in cyclical patterns. They are characterized by severe, burning pain around the eye and can be more intense than migraines. Attacks typically last 15-180 minutes and occur multiple times per day during "cluster periods" that can last for weeks or months, followed by remission periods without headaches. The cause of cluster headaches is thought to involve hypothalamic dysfunction that triggers the trigeminal nerve and causes blood vessel dilation, producing the severe pain. Prevention focuses on treatments to suppress attacks and shorten cluster periods since there is no cure.
Clinical Approach to Migraine ward case.pptxDrMSajidNoor
Migraine is a type of headache characterized by recurrent moderate to severe throbbing pain on one side of the head lasting 4-72 hours. It is caused by activation of nerve fibers in brain blood vessels, and common symptoms include light/sound sensitivity, nausea, and vomiting. Risk factors include female sex, family history, depression/anxiety, and certain triggers like hormonal changes, stress, foods, and sleep changes. There are several types of migraine including those with and without aura, as well as menstrual, silent, vestibular, and abdominal migraines. Diagnosis involves history and tests to rule out other causes, while treatment depends on frequency and includes lifestyle changes, medications, and in rare cases surgery.
This document provides an overview of different types of headaches including their classification, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment. It discusses primary headaches such as migraines, tension headaches and cluster headaches. It also covers secondary headaches which are symptomatic of underlying conditions. Key points include migraines affecting 10-15% of the population, being more common in women, and the importance of differentiating between primary and secondary headaches to guide treatment.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the autonomic nervous system. It describes:
1. The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems which work antagonistically to control involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion.
2. The sympathetic nervous system is activated during fight or flight responses and increases heart rate and blood pressure while the parasympathetic nervous system acts to conserve energy and support digestive processes.
3. Both systems use a two-neuron pathway with preganglionic neurons originating in the CNS and synapsing in autonomic ganglia, and postganglionic neurons extending to target organs.
Sensory receptors detect stimuli and transmit data about them to the brain. There are several types of sensory receptors located throughout the body that detect senses like touch, temperature, sound, smell, and taste. Sensory receptors respond to stimuli by generating receptor potentials that trigger action potentials along sensory neurons to the central nervous system. The main types of sensory receptors include mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, and thermoreceptors. Specific receptors like Pacinian corpuscles, Meissner's corpuscles, and Merkel cells are mechanoreceptors in the skin responsible for detecting touch, pressure, and vibration.
The document discusses various physiological changes that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy. It notes increases in the size of organs like the uterus, breasts, and vagina. It also discusses weight gain, increased metabolism and cardiac output, higher blood volume, greater respiration, and changes to the urinary system. The document further explains the conditions of preeclampsia and eclampsia, which involve high blood pressure, protein in the urine, and can potentially lead to seizures.
The document discusses different types of shock including hypovolemic, cardiogenic, distributive, and obstructive shock. It describes the causes, signs, and stages of each type. The main points are:
1) Shock is defined medically as a condition where tissues do not receive enough oxygen and nutrients due to reduced blood flow, which can lead to cellular death and organ failure.
2) The four main types are hypovolemic from blood/fluid loss, cardiogenic from heart issues, distributive from vasodilation, and obstructive from physical blockages.
3) Shock progresses through compensated, progressive, and irreversible stages and causes further deterioration if not treated by restoring blood volume
Neurons are the basic functional units of the nervous system. They are electrically excitable cells that process and transmit information. The basic parts of a neuron include dendrites, which receive inputs; the soma, where the nucleus is located; and the axon, which carries signals to other neurons. Neurons can be classified structurally as unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar, and functionally as sensory, motor, or interneurons. They communicate via synaptic transmission at connections called synapses.
Testosterone's effects occur through binding to androgen receptors or by aromatization to estradiol. It stimulates protein synthesis in target tissues like the prostate. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to secrete LH and FSH, controlling testosterone and sperm production. Negative feedback loops regulate these processes. Abnormalities can include prostate diseases and hypogonadism.
Skeletal muscle is composed of bundles of muscle fibers that contain filaments of actin and myosin. Contraction occurs through a sliding filament mechanism when calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to an action potential, causing the actin and myosin filaments to interact and shorten the muscle. The sarcoplasmic reticulum plays a key role in muscle contraction by storing and releasing calcium ions in response to electrical signals transmitted via the motor nerve.
The male reproductive system produces sperm through the process of spermatogenesis. Sperm develop in the testes through meiosis and undergo maturation as they pass through the epididymis. Mature sperm are stored in the vas deferens until ejaculation. During sexual intercourse, sperm are ejaculated through the urethra along with fluids from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands. The alkaline fluids help activate the sperm. Capacitation allows the sperm to penetrate and fertilize an ovum in the female reproductive tract.
The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function at the cellular, tissue, organ, and system levels. It describes the basic components of the cell including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and lysosomes. It explains their structures, functions in cellular processes like transport and synthesis, and how they allow the cell to survive. The document also discusses how cells combine to form tissues, organs, and organ systems that work together for organism survival.
The document discusses blood groups and the ABO and Rh blood type systems. It explains that blood groups are determined by the presence of antigens on red blood cells and the presence of corresponding antibodies in plasma. The major blood groups are defined by the presence of A antigens, B antigens, both, or neither. The Rh system defines if the RhD antigen is present or absent. Hemolytic disease of the newborn can occur if an Rh- mother has an Rh+ baby due to maternal antibodies attacking the fetal blood cells.
"Complement" describes a system of about 20 proteins, many of which are enzyme precursors. The principal actors in this system are 11 proteins designated C1 through C9, B, and D,
All these are present normally among the plasma proteins in the blood as well as among the proteins that leak out of the capillaries into the tissue spaces.
The enzyme precursors are normally inactive, but they can be activated mainly by the so-called classic pathway.
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and returns carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs. It is composed of four heme groups with iron and globin proteins containing two alpha and two beta chains. Hemoglobin concentration is normally 13.5-18 g/dL in men and 11.5-16 g/dL in women. Polycythemia is a condition with an increased total number of red blood cells and can be primary due to bone marrow abnormalities or secondary due to factors like living at high altitudes.
The document discusses blood groups and the ABO and Rh blood type systems. It explains that blood groups are determined by the presence of antigens on red blood cells and corresponding antibodies in plasma. The major blood groups - A, B, AB, and O - are defined by their antigen and antibody profiles. The Rh system involves the RhD antigen, and Rh disease can occur when an Rh-negative mother is pregnant with an Rh-positive baby. Symptoms in severe cases include anemia, jaundice, enlarged organs and fluid buildup in the fetus or newborn.
The document discusses blood groups and the Rh factor. It explains that blood groups are determined by the presence of antigens on red blood cells and corresponding antibodies in plasma. The main blood groups are A, B, AB, and O. The Rh factor refers to the presence or absence of the RhD antigen. Hemolytic disease of the newborn can occur when a mother is Rh-negative and carries a Rh-positive baby. This can be prevented by Rh immune globulin injections during pregnancy. Symptoms in affected newborns include anemia, jaundice, and organ enlargement.
This document discusses the structure and functions of different types of leukocytes (white blood cells) found in the blood. It describes the characteristics and roles of granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. It also summarizes monocytes, lymphocytes, platelets, and plasma cells - discussing their origins, structures, and functions in the immune system and blood clotting process.
This document discusses the structure and functions of different types of leukocytes (white blood cells) found in the blood. It describes the characteristics and roles of granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. It also summarizes monocytes, lymphocytes, platelets, and plasma cells - discussing their origins, structures, and functions in the immune system and blood clotting process.
The document discusses white blood cells (WBCs), also known as leukocytes. It describes their role in the immune system, where they patrol the body for signs of infection and attack invading germs through processes like phagocytosis. There are different types of WBCs, including granulocytes like neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils, as well as agranulocytes like lymphocytes and monocytes. The document provides details on their functions, mechanisms of action, and importance in fighting disease.
The document discusses red blood cells (erythrocytes), including their shape, size, concentration in blood, lifespan, and production through erythropoiesis in the bone marrow from pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells that differentiate into committed stem cells for specific blood cell types like erythrocytes. Red blood cells are biconcave disks that carry oxygen to tissues via hemoglobin and have an average lifespan of 120 days before being broken down and replaced by new red blood cells constantly produced in the bone marrow.
This document summarizes key aspects of cell physiology:
- Cells are the basic structural and functional units of the body and come in many types like muscle, nerve, and blood cells.
- The cell membrane encloses the cell and regulates what enters and exits. It is made of lipids and proteins arranged in a bilayer.
- Organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes perform specialized functions inside the cell.
- Mitochondria generate energy for cells through cellular respiration. The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus help synthesize and transport proteins and lipids.
More from Dr. Alamzeb Associate professor ,HOD Physiology Saidu Medical College saidu Sharif Swat Pakistan (20)
2. Headache (Cephalgia)
• Is a condition of pain in the head; neck or
upper back pain may also be interpreted
as a headache.
• Headaches are a type of pain referred to
the surface of the head from deep head
structures.
• Some headaches result from pain stimuli
arising inside the cranium, but others result
from pain arising outside the cranium, such
as from the nasal sinuses.
• It ranks amongst the most common local
pain complaints.
• majority of headaches are benign and self-
limiting.
3. Common causes are
• Tension,
• Migraine,
• Eye strain,
• Dehydration
• and sinusitis.
• Much rarer are headaches due to life-threatening
conditions such as
• Meningitis,
• Encephalitis,
• Cerebral aneurysms,
• and brain tumors.
• When the headache occurs in conjunction with a
head injury the cause is usually quite evident.
4. Pain-Sensitive Areas in Cranial Vault.
• The brain tissues themselves are almost totally
insensitive to pain. Even cutting or electrically
stimulating
• Tugging on the venous sinuses around the
brain, or stretching the dura at the base of the
brain can cause intense pain that is recognized
as headache.
• Also any type of traumatizing, crushing, or
stretching stimulus to the blood vessels of the
meninges can cause headache.
• Especially sensitive structure is the middle
meningeal artery,
5. Areas of Referred Headache
• Stimulation of pain receptors in
the cerebral vault above the
tentorium, including the upper
surface of the tentorium itself,
initiates pain impulses in the
fifth nerve and, causes
referred headache to the front
half of the head in the surface
areas supplied by this
• pain impulses from beneath
the tentorium enter the central
nervous system through the
glossopharyngeal, vagal, and
second cervical nerves, which
also supply the scalp above,
behind, and slightly below the
ear.
• Subtentorial pain stimuli cause
"occipital headache" referred
to the posterior part of the
head
6.
7. • Types
• There are five types of headache:
• vascular,
• Myogenic (muscle tension),
• Cervicogenic,
• Traction,
• Inflammatory.
• Muscular/myogenic headaches appear to
involve the tightening or tensing of facial and
neck muscles; they may radiate to the
forehead.
• Tension headache is the most common form of
myogenic headache.
8. •
Vascular
1. The most common type of vascular
headache is migraine.
2. After migraine, the most common type
of vascular headache is the "toxic"
headache produced by fever.
3. headaches resulting from high blood
pressure (rare).
9. Cervicogenic headaches
• Originate from disorders of the neck,
including the anatomical structures
innervated by the cervical roots C1–C3.
• Cervical headache is often precipitated
by neck movement and/or sustained
awkward head positioning.
10. • Specific types of headaches include:
• Tension headache
• Migraine
• "Brain freeze" (also known as: ice cream headache)
• Thunderclap headache
• Toxic headache
• Coital cephalalgia (also known as: sex headache)
• Sinus headache
• Rebound headache (also called medication overuse
headache, abbreviated MOH)
• Red Wine Headache
• Like other types of pain, headaches can serve as
warning signals of more serious disorders. This is
particularly true for headaches caused by
inflammation, including those related to meningitis
11. What is a migraine headache?
• A migraine headache is a severe pain felt on one,
and sometimes, both sides of the head. The pain is
mostly in the front around the temples or behind one
eye or ear. Besides pain, there is nausea and
vomiting, and be very sensitive to light and sound.
• Migraine can occur any time of the day, though it
often starts in the morning. The pain can last a few
hours or up to one or two days.
• Causes of migraine headaches, are not known but
some things are more common in people who have
them.
• ages of 15 and 55.
• family history of migraine.
• They are more common in women.
12. causes migraine?
• One cause of migraine is the blood flow theory.
• Blood vessels either narrow or expand.
• Narrowing can constrict blood flow, causing problems with sight or
dizziness.
• When the blood vessels expand, they press on nerves nearby, which
causes pain.
• Another theory focuses on chemical changes in the brain. When
chemicals in the brain that send messages from one cell to another,
including the messages to blood vessels to get narrow or expand, are
interrupted, migraines can occur.
• Most migraines are not caused by a single factor or event.
• Many women with migraine tend to have attacks brought on by:
• lack of food or sleep
• bright light or loud noise
• hormone changes during the menstrual cycle
• stress and anxiety
• weather changes
• chocolate, alcohol, or nicotine
13. Classic Migraine
• With a classic migraine, a person has these visual
symptoms (also called an “aura”) 10 to 30 minutes
before an attack:
• sees flashing lights or zigzag lines
• has blind spots or loses vision for a short time
• The aura can include seeing or hearing strange things. It
can even disturb the senses of smell, taste, or touch.
Women have this form of migraine less often than men.
• Common migraine. With a common migraine, a person
does not have an aura, but does have the other migraine
symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting
14. Menstrual cycle & migraine
• More than half of women with migraine have
more headaches around or during their
menstrual cycle. This is often called “menstrual
migraine.
• Just before the cycle begins, levels of the female
hormones, estrogen and progesterone, sharply
go down. This drop in hormones may trigger a
migraine, because estrogen controls chemicals
in the brain that affect a woman’s pain
sensation.
15. Headache of Meningitis.
• Most severe headaches of all is that
resulting from meningitis, which causes
inflammation of all the meninges, including
the sensitive areas of the dura and the
sensitive areas around the venous
sinuses. Such intense damage can cause
extreme headache pain referred over the
entire head.
16. Headache Caused by Low Cerebrospinal
Fluid Pressure.
• Removing as little as 20 milliliters of fluid
from the spinal canal, causes intense
intracranial headache.
17. Alcoholic Headache.
• As many people have experienced, a
headache usually follows an alcoholic
binge. It is most likely that alcohol,
because it is toxic to tissues, directly
irritates the meninges and causes the
intracranial pain.
18. Headache Caused by Constipation.
• Constipation causes headache in many
people. result from absorbed toxic
products
19. Extracranial Types of Headache
• Headache Resulting from Muscle
Spasm. Emotional tension often causes
many of the muscles of the head, spastic,
and is one of the common causes of
headache.
20. Headache Caused by Eye Disorders.
• Difficulty in focusing one's eyes clearly may
cause excessive contraction of the eye ciliary
muscles in an attempt to gain clear vision. cause
retro-orbital headache.
• when the eyes are exposed to excessive
irradiation by light rays, especially ultraviolet
light. Looking at the sun or the arc of an arc-
welder for even a few seconds may result in
headache that lasts from 24 to 48 hours.
21. Sinus headache
• There are several paired paranasal sinuses,
including the frontal, ethmoid, maxillary and
sphenoid sinuses.
22. • Maxillary sinusitis
• cause pain or pressure in the maxillary
(cheek) area (e.g., toothache, headache)
23. • Frontal sinusitis - can cause pain or
pressure in the frontal sinus cavity
(located behind/above eyes), headache
25. Sphenoid sinusitis
• - can cause pain or pressure behind the
eyes, but often refers to the vertex of the
head.
26. Tension headaches
• Renamed tension-type headaches by the
International Headache Society in 1988, are
the most common type of primary
headaches.
• The pain can radiate from the neck, back,
eyes, or other muscle groups in the body.
• Tension-type headaches account for nearly
90% of all headaches.
• Approximately 3% of population suffers
from chronic-tension type headache.
27. Frequency and duration
• Tension-type headaches can be episodic or
chronic.
• Episodic tension-type headaches are defined as
tension-type headaches occurring less than 15
days a month, whereas chronic tension
headaches occur 15 days or more a month for at
least 6 months.
• Tension-type headaches can last from minutes
to days or even months, though a typical tension
headache lasts 4-6 hours.
28. Cause and pathophysiology
• The exact cause of tension-type headaches is still
unknown.
• It is suggested that abnormalities in the peripheral and
central nervous systems may be involved in the
pathophysiology of TTH.
• It has long been believed that they are caused by muscle
tension around the head and neck and the restriction of
blood flow to those areas as a result, the cause of which is
in often the presence of an unresolved subconscious
emotional conflict and anxiety.
• One of the theories says that the main cause for tension
type headaches is teeth clenching which causes a chronic
contraction of the temporalis muscle.
29. Pain and possible symptoms
• Tension-type headache pain is often
described as a constant pressure,
• The pain is frequently bilateral which
means it is present on both sides of the
head at once. Tension-type headache
pain is typically mild to moderate, but may
be severe. In contrast to migrain the pain
does not increase during exercise.
30. • Another theory is that the pain may be caused by a
malfunctioning pain filter which is located in the brain
stem.
• The view is that the brain misinterprets information, for
example from the temporal muscle or other muscles,
and interprets this signal as pain.
• One of the main molecules which is probably involved is
serotonin.
• Evidence for this theory comes from the fact that chronic
tension-type headaches may be successfully treated
with certain antidepressants such as amitriptyline.
31. Toxic headache
• A toxic headache is the least common type
of vascular headache that usually comes
from a fever from acute illnesses such as
measles, mumps, pneumonia and tonsillitis.
• Common hazards in our environment also
cause toxic headaches with exposure.
• These include chemicals, fumes, pollution,
allergens and other health hazards.
• A chemical factor from the outside or inside
of body can result in a toxic headache.