This document outlines an agenda for a training workshop on pharmaceutical development with a focus on paediatric formulations being held from October 15-19, 2007 in Tallinn, Estonia. The workshop will cover various topics including pre-formulation analytical studies, stress testing APIs, the impact of impurities on API specifications, excipient compatibility studies, degradation pathways, and the role of API processing in product instability. The goal is to discuss how preformulation studies influence key decisions in API and drug product development and support establishing appropriate container closure systems and analytical methods.
Impurity profiling and degradent characterization {presented by shameer m.pha...ShameerAbid
these slides discuss
Impurity profiling
Degradation characterization
Stability testing & Accelerated stability testing (ICH)
Evaluation of the test (shelf life)
analytical method development
ICH vs USP definition
methods for identification
method for the isolation of the impurity
factors affecting the degradation of formulation
What is degradation characterization
general protocol of degradation conditions used for drug substance and drug product
Degradation conditions
Stress testing
Container closure system
The document discusses ICH stability testing guidelines for drug substances and products, outlining the types of studies required including long term, intermediate, and accelerated studies under various storage conditions. Key aspects that are evaluated include physical, chemical, and microbial changes that may occur over time and factors that influence stability such as temperature, humidity, and light exposure. The purpose of stability testing is to establish a product's shelf life and ensure it remains safe and effective when stored as recommended.
This document discusses stability studies and drug kinetics. It defines stability as how a product maintains its quality over time. Stability testing is used to determine shelf life, recommended storage conditions, and container suitability. Kinetics deals with the rates of chemical reactions and processes. The order of a reaction determines how concentration influences the reaction rate. Common orders seen in drug degradation are zero order (rate is constant), first order (rate depends on concentration of one reactant), and second order (rate depends on concentrations of two reactants). Understanding reaction kinetics helps predict degradation over time and ensure drug quality.
This document summarizes guidelines for stability testing of biotechnological and biological products. It discusses factors that can affect stability, including temperature, humidity, light and container materials. The guidelines specify conducting real-time stability studies at the proposed storage temperature and testing potency, purity and degradation over time. Manufacturers must propose a stability-indicating profile and validate methods to detect any changes to the identity, purity or potency of the product.
Forced degradation studies for drug substances and drug products a regulator...Veeprho Laboratories
Introduction –
Various regulatory guidance are available which provides useful definitions and general comments about degradation studies. However, guidance concerning the scope, timing, degradation condition and best practices for degradation studies is very general. Various issues related to stress testing are addressed in numerous guidance documents but not always in the context of stress testing. Therefore, stress-testing conditions should be realistic and not excessive.
The forced degradation studies are also expected -
1. Structure elucidation of possible degradation path-ways.
2. Identification of degradation products that may be spontaneously generated during drug storage and during use.
3. To facilitate improvements in the manufacturing process and formulations in parallel with accelerated pharmaceutical stability studies.
it provide a brief note on the drug excipient interaction and various technique to find it which is a part of preformulation studies. it gives help to mpharm(pharmaceutics) students. i.
Stability Indicating HPLC Method Development A Reviewijtsrd
High performance liquid chromatography HPLC is an essential analytical tool for evaluating drug stability. HPLC methods must be able to isolate, detect, and quantify drug related degradation products that may form during storage or production, and identify drug related impurities that may form during synthesis. .. This article describes strategies and challenges for designing HPLC methods to demonstrate drug stability. It will deepen our understanding of drugs and medicinal chemistry and demonstrate advances in stability that reflect an analytical approach. Several important chromatographic parameters were investigated to improve the detection of potentially related degradants. It is necessary to find suitable solvent and mobile phase samples that provide sufficient stability and compatibility with each component and potential impurities and degradants. This method should be carefully considered as it has the ability to distinguish between primary and secondary decomposers. The study of forced destruction of chemicals and new drugs is essential for the development and characterization of these immobilization methods. Practical guidance is provided at each stage of drug development to develop a forced disposal protocol and avoid common issues that might impede data interpretation. Suraj Nagwanshi | Smita Aher | Rishikesh Bachhav "Stability Indicating HPLC Method Development - A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46310.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/46310/stability-indicating-hplc-method-development--a-review/suraj-nagwanshi
This document provides an overview of the ICH Q1A(R2) guideline for stability testing of new drug substances and products. The guideline defines the stability data package required for drug registration in major regions. It addresses testing timelines and conditions for long term, intermediate, and accelerated studies on at least three batches of drug substance and product. The goal is to establish a re-test period or shelf life and recommended storage conditions. Specifications must cover attributes susceptible to change that could impact quality, safety or efficacy. The guideline provides detailed recommendations for testing frequency, storage conditions, and evaluation of results.
Impurity profiling and degradent characterization {presented by shameer m.pha...ShameerAbid
these slides discuss
Impurity profiling
Degradation characterization
Stability testing & Accelerated stability testing (ICH)
Evaluation of the test (shelf life)
analytical method development
ICH vs USP definition
methods for identification
method for the isolation of the impurity
factors affecting the degradation of formulation
What is degradation characterization
general protocol of degradation conditions used for drug substance and drug product
Degradation conditions
Stress testing
Container closure system
The document discusses ICH stability testing guidelines for drug substances and products, outlining the types of studies required including long term, intermediate, and accelerated studies under various storage conditions. Key aspects that are evaluated include physical, chemical, and microbial changes that may occur over time and factors that influence stability such as temperature, humidity, and light exposure. The purpose of stability testing is to establish a product's shelf life and ensure it remains safe and effective when stored as recommended.
This document discusses stability studies and drug kinetics. It defines stability as how a product maintains its quality over time. Stability testing is used to determine shelf life, recommended storage conditions, and container suitability. Kinetics deals with the rates of chemical reactions and processes. The order of a reaction determines how concentration influences the reaction rate. Common orders seen in drug degradation are zero order (rate is constant), first order (rate depends on concentration of one reactant), and second order (rate depends on concentrations of two reactants). Understanding reaction kinetics helps predict degradation over time and ensure drug quality.
This document summarizes guidelines for stability testing of biotechnological and biological products. It discusses factors that can affect stability, including temperature, humidity, light and container materials. The guidelines specify conducting real-time stability studies at the proposed storage temperature and testing potency, purity and degradation over time. Manufacturers must propose a stability-indicating profile and validate methods to detect any changes to the identity, purity or potency of the product.
Forced degradation studies for drug substances and drug products a regulator...Veeprho Laboratories
Introduction –
Various regulatory guidance are available which provides useful definitions and general comments about degradation studies. However, guidance concerning the scope, timing, degradation condition and best practices for degradation studies is very general. Various issues related to stress testing are addressed in numerous guidance documents but not always in the context of stress testing. Therefore, stress-testing conditions should be realistic and not excessive.
The forced degradation studies are also expected -
1. Structure elucidation of possible degradation path-ways.
2. Identification of degradation products that may be spontaneously generated during drug storage and during use.
3. To facilitate improvements in the manufacturing process and formulations in parallel with accelerated pharmaceutical stability studies.
it provide a brief note on the drug excipient interaction and various technique to find it which is a part of preformulation studies. it gives help to mpharm(pharmaceutics) students. i.
Stability Indicating HPLC Method Development A Reviewijtsrd
High performance liquid chromatography HPLC is an essential analytical tool for evaluating drug stability. HPLC methods must be able to isolate, detect, and quantify drug related degradation products that may form during storage or production, and identify drug related impurities that may form during synthesis. .. This article describes strategies and challenges for designing HPLC methods to demonstrate drug stability. It will deepen our understanding of drugs and medicinal chemistry and demonstrate advances in stability that reflect an analytical approach. Several important chromatographic parameters were investigated to improve the detection of potentially related degradants. It is necessary to find suitable solvent and mobile phase samples that provide sufficient stability and compatibility with each component and potential impurities and degradants. This method should be carefully considered as it has the ability to distinguish between primary and secondary decomposers. The study of forced destruction of chemicals and new drugs is essential for the development and characterization of these immobilization methods. Practical guidance is provided at each stage of drug development to develop a forced disposal protocol and avoid common issues that might impede data interpretation. Suraj Nagwanshi | Smita Aher | Rishikesh Bachhav "Stability Indicating HPLC Method Development - A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46310.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/46310/stability-indicating-hplc-method-development--a-review/suraj-nagwanshi
This document provides an overview of the ICH Q1A(R2) guideline for stability testing of new drug substances and products. The guideline defines the stability data package required for drug registration in major regions. It addresses testing timelines and conditions for long term, intermediate, and accelerated studies on at least three batches of drug substance and product. The goal is to establish a re-test period or shelf life and recommended storage conditions. Specifications must cover attributes susceptible to change that could impact quality, safety or efficacy. The guideline provides detailed recommendations for testing frequency, storage conditions, and evaluation of results.
This document discusses guidelines from the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) for stability testing of drug substances and products. It provides guidance on topics such as the need for harmonized stability testing, types of stability testing, selection of batches and storage conditions for testing, and evaluation of stability data. The guidelines aim to establish a systematic approach to stability testing to ensure quality, safety and efficacy over a product's shelf life and recommend conditions for testing drug substances intended for various storage conditions.
Comparison of stability testing requirements of ich with otherJun Brown
Stability plays an important role in the drug development process. Present work aims to compare the stability
testing (ST) requirements of International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) with other international regulatory
agencies like World Health Organization (WHO), Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and
European Agency for Evaluation of Medicinal and Health Products (EMEA). ICH guidelines describe stability
testing requirements for new drug substance and drug product. WHO guidelines describe stability testing
requirements for both new and existing Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and addresses information
to be submitted in original and subsequent applications for marketing authorization of their related Finished
pharmaceutical products (FPP) for human use. ST requirements for WHO are similar, except for the parameters
like selection of batches and storage conditions. WHO guidelines have an additional requirement for long term
storage condition (general case) and accelerated storage conditions (substance/product intended to be stored
in refrigerator). ASEAN guideline mainly focuses on the requirements for stability testing of drug products along
with new chemical entities (NCE’s). The differences were observed in stress testing, selection of batches and
real time storage conditions. EMEA guidelines discussed here are an extension of the note for guidance on
stability testing requirements for new active substance and related products. It sets out the stability testing
requirements for existing active substance and related finished product. The minimum time period to be covered
by data at the time of submission during long term storage conditions differs from ICH guidelines.
Stability protocols for different dosage forms by sachin jainManish Kumar
This document discusses stability protocols for different dosage forms. It provides an overview of stability testing and definitions. It describes stability testing protocols for APIs and discusses the factors considered for different dosage forms like tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions and more. Testing timepoints and storage conditions are outlined. The document emphasizes the importance of formal stability studies in establishing a retest date or product shelf life.
This document discusses guidelines for stability testing of pharmaceuticals according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). It describes the ICH guidelines for stability testing, including stability protocols, reports, and studies. The key points covered include stability testing procedures, factors affecting drug stability, types of stability studies, and organizations that regulate stability guidelines such as the ICH.
The document provides an overview of stability testing during product development. It discusses the importance of stability testing to ensure product quality and safety over the shelf life. Various methods of stability testing are described, including real-time, accelerated, and retained sample testing. Guidelines for stability testing from ICH, WHO, and other agencies are also covered. The document outlines the key aspects of a stability testing protocol, including batches, containers, storage conditions, sampling plan, test parameters, and acceptance criteria. It provides details on conducting, recording, and presenting stability testing data.
Stability testing is used to provide evidence of how the quality of a drug substance or product varies over time under environmental conditions like temperature, humidity, and light. Guidelines provide recommendations on conducting stability tests including storing samples under long-term, intermediate, and accelerated conditions and specifying the testing frequency. Stability tests evaluate attributes of the drug substance or product that may change during storage. The results are used to establish a retest period to ensure the stated quality of the substance or product through the expiration date.
The document discusses guidelines for stability testing from the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH). It provides an overview of several ICH guidelines related to stability testing of drug substances and products, including guidelines on photostability testing, new dosage forms, bracketing and matrixing designs, and evaluation of stability data. It also summarizes key aspects of conducting stability studies such as selecting representative batches, appropriate container closure systems, testing frequency and storage conditions, and evaluation of results. Stress testing is discussed as a way to validate analytical methods and identify potential degradants.
Photostability testing is performed to evaluate the stability of drug substances and products when exposed to light. It aims to identify necessary precautions to prevent unacceptable changes during manufacturing, formulation, or shelf life. The document discusses factors influencing photostability and provides examples. It outlines the process for photostability testing of both drug substances and products according to ICH guidelines, including presentation of samples, analysis, and judgement of results. Challenges in testing and solutions to ensure accurate light measurements and tight environmental control are also reviewed.
Stability protocols for different dosage forms by sachin jainSachin Sharma
The document discusses stability protocols for different dosage forms. It provides an overview of stability testing and defines key terms like stability, re-test date, and shelf life. It also outlines the various stages of drug development that require stability testing from discovery to post-approval. Specific stability protocols are discussed for active pharmaceutical ingredients and different dosage forms like tablets, capsules, and solutions. The conclusion emphasizes that stability studies must be planned based on pharmaceutical research and regulatory guidelines.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF STABILITY INDICATING RP-HPLC METHOD FOR ESTIMAT...Earthjournal Publisher
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF STABILITY INDICATING RP-HPLC METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF TERCONAZOLE
Gandhi Santosh V , Phalke Truprti R, Chaudhari Atul P
IRO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2018, 1(1):14-19.
PDF
This document provides an overview of ICH guidelines for stability studies. It discusses guidelines Q1A-Q1F which provide recommendations for conducting stability testing of new drug substances and products. The guidelines address objectives, scope, general principles and recommendations for testing parameters, storage conditions, batch selection, specification setting and evaluation of stability data. Bracketing and matrixing designs are also covered as approaches to reduce the number of stability test samples required.
A presentation on regulatory guidelines for photostability testingzaartab
This document provides guidelines for photostability testing of drug substances and products according to ICH regulations. It discusses the purpose of photostability testing to evaluate a drug's sensitivity to light and ensure stability. Testing involves exposing samples to light sources and analyzing degradation over time. For drug substances, forced degradation tests evaluate photosensitivity while confirmatory tests provide handling and packaging information. For drug products, sequential tests progress until adequate light protection is demonstrated. The goal is to identify necessary precautions and ensure stability through appropriate packaging and labeling.
The document discusses planning and reporting of stability studies for pharmaceutical products. It provides definitions of key terms from ICH guidelines related to stability testing of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and finished pharmaceutical products (FPPs). Specifically, it defines terms like re-test date, shelf life, formal stability studies, stress testing, primary and commitment batches, and more. It also discusses requirements for stability protocols and reports, including details of batches tested, storage conditions, analytical methods used, and results. Forced degradation studies aim to identify potential degradation pathways and validate stability-indicating methods.
Preformulation studies characterize the physical and chemical properties of drug substances to aid in developing stable, safe, and effective drug formulations with high bioavailability. Key aspects of preformulation studies include characterizing the bulk properties, solubility, and stability of drugs. This involves investigating properties like crystallinity, polymorphism, particle size, density, and how these properties influence solubility, stability, and bioavailability when formulated into drug products. The goal is to obtain information early in development to guide decisions around formulation components, manufacturing processes, analytical methods, and dosage forms.
This document discusses regulatory aspects of stability testing in Europe. It provides an overview of the objectives and requirements for stability testing of pharmaceutical ingredients and products containing them. The key points are:
1) Stability testing aims to establish appropriate storage conditions and shelf lives by evaluating how quality varies over time under different environmental factors like temperature, humidity, and light.
2) Testing is required for both active ingredients and finished products to justify storage conditions, retest periods, and shelf lives. It involves evaluating physical, chemical, microbial, and other changes over time under various conditions.
3) Guidelines from the European CPMP and ICH specify design, conduct, evaluation, and reporting of stability studies to support regulatory submissions in
This document discusses stability studies for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and finished pharmaceutical products (FPPs). It covers topics like applicable guidelines, definitions, stability protocols and reports, stability testing of APIs and FPPs, evaluation of results, and conclusions. Key points include the types of batches tested in stability studies, parameters analyzed, acceptance criteria for significant changes, and guidelines for evaluating stability study results to determine a retest period or shelf life.
This document discusses simulation as a teaching strategy in nursing education. It defines simulation as replicating real situations to provide guided learning experiences. Simulation allows students to learn by doing in realistic environments. Debriefing after simulations is important for reflection and learning. The document outlines different types of simulations from computer-based to full-body mannequin to standardized patients. Higher fidelity simulations using mannequins provide more interactive and realistic learning experiences. Simulation aligns well with experiential learning theory and helps students apply concepts from concrete experiences.
This document summarizes a training workshop on pharmaceutical development with a focus on pediatric formulations. It discusses considerations for pharmaceutical packaging for pediatric medicines, including choosing the most appropriate primary package, regulatory requirements, and packaging development. Specific topics covered include the roles of packaging, barrier properties of packaging, bottles and closures, blister packs, extractables and leachables testing, and packaging design through product launch.
This document discusses guidelines from the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) for stability testing of drug substances and products. It provides guidance on topics such as the need for harmonized stability testing, types of stability testing, selection of batches and storage conditions for testing, and evaluation of stability data. The guidelines aim to establish a systematic approach to stability testing to ensure quality, safety and efficacy over a product's shelf life and recommend conditions for testing drug substances intended for various storage conditions.
Comparison of stability testing requirements of ich with otherJun Brown
Stability plays an important role in the drug development process. Present work aims to compare the stability
testing (ST) requirements of International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) with other international regulatory
agencies like World Health Organization (WHO), Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and
European Agency for Evaluation of Medicinal and Health Products (EMEA). ICH guidelines describe stability
testing requirements for new drug substance and drug product. WHO guidelines describe stability testing
requirements for both new and existing Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and addresses information
to be submitted in original and subsequent applications for marketing authorization of their related Finished
pharmaceutical products (FPP) for human use. ST requirements for WHO are similar, except for the parameters
like selection of batches and storage conditions. WHO guidelines have an additional requirement for long term
storage condition (general case) and accelerated storage conditions (substance/product intended to be stored
in refrigerator). ASEAN guideline mainly focuses on the requirements for stability testing of drug products along
with new chemical entities (NCE’s). The differences were observed in stress testing, selection of batches and
real time storage conditions. EMEA guidelines discussed here are an extension of the note for guidance on
stability testing requirements for new active substance and related products. It sets out the stability testing
requirements for existing active substance and related finished product. The minimum time period to be covered
by data at the time of submission during long term storage conditions differs from ICH guidelines.
Stability protocols for different dosage forms by sachin jainManish Kumar
This document discusses stability protocols for different dosage forms. It provides an overview of stability testing and definitions. It describes stability testing protocols for APIs and discusses the factors considered for different dosage forms like tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions and more. Testing timepoints and storage conditions are outlined. The document emphasizes the importance of formal stability studies in establishing a retest date or product shelf life.
This document discusses guidelines for stability testing of pharmaceuticals according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). It describes the ICH guidelines for stability testing, including stability protocols, reports, and studies. The key points covered include stability testing procedures, factors affecting drug stability, types of stability studies, and organizations that regulate stability guidelines such as the ICH.
The document provides an overview of stability testing during product development. It discusses the importance of stability testing to ensure product quality and safety over the shelf life. Various methods of stability testing are described, including real-time, accelerated, and retained sample testing. Guidelines for stability testing from ICH, WHO, and other agencies are also covered. The document outlines the key aspects of a stability testing protocol, including batches, containers, storage conditions, sampling plan, test parameters, and acceptance criteria. It provides details on conducting, recording, and presenting stability testing data.
Stability testing is used to provide evidence of how the quality of a drug substance or product varies over time under environmental conditions like temperature, humidity, and light. Guidelines provide recommendations on conducting stability tests including storing samples under long-term, intermediate, and accelerated conditions and specifying the testing frequency. Stability tests evaluate attributes of the drug substance or product that may change during storage. The results are used to establish a retest period to ensure the stated quality of the substance or product through the expiration date.
The document discusses guidelines for stability testing from the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH). It provides an overview of several ICH guidelines related to stability testing of drug substances and products, including guidelines on photostability testing, new dosage forms, bracketing and matrixing designs, and evaluation of stability data. It also summarizes key aspects of conducting stability studies such as selecting representative batches, appropriate container closure systems, testing frequency and storage conditions, and evaluation of results. Stress testing is discussed as a way to validate analytical methods and identify potential degradants.
Photostability testing is performed to evaluate the stability of drug substances and products when exposed to light. It aims to identify necessary precautions to prevent unacceptable changes during manufacturing, formulation, or shelf life. The document discusses factors influencing photostability and provides examples. It outlines the process for photostability testing of both drug substances and products according to ICH guidelines, including presentation of samples, analysis, and judgement of results. Challenges in testing and solutions to ensure accurate light measurements and tight environmental control are also reviewed.
Stability protocols for different dosage forms by sachin jainSachin Sharma
The document discusses stability protocols for different dosage forms. It provides an overview of stability testing and defines key terms like stability, re-test date, and shelf life. It also outlines the various stages of drug development that require stability testing from discovery to post-approval. Specific stability protocols are discussed for active pharmaceutical ingredients and different dosage forms like tablets, capsules, and solutions. The conclusion emphasizes that stability studies must be planned based on pharmaceutical research and regulatory guidelines.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF STABILITY INDICATING RP-HPLC METHOD FOR ESTIMAT...Earthjournal Publisher
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF STABILITY INDICATING RP-HPLC METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF TERCONAZOLE
Gandhi Santosh V , Phalke Truprti R, Chaudhari Atul P
IRO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2018, 1(1):14-19.
PDF
This document provides an overview of ICH guidelines for stability studies. It discusses guidelines Q1A-Q1F which provide recommendations for conducting stability testing of new drug substances and products. The guidelines address objectives, scope, general principles and recommendations for testing parameters, storage conditions, batch selection, specification setting and evaluation of stability data. Bracketing and matrixing designs are also covered as approaches to reduce the number of stability test samples required.
A presentation on regulatory guidelines for photostability testingzaartab
This document provides guidelines for photostability testing of drug substances and products according to ICH regulations. It discusses the purpose of photostability testing to evaluate a drug's sensitivity to light and ensure stability. Testing involves exposing samples to light sources and analyzing degradation over time. For drug substances, forced degradation tests evaluate photosensitivity while confirmatory tests provide handling and packaging information. For drug products, sequential tests progress until adequate light protection is demonstrated. The goal is to identify necessary precautions and ensure stability through appropriate packaging and labeling.
The document discusses planning and reporting of stability studies for pharmaceutical products. It provides definitions of key terms from ICH guidelines related to stability testing of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and finished pharmaceutical products (FPPs). Specifically, it defines terms like re-test date, shelf life, formal stability studies, stress testing, primary and commitment batches, and more. It also discusses requirements for stability protocols and reports, including details of batches tested, storage conditions, analytical methods used, and results. Forced degradation studies aim to identify potential degradation pathways and validate stability-indicating methods.
Preformulation studies characterize the physical and chemical properties of drug substances to aid in developing stable, safe, and effective drug formulations with high bioavailability. Key aspects of preformulation studies include characterizing the bulk properties, solubility, and stability of drugs. This involves investigating properties like crystallinity, polymorphism, particle size, density, and how these properties influence solubility, stability, and bioavailability when formulated into drug products. The goal is to obtain information early in development to guide decisions around formulation components, manufacturing processes, analytical methods, and dosage forms.
This document discusses regulatory aspects of stability testing in Europe. It provides an overview of the objectives and requirements for stability testing of pharmaceutical ingredients and products containing them. The key points are:
1) Stability testing aims to establish appropriate storage conditions and shelf lives by evaluating how quality varies over time under different environmental factors like temperature, humidity, and light.
2) Testing is required for both active ingredients and finished products to justify storage conditions, retest periods, and shelf lives. It involves evaluating physical, chemical, microbial, and other changes over time under various conditions.
3) Guidelines from the European CPMP and ICH specify design, conduct, evaluation, and reporting of stability studies to support regulatory submissions in
This document discusses stability studies for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and finished pharmaceutical products (FPPs). It covers topics like applicable guidelines, definitions, stability protocols and reports, stability testing of APIs and FPPs, evaluation of results, and conclusions. Key points include the types of batches tested in stability studies, parameters analyzed, acceptance criteria for significant changes, and guidelines for evaluating stability study results to determine a retest period or shelf life.
This document discusses simulation as a teaching strategy in nursing education. It defines simulation as replicating real situations to provide guided learning experiences. Simulation allows students to learn by doing in realistic environments. Debriefing after simulations is important for reflection and learning. The document outlines different types of simulations from computer-based to full-body mannequin to standardized patients. Higher fidelity simulations using mannequins provide more interactive and realistic learning experiences. Simulation aligns well with experiential learning theory and helps students apply concepts from concrete experiences.
This document summarizes a training workshop on pharmaceutical development with a focus on pediatric formulations. It discusses considerations for pharmaceutical packaging for pediatric medicines, including choosing the most appropriate primary package, regulatory requirements, and packaging development. Specific topics covered include the roles of packaging, barrier properties of packaging, bottles and closures, blister packs, extractables and leachables testing, and packaging design through product launch.
Pediatric pharmacology by dr.azad al.kurdiAzad Haleem
This document discusses several key topics in pediatric pharmacology:
1) Dosing methods for children include weight-based and surface area-based calculations since clinical drug data for children is often limited. Surface area dosing is generally more accurate.
2) Drug monitoring is important for medications with narrow therapeutic windows to ensure safe and effective levels. Common drugs monitored include antiepileptics and antibiotics.
3) Drug interactions can impact medication levels and effects through induction or inhibition of liver enzymes. Incompatibilities between injectable drugs must also be considered.
4) Most drugs are considered safe during breastfeeding as exposure risk to infants is low, but some medications like cancer drugs are contraindicated. The benefits of breast
Pippa Wilson is a paediatric staff nurse who graduated with a degree in medical biochemistry in 2005 and a postgraduate diploma in children's nursing in 2008. She currently works as both a staff nurse on a paediatric ward and part-time as a paediatric diabetes nurse specialist. Her roles involve caring for patients aged 0-16, administering medications, communicating with patients and their families, and teaching nursing students and colleagues. While her biological science degree knowledge is not directly used as a staff nurse, it has provided a helpful foundation for her work in specialties like diabetes nursing. She finds nursing fulfilling as it allows her to help vulnerable patients while continuing her education and taking on new opportunities.
This document discusses pediatric pharmacology, including:
- Age groups from neonate to adolescent
- Differences in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs in children compared to adults
- Slower gastric emptying and hepatic function in neonates affects drug absorption and clearance
- The blood-brain barrier is more permeable in neonates, increasing drug penetration to the brain
- Renal function is immature at birth but matures rapidly in the first year of life
- Understanding developmental changes is crucial for safe and effective pediatric prescribing
Different medications must be absorbed to be effective. For absorption, the drug must be administered in proper manner. To choose a route of administration we need to relate the dosage form, the advantages and disadvantages etc.
The document discusses pharmacology considerations for pediatric populations. It describes the different age groups in pediatrics and how drug absorption can vary between neonates, children, and adults for certain drugs. Several age-related pharmacokinetic differences are outlined between premature neonates, neonates, infants, children, and adolescents. The document also discusses pediatric drug dosage methods including Clark's rule and Young's rule to approximate dosages based on weight and age. Compliance challenges are noted along with recommendations to improve medication administration in children.
The document discusses important considerations for pediatric drug handling. It covers pharmacokinetic parameters like absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion that differ in children compared to adults due to developmental changes. The document emphasizes the need for pediatric clinical trials to determine appropriate drug dosages, formulations, and administration methods for children of different ages. Monitoring growth, vital signs, and laboratory parameters is also important for safe drug therapy in children.
This document outlines an agenda for a training workshop on pharmaceutical development with a focus on paediatric formulations being held from October 15-19, 2007 in Tallinn, Estonia. The workshop will cover various topics including pre-formulation analytical studies, stress testing APIs, the impact of impurities on API specifications, excipient compatibility studies, degradation pathways like hydrolysis and oxidation, and the role of preformulation in selecting appropriate drug products and manufacturing processes. One of the presentations will focus on pre-formulation analytical studies and their impact on API and formulation development.
This document provides guidance on preformulation studies for new drug substances. It outlines the key steps in preclinical testing including pharmacology, toxicology, and preformulation. Preformulation involves characterizing the physicochemical properties of the drug, including solubility, pKa, partition coefficient, stability, and crystal properties. The goal is to design an optimal drug delivery system through understanding the physical and chemical attributes of the new molecule.
IPQC Tests for Opthalmic Preparations.pptxSohailSheikh62
The document discusses quality control testing for ophthalmic pharmaceutical preparations. It outlines 8 key tests: 1) pH, 2) isotonicity, 3) therapeutic efficacy, 4) compatibility with the eye, 5) clarity, 6) particulate matter, 7) bacterial endotoxins, and 8) sterility. Each test is important to ensure the safety, stability and effectiveness of ophthalmic drugs. The document provides details on acceptable ranges and testing methods for each quality control parameter based on pharmacopoeial standards.
stability The ability of a pharmaceutical product to retain its chemical, physical, microbiological and biopharmaceutical properties within specified limits throughout its shelf-life.Why is stability of a drug important?
Drug stability affects the safety and efficacy of the drug product; degradation impurities may cause a loss of efficacy and generate possible adverse effects. Therefore, achieving the chemical and physical stability of drugs is essential to ensure their quality and safety.Common factors that affect this stability include temperature, light, pH, oxidation and enzymatic degradation. Special considerations are also required when dealing with chiral molecules, deuterated internal standards and large biomolecules.
Analytical Method Development and Validation of Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
CCK Discussion Forum on Impurity Emergence: A Wake Up Call for Drug Safety & Quality - 13 Oct 2019 at ICCBS, University of Karachi. Session largely participated by qualified and experienced pharmaceutical professionals having diversified educational background and experience.
Mechanistic Oral Absorption Modelling, An update on cross-industry activitiesPhinC Development
1) The document discusses mechanistic oral absorption modeling (MAM) and its potential use in predicting food and drug effects.
2) It describes a case study where MAM was used retrospectively to predict the effect of acid reducing agents (ARAs) like omeprazole on the drug erlotinib. The model was able to reasonably simulate clinical observations.
3) Efforts like a cross-industry working group aim to build confidence in MAM through evaluating predictions against clinical data using consistent methods and criteria. Regulatory acceptance of MAM could help streamline development by reducing unnecessary studies.
The document provides information on the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), including:
- ICH aims to harmonize technical requirements for pharmaceutical registration across regions to ensure safety and efficacy.
- It involves regulators and industry from the EU, Japan, and USA.
- The goals are to establish common guidelines and make information available globally.
- ICH guidelines cover quality, safety, efficacy, and multidisciplinary topics for drug development and review.
- The document then focuses on specific ICH guidelines related to quality, including stability testing, analytical method validation, and impurities.
1. The document provides guidance on preformulation studies for new drug candidates. Preformulation involves characterizing the physical and chemical properties of a drug substance to aid in developing an optimal dosage form.
2. Key preformulation studies discussed include determining solubility, pKa, partition coefficient, chemical stability, and polymorphism. These studies provide important information on factors like bioavailability and dosage form design.
3. The guidance describes common techniques for conducting preformulation studies like equilibrium solubility methods and stresses the importance of stability testing under various conditions like temperature, pH and light exposure.
The importance of extractable/leachable testing in Pharmaceutical Dosage forms has grown considerably in the last few years.Recent USP general chapters <1663>, <1664> states the requirements for extractables and leachables in regulatory submissions. There were several criticalities associated in the container closure system assessment in identifying the probable leachables that could impact the
quality of the Drug product. Control extractions studies provide an insight based on the technical characteristics and logical conclusions made. Technology advancements and bundles of literature provided major insights in understanding the analytical evaluation limits,specifications and procedural things conducting extractable and leachable studies. This presentation provides a summary and overview of regulatory requirements for extractables and leachables with the current trend of FDA deficiencies for the drug products.
preformulation studies by SeDeM expert system toolNagabhushanShet4
PREFORMULATION STUDIES OF TABLETS
IT ALSO INCLUDES SEDEM STUDIES WHICH IS BASED ON THE QBD DESCRIBED ICH Q 8 .
IN THIS STUDIES CANNABIDIOL IS CONSIDERED AND IT IS BCS CLASS 2 HENCE DISSOLUTION WAS CHALLENGING IN THEM SO IN THE ABOVE STUDIES THEY CAME UP WITH THE IDEA OF AN ORODISPERSIBLE TABLET OF CANNABIDIOL.
THE ABOVE CASE STDUY IS TAKEN FROM SAUDI JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS AND HAS A IMPACT FACTOR OF 4.66.
THE CREDITS OF CASE STUDIES GO TO THE RESPECTIVE RESEARCH SCIENTIST.
Dissolution Test development in regard to bioequivalenceanezlin
The document discusses the development and use of dissolution tests in assessing bioequivalence. It describes the Biopharmaceutics Classification System which categorizes drugs based on their solubility and permeability properties. Dissolution tests are used to evaluate product quality, ensure batch-to-batch consistency, and demonstrate similarity between formulations to support biowaivers. The key factors that influence dissolution testing are discussed, including test conditions, similarity calculations, and criteria for determining equivalent dissolution profiles. Montelukast sodium, a drug with low solubility, is presented as a case study.
1. This document summarizes guidelines for conducting stability studies on drug products and substances according to ICH recommendations. It discusses factors that affect drug stability like temperature, humidity and light. 2. The guidelines describe long term, accelerated and intermediate testing conditions specified by ICH for different climate zones. They also provide examples of accelerated stability testing methods for formulations like emulsions, suspensions and tablets. 3. The document stresses the importance of summarizing stability study results and proposing a shelf life and storage conditions based on the data collected over time.
Roadmap for Drug Product Development and Manufacturing of Biologics.pptxChintan Kalsariya
The development of therapeutic biologics involves a streamlined approach for their formulation and drug product development from early stages to process validation and commercialization.
This roadmap is based on experience with approved products and aims to improve safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity profiles in human patients, as well as maintain consistently high quality, efficiency, and reduced cost.
The approach should be applicable across all biotherapeutic products.
This document provides an overview of stability testing for finished pharmaceutical products (FPPs). It discusses stress testing, selection of batches, storage conditions, testing frequency, evaluation of results, and commitments required when stability data does not cover the proposed shelf life. The key aspects covered include conducting studies under long-term, accelerated, and intermediate conditions; evaluating parameters like assay, degradation products, and physical attributes; establishing a shelf life and storage statement; and committing to ongoing stability testing to monitor future batches.
1.preformulation concept in Modern pharmaceutics.pptxPNMallikarjun
Preformulation is defined as the investigation of physical and chemical properties of a drug substance alone and when combined with excipients. The goal is to generate information to help formulators develop stable and safe dosage forms with good bioavailability. Some key tests include determining the drug's solubility, stability, and compatibility with various excipients using techniques like DSC, TLC, and HPLC. This provides critical data to guide the rational selection of dosage form and formulation components.
Global Regulatory Issues: one BA method, one validation, one report ...Peter van Amsterdam
Comparison of EMA, FDA, ANVISA and MHLW guidelines on bioanalytical method validation (BMV) to answer the question can one bioanaltical method be validated and reported in such a way that it meets the requirements of 'all' regulatory agencies.
This document discusses RNA molecule structure prediction and the assumptions made, including that the most likely structure is similar to the most stable energetically, and that the energy of any position is only influenced by local sequence and structure. It also mentions complementary interactions of secondary structures and circle plots of base pairs.
This document discusses several topics related to proteins including the titration curve of glycine, CLUSTALW scoring scheme for protein sequence alignment, formation of peptide bonds, structural hierarchy of proteins, protein sequencing, alpha-helix and beta conformations, and hydropathy plots for analyzing protein sequences.
This document discusses the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of proteins. It begins by describing the important biological functions of proteins and the general structures of globular and fibrous proteins. It then discusses the structures of amino acids and how peptide bonds link amino acids into polypeptide chains. The levels of protein structure are introduced, including the alpha helix and beta sheet secondary structures, tertiary folding of polypeptide chains, and arrangement of subunits in quaternary structure. Common protein domains and motifs are also illustrated.
This document discusses protein structure, classification, prediction, and visualization. It covers secondary structure elements like alpha helices and beta sheets, as well as tertiary and quaternary structure. It describes protein structure databases like the Protein Data Bank and tools for visualizing protein structures. Different amino acid properties that influence secondary structure are also discussed.
This document provides information on various computational tools and methods for protein identification, characterization, and structure prediction. It discusses tools that use amino acid composition, sequence alignment, peptide mass fingerprinting, and physico-chemical properties to identify proteins. It also describes methods such as Chou-Fasman, GOR, and neural networks that predict protein secondary structure and properties based on amino acid order, propensities, and probabilities.
Structurally variable regions like loops, insertions and deletions can complicate protein structure modeling. The structure of an equivalent length segment from a homologous protein provides a guide for modeling missing regions, though the chosen segment may not always fit properly. De novo prediction involves using rotamer libraries of common amino acid conformations to predict side chain positions. Model validation checks the stereochemical accuracy, packing quality, and folding reliability of the predicted structure.
This document discusses important parameters for designing successful PCR primers. Key factors include primer length, melting temperature (Tm), specificity, and GC content. Primer length determines specificity, annealing temperature and time. For primers between 18-24 bases targeting a 50°C annealing temperature, the calculated Tm should be around 55°C. Both primers should have similar Tms. Other considerations include avoiding intra-primer complementarity beyond 3 base pairs and maintaining a GC content between 45-55%.
This document discusses phylogenetic studies and the construction of phylogenetic trees. It notes that fossil records are unreliable, so phylogenetic trees are primarily based on molecular sequencing data and morphological data. There are several assumptions made in phylogenetic analysis, including that sequences are homologous, phylogenetic divergence is bifurcating, and each position in a sequence evolved independently. The document outlines different types of phylogenetic trees, steps in phylogenetic analysis like choosing molecular markers and tree building methods, and criteria for assessing the reliability of phylogenetic trees.
Multiple sequence alignment is used to determine evolutionary relationships and structural relationships between sequences. It provides information on the most similar regions between sequences and can predict specific probes. Multiple sequence alignment extends pairwise sequence alignment through dynamic programming to align three or more sequences simultaneously. Popular multiple sequence alignment programs like CLUSTALW use progressive alignment methods that first align closely related sequences, then progressively align more distantly related sequences.
Homology modeling is a technique used to generate a three-dimensional structural model of a protein from its amino acid sequence. Modeller is a popular software program used for homology modeling that automates model building from a sequence-structure alignment using a known protein structure as a template. Homology modeling is useful for predicting protein structure and function when experimental structures are not available.
Homology modeling is a technique used to predict the 3D structure of a protein based on the alignment of its amino acid sequence to known protein structures. It relies on the observation that structure is more conserved than sequence during evolution. The key steps in homology modeling include: 1) identifying a template structure through sequence alignment tools like BLAST, 2) correcting any errors in the initial alignment, 3) generating the protein backbone based on the template structure, 4) modeling any loops or missing regions, 5) adding side chains, 6) optimizing the model structure energetically, and 7) validating that the final model matches the template structure and has correct stereochemistry. Homology modeling is useful for applications like structure-based drug design
This document discusses different methods for genome sequencing and assembly, including restriction enzyme fingerprinting, marker sequences, and hybridization assays. It focuses on using marker sequences like sequence-tagged sites (STS), expressed sequence tags (ESTs), untranslated regions (UTRs), and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to map genomes. Large-insert cloning vectors like BACs and PACs can be used with restriction enzyme fingerprinting and FPC software to assemble contigs and map genomes at a large scale. Marker sequences provide a dense set of physical markers to build accurate physical maps of genomes.
This document discusses gene identification and genome annotation. It describes how gene finding in eukaryotes is difficult due to smaller percentages of genes in genomes like humans, and larger intron sizes. It covers open reading frames, complications with introns, and the use of six-frame translation to find protein coding sequences. Software tools for structural and functional annotation are outlined, including identifying genes through homology searching and ab initio prediction using hidden Markov models. The accuracy challenges of ab initio prediction are also summarized.
This document discusses genome analysis and sequencing. It provides background on identifying genes and studying disease processes through genome sequencing. It also describes goals of identifying gene function through experiments and challenges like gene prediction and repetitive sequences. Specific projects aimed at tracking human genetic variations and the first bacterial genome sequencing are summarized. Criteria for selecting early genomes to sequence are outlined. Key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes are noted, including the presence of chromosomes, repeats, introns and heterochromatin/euchromatin. Different types of repetitive sequences like satellites, minisatellites and microsatellites are defined. Transposable elements in eukaryotes are also briefly introduced.
FASTA is a program for rapidly aligning protein and DNA sequences. It searches for matching k-tuples or sequence words and builds a local alignment based on these matches. It identifies the 10 best matching regions through k-tuple screening, joins nearby matches, and finds the highest density regions. It generates longer regions of identity and recalculates scores, with INITN and OPT scores used to rank database matches. Sensitivity refers to the ability to locate distantly related family members with limited similarity.
Drug design involves inventing new pharmaceutical drugs based on knowledge of biological targets, with classes of medications defined by their chemical properties, routes of administration, effects on biological systems, and therapeutic effects. The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system categorizes drugs into groups such as antipyretics, analgesics, antimalarial drugs, antibiotics, and antiseptics based on their medical use. Strategies for drug design include ligand-based and structure-based approaches.
Molecular descriptors are numerical values that characterize molecular properties and structures. They can represent physicochemical properties or values derived from algorithmic techniques applied to molecular structures. Descriptors vary in complexity and computational requirements. Some are based on experimental data while others are algorithmic constructs. Two-dimensional (2D) descriptors are calculated from 2D structures and include counts, physicochemical properties, and topological indices. Three-dimensional (3D) descriptors encode spatial relationships and include fragment screens and pharmacophore keys.
Biological data is widely distributed over the web and can be retrieved using search engines like Google or data retrieval tools. Dedicated data retrieval tools for molecular biologists include Entrez, DBGET, and SRS which allow text searching of linked databases and sequence searching. Entrez, developed by NCBI, integrates information from databases including GenBank, PubMed, and OMIM. DBGET covers databases like GenBank, EMBL, and PDB. SRS, developed by EBI, integrates over 80 molecular biology databases.
BLAST is a program that compares nucleotide or protein sequences to sequence databases and calculates the statistical significance of matches. It performs sequence similarity searches using either FASTA or BLAST algorithms. The BLAST process involves filtering sequences, preparing a list of words, evaluating matches using BLOSUM62, organizing high-scoring words into a search tree, scanning databases for matches, extending alignments, identifying statistically significant matches, and calculating expect values for alignments.
This document provides information about several nucleotide and protein sequence databases including:
- INSDC (International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration) which includes GenBank, EMBL, and DDBJ.
- GenBank which contains over 80 billion nucleotide bases from 76 million sequences and doubles in size every 18 months. The top species represented are human, mouse, rat, cattle, and maize.
- EMBL and DDBJ which are similar to GenBank in content and format but maintained by different collaborations. Secondary databases like UniProt, PROSITE and PRINTS/BLOCKS provide additional annotation and analysis of sequences.
1. Pharmaceutical Development
Training Workshop on
Pharmaceutical Development with
focus on Paediatric Formulations
Tallink City Hotel
Tallinn, Estonia
Date: 15 - 19 October 2007
Training Workshop on Pharmaceutical Development
with a Focus on Paediatric 1 | Medicines / 15-19 October 2007
2. Pharmaceutical Development
Pre-Formulation Analytical Studies and
Impact on API & Formulation Development
Presenter: Simon Mills
Email: Simon.n.mills@gsk.com
Training Workshop on Pharmaceutical Development
with a Focus on Paediatric 2 | Medicines / 15-19 October 2007
3. Outline and Objectives of Presentation
Stress Testing of API
Impact of Impurities on API Specifications
Pre-Formulation Investigations
Solid State Degradation Stability Assessment
Role of Excipients in API Instability
Hydrolysis
Oxidation
Photolysis
API Solubility/Solution-state Stability Assessment
Selection of API Drug Product Processing Methods
Degradation Issues for Combination Products
Role of API Processing in Product Instability
Training Workshop on Pharmaceutical Development
with a Focus on Paediatric 3 | Medicines / 15-19 October 2007
4. Stress Testing of API
Deliberate forced degradation of API - serves several purposes:
To facilitate development of a ‘stability indicating’ analytical method’, e.g. HPLC
To aid in development of the first API specification
To understand the degradation pathways of the API to facilitate rational product development
To screen for possible formation of potential genotoxins
Initially performed over a short period of time (28-days) using accelerated or
stress conditions (so that reactions proceed more rapidly); target ~10%
degradation.
Typical conditions for API in solid-state might be:
80°/75%RH, 60°C/ambient RH, 40°/75%RH,
Light irradiation
Typical conditions for API in solution state might be:
pH 1-9 in buffered media
with peroxide (and/or free radical initiator)
Light irradiation
Training Workshop on Pharmaceutical Development
with a Focus on Paediatric 4 | Medicines / 15-19 October 2007
5. Impurities: Impact on API Specification
The allowable level of any given impurity or impurities that are permitted in API/drug product, without
explicit non-clinical safety testing, are defined by ICH Q3A/B.
The amounts of impurities that are allowable are based on the total daily intake of the drug product.
There are separate limits (or thresholds) for reporting, identification and qualification of API impurities.
The reporting threshold is defined as the level that must be reported to regulatory agencies to alert
them to the presence of a specified impurity.
The identification threshold is defined as the level that requires analytical identification of a specified
impurity.
Finally, the qualification threshold is defined as the level where the specified impurity must be
subjected to non-clinical toxicological testing to demonstrate safety.
Threshold limits are defined as a percentage of the total daily intake (TDI) of the drug product, or in
absolute terms as the total allowable amount, whichever is lower.
Training Workshop on Pharmaceutical Development
with a Focus on Paediatric 5 | Medicines / 15-19 October 2007
6. Impurities: Impact on API Specification
Threshold Maximum Daily Dose of API
in Drug Product
Training Workshop on Pharmaceutical Development
with a Focus on Paediatric 6 | Medicines / 15-19 October 2007
Threshold Limit Based on
TDI
Reporting ≤1g
1g
0.1%TDI
0.05%TDI
Identication 1mg
1mg-10mg
10mg-2g
2g
1.0%TDI or 5μg
0.5%TDI or 20 μg
0.2%TDI or 2mg
0.1%TDI
Qualification 10mg
10mg-100mg
100mg-2g
2g
1.0%TDI or 50μg
0.5%TDI or 200μg
0.2%TDI or 3mg
0.1%TDI
7. API solid-state stability study
An early indication of stability challenges for product development:
– Accelerated stability challenge but not unrealistically severe and so allows confident
extrapolation to provide an indication of API shelf-life
– Conditions less extreme than API stress testing:
• 40ºC/75%RH open vial
• 50ºC closed vial
• At least l month storage data; typically 1w, 2w, 4w, 3m (potentially supporting 12m shelf-life at RT)
• Light stability (ICH conditions); typically 1w
• HPLC analysis
• Monitor solid-state form (crystallinity) - DSC, TGA, pXRD
– Allows comparison with other versions forms of same API
– Provides a control baseline for excipient compatibility studies
– Important to bear in mind that API development is ongoing so API batch used in this
early stability study may become unrepresentative of final selected API version form.
Training Workshop on Pharmaceutical Development
with a Focus on Paediatric 7 | Medicines / 15-19 October 2007
8. API degradation pathways
Hydrolysis and Oxidation are the most common pathways for API degradation in the
solid-state and in solution
Photolysis and trace metal catalysis are secondary processes of degradation
Temperature affects each of the above chemical degradation pathways; the rate of
degradation increases with temperature. Extrapolation of accelerated temperature
data to different temperatures, e.g. proposed storage conditions, is common practice
(e.g. using Arrhenius plots) but we must be mindful of the pit-falls – the influence of
the various degradation pathways and mechanisms can change with temperature.
It is well understood that pH, particularly extremes, can encourage hydrolysis of API
when ionised in aqueous solution. This necessitates buffer control if such a dosage
form is required. pH within the micro-environment of a solid oral dosage form can
also impact on the stability of the formulation where the API degradation is pH
sensitive; through understanding the aqueous pH imparted by typical excipients, a
prudent choice can overcome this issue.
Training Workshop on Pharmaceutical Development
with a Focus on Paediatric 8 | Medicines / 15-19 October 2007
9. Excipients:API Interaction
Whereas excipients are usually biologically inactive, the same cannot be said from
a chemical perspective. Excipients, and any impurities present, can stabilise
and/or destabilise drug products.
Considerations for the formulation scientist:
– the chemical structure of the API
– the type of delivery system required
– the proposed manufacturing process
Initial selection of excipients should be based on:
– expert systems; predictive tools
– desired delivery characteristics of dosage form
– knowledge of potential mechanisms of degradation, e.g. Maillard reaction
– There may be a preferred “A list” in your organisation
The objective of drug/excipient compatibility considerations and practical studies is
to delineate, as quickly as possible, real and possible interactions between
potential formulation excipients and the API. This is an important risk reduction
exercise early in formulation development.
Training Workshop on Pharmaceutical Development
with a Focus on Paediatric 9 | Medicines / 15-19 October 2007
10. Excipient Compatibility Studies
One option….Binary Mix Compatibility Testing:
In the typical drug/excipient compatibility testing program, binary (1:1 or
customised) powder mixes are prepared by triturating API with the individual
excipients.
These powder samples, usually with or without added water and occasionally
compacted or prepared as slurries, are stored under accelerated conditions and
analysed by stability-indicating methodology, e.g. HPLC.
(The water slurry approach allows the pH of the drug-excipient blend and the role
of moisture to be investigated.)
Alternatively, binary samples can be screened using thermal methods, such
as DSC/ITC. No need for stability set-downs; hence cycle times and sample
consumption are reduced. However, the data obtained are difficult to interpret and
may be misleading; false positives and negatives are routinely encountered. Also
sensitive to sample preparation.
Training Workshop on Pharmaceutical Development
with a Focus on Paediatric 10 | Medicines / 15-19 October 2007
11. Excipient Compatibility Studies
However, the binary mix approach takes time and resources and….it is well
known that the chemical compatibility of an API in a binary mixture may differ
completely from a multi-component prototype formulation.
An alternative is to test “prototype” formulations. The amount of API in the blend
can be modified according to the anticipated drug-excipient ratio in the final
compression blend.
• Platform prototypes can be used for specific dosage forms, e.g. DC vs. wet gran tablets
• There is better representation of likely formulation chemical and physical stability
• However, this is a more complex system to interpret
Training Workshop on Pharmaceutical Development
with a Focus on Paediatric 11 | Medicines / 15-19 October 2007
12. Excipient Compatibility Studies
Drug-excipient interactions can be studied using both approaches in a
complementary fashion. The first tier approach is to conduct short-term (1-3m)
stability studies using generic prototype formulations under stressed conditions,
with binary systems as diagnostic back-up:
Chemical stability measured by chromatographic methods
Physical stability measured by microscopic, particle analysis, in vitro dissolution methods, etc.
The idea is to diagnose any observed incompatibility from the prototype formulation work then
hopefully identify the “culprit” excipients from the binary mix data.
Hopefully, a prototype formulation can then be taken forward as a foundation for product
development.
Can apply statistical models (e.g. 2n factorial design) to determine the chemical
interactions in more complex systems such as prototype formulations, with a view
towards establishing which excipients cause incompatibility within a given mixture.
Training Workshop on Pharmaceutical Development
with a Focus on Paediatric 12 | Medicines / 15-19 October 2007
13. Oxidation and the Role of Excipients
Oxidation is broadly defined as a loss of electrons in a system, but it can be restated as an increase in
oxygen or a decrease in hydrogen content.
Oxidation always occurs in tandem with reduction; the so-called REDOX reaction couple.
Oxidation reactions can be catalysed heavy metals, light, leading to free radical formation (initiation).
Free radicals then react with oxygen to form peroxy radicals, which react with the oxidative substrate to
yield further complex radicals (propagation), finally the reaction ceases (termination).
Excipients play a key role in oxidation; either as a primary source of oxidants, trace amounts of metals,
or other contaminants.
E.g. Peroxides are a very common impurity in many excipients, particularly polymeric excipients. They
are used as initiators in polymerisation reactions, but are difficult to remove.
Training Workshop on Pharmaceutical Development
with a Focus on Paediatric 13 | Medicines / 15-19 October 2007
14. Photolysis and the Role of Excipients
Sunlight (both in the UV and visible regions) may degrade drug products
and excipients; and consequently photolabile APIs can raise many
formulation ( phototoxicity) issues.
The addition of light absorbing agents is a well known approach to
stabilising photolabile products.
– Order of effectiveness: pigments colorants UV absorbers
However, beware variable performance between grades/sources.
e.g. Surface-treated titanium dioxide is inferior to the untreated excipient
as an opacifier.
Training Workshop on Pharmaceutical Development
with a Focus on Paediatric 14 | Medicines / 15-19 October 2007
15. Equilibrium Solubility/Solution State Stability Tests
Vital preformulation data to enable decision-making on choice of dosage form,
excipients and processing possible and/or required. Typical studies:
– pH Solubility profile at pHs 1-10
– Solubility in bio-relevant media (SGF, FeSSIF, FaSSIF)
– Solubility in water, normal saline, IV buffers as needed
• Poorly soluble drugs may present issues for IV formulation
• Balance achieving solubility required vs. acceptable excipients for IV and their compatibility with drug
– Solubility in co-solvents, surfactants, lipids as required
– Solution Stability:
• pH buffers at 25C and 50°C up to 7 days
• in bio-relevant media at 37°C up to 24 hours
• Light Stability (ICH)
– HPLC analysis
Training Workshop on Pharmaceutical Development
with a Focus on Paediatric 15 | Medicines / 15-19 October 2007
16. Dose/solubility ratio 250 500 1000 10000 100000
10
1
0.1
(dissolution limited)
Training Workshop on Pharmaceutical Development
with a Focus on Paediatric 16 | Medicines / 15-19 October 2007
5000
Predicted Peff in Humans cm/sec x10-4
I
Good solubility
and permeability
II
Good permeability,
poor solubility
III
Good solubility, poor
permeability
(solubility limited absorption)
IV
Poor solubility and
permeability
BCS plot with human jejunal permeability and aqueous dose solubility ratio as
axes
17. Role of API Processing in Product Instability
High energy processes (milling, lyophilisation, granulating, roller-compaction,
drying) can introduce a degree of amorphicity into otherwise highly crystalline
material. This can lead to increased local levels of moisture and increased
chemical reactivity in these areas.
With some materials, ball milling causes irregularity, surface faults and
imperfections in crystals. The degree of crystal damage can be directly correlated
with the energy of the milling process.
Training Workshop on Pharmaceutical Development
with a Focus on Paediatric 17 | Medicines / 15-19 October 2007
18. Selection of Product Processing
Understanding of degradation pathways of API will help to decide on most
appropriate process:
– For APIs showing severe moisture mediated degradation pathways, choose direct compression
or dry granulation
Understanding of physical properties of API will help to decide on most appropriate
process:
– For APIs showing flow issues, choose a granulation approach (wet or dry granulation)
– For APIs showing reduced crystallinity after processing e.g. milling, micronisation, etc., choose
wet granulation (presence of water will anneal (crystallise) amorphous API)
– For APIs with low melting point, choose an encapsulation approach (high speed rotary presses
will generate significant frictional forces that could melt API)
Training Workshop on Pharmaceutical Development
with a Focus on Paediatric 18 | Medicines / 15-19 October 2007
19. Degradation Issues For Combination Products
Objective is to minimise incompatibilities. Degradation pathways of the two APIs
could well be different, so a stabilisation strategy for API #1 could destabilise API #2.
In this situation, first intent strategy could be to prepare separate compression
blends of each individual API and compress as a bi-layer tablet
–Disadvantages: adds complexity and bi-layer rotary presses are expensive
Alternatively, could compress one of the APIs and over-encapsulate this into a
capsule product, along with the powder blend from the second API
–Disadvantage are that capsule size could be large, it requires specialised
encapsulation equipment to fill tablets and blend… process is more complex and
expensive
If however, simplicity and cost are significant issues, look to produce a common
blend (particle size of APIs should be similar), and by understanding of degradation
pathways stabilise the blend and compress or encapsulate.
Training Workshop on Pharmaceutical Development
with a Focus on Paediatric 19 | Medicines / 15-19 October 2007
20. Final thoughts
Preformulation studies are an important foundation tool early in the
development of both API and drug products. They influence….
Selection of the drug candidate itself
Selection of formulation components
API drug product manufacturing processes
Determination of the most appropriate container closure system
Development of analytical methods
Assignment of API retest periods
The synthetic route of the API
Toxicological strategy ?ANY QUESTIONS PLEASE
Training Workshop on Pharmaceutical Development
with a Focus on Paediatric 20 | Medicines / 15-19 October 2007