Headaches can result from a wide variety of causes and there are over 200 types. They are generally classified as either primary or secondary headaches. Primary headaches like migraines and tension-type headaches usually have no underlying medical cause, while secondary headaches are caused by problems in the head or neck like infections, injuries, or tumors. Treatment depends on the type and cause of the headache, and may include lifestyle changes, medications, and treating any underlying medical conditions.

1. HEADACHE OR CEPHALALGIA

2. GROUP 6 :
1. BRAHMANDA DAIVA (15700157)
2. VIRSA VARISA FEBRIYANTI (15700095)
3. ROSLINTIA AZ – ZAHRA (15700081)
4. NI NYM TRI ANGGASTUTI (15700089)
5. FEBBY YESITA KUMILA ( 15700151)
6. DEO APRINGGA AYU NANTA (15700083)

3. CEPHALALGIA
A headache or cephalalgia is pain anywhere in
the region of the head or neck. It can be a symptom of
a number of different conditions of the head and neck.
Headaches can result from a wide range of
causes both benign and more serious. Brain tissue
itself is not sensitive to pain as it lacks pain receptors.
Rather, the pain is caused by disturbance of the pain-
sensitive structures around the brain. Nine areas of
the head and neck have these pain-sensitive
structures, which are the cranium (the periosteum of
the skull), muscles, nerves, arteries and veins,
subcutaneous tissues, eyes, ears, sinuses and
mucous membranes

4. TYPES AND CAUSES
There are more than 200 types of
headaches. Some are harmless and some are
life-threatening. The description of the headache
and findings on neurological examination,
determine whether additional tests are needed
and what treatment is best.

5.  1. Primary headaches
 90% of all headaches are primary headaches.
Primary headaches usually first start when people
are between 20 and 40 years old . The most
common types of primary headaches are migraines
and tension-type headaches. They have different
characteristics. Migraines typically present with
pulsing head pain, nausea, photophobia (sensitivity
to light) and phonophobia (sensitivity to sound).
Tension-type headaches usually present with non-
pulsing "bandlike" pressure on both sides of the
head, not accompanied by other symptoms.

6. Primary headaches can occur when pain-sensitive
structures in the head do not work properly.

7.  2. Secondary headaches
 Headaches may be caused by problems elsewhere
in the head or neck. Some of these are not harmful,
such as cervicogenic headache (pain arising from
the neck muscles). Medication overuse headache
may occur in those using excessive painkillers for
headaches, paradoxically causing worsening
headaches.

8. In addition to those two examples, the following list
should serve to illustrate the variety of different conditions
that can cause secondary headaches:
 Blood clots
 Brain freeze (ice cream headaches)
 Carbon monoxide poisoning
 Concussion
 Dehydration
 Glaucoma
 Influenza
 Overuse of pain medication (rebound headaches)
 Panic attacks
 Stroke.

9. Secondary headaches can be the result of serious
conditions such as stroke, but can equally be a
consequence of eating cold food too quickly.

10. TREATMENT
 1. Migraines
 Migraine can be somewhat improved by lifestyle changes,
but most people require medicines to control their
symptoms. Medications are either to prevent getting
migraines, or to reduce symptoms once a migraine starts.
 Preventive medications are generally recommended when
people have more than four attacks of migraine per month,
headaches last longer than 12 hours or the headaches are
very disabling. Possible therapies include beta blockers,
antidepressants, anticonvulsants and NSAIDS.The type of
preventive medicine is usually chosen based on the other
symptoms the person has. For example, if the person also
has depression, an antidepressant is a good choice.

11.  2. Tension-type headaches
 Tension-type headaches can usually be managed with
NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen), acetaminophen or aspirin.
Triptans are not helpful in tension-type headaches unless
the person also has migraines. For chronic tension type
headaches, amitriptyline is the only medication proven to
help. Amitriptyline is a medication which treats
depression and also independently treats pain. It works
by blocking the reuptake of serotonin and
norepinephrine, and also reduces muscle tenderness by
a separate mechanism. Studies evaluating acupuncture
for tension-type headaches have been mixed. Overall,
they show that acupuncture is probably not helpful for
tension-type headaches.

12.  3. Cluster headaches
 Abortive therapy for cluster headaches include
subcutaneous sumatriptan (injected under the skin)
or triptan nasal sprays. High flow oxygen therapy
also helps with relief.
 For people with extended periods with cluster
headaches, preventive therapy can be necessary.
Verapamil is recommended as first line treatment.
Lithium can also be useful. For people with shorter
bouts, a short course of prednisone (10 days) can be
helpful. Ergotamine is useful if given 1–2 hours
before an attack. See cluster headaches for more
detailed information.

13.  4. Secondary headaches
 Treatment of secondary headaches involves treating
the underlying cause. For example, a person with
meningitis will require antibiotics. A person with a
brain tumor may require surgery, chemotherapy
and/or brain radiation.

14. REFERENCES :
 Brown, M.R. (1951). "The classification and
treatment of headache". Medical Clinics of North
America 35 (5): 1485–93. PMID 14862569.
 Ad Hoc Committee on Classification of
Headache (1962). "Classification of Headache".
JAMA 179 (9): 717–8.
doi:10.1001/jama.1962.03050090045008.

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