ppt on Conversation Analysis. Text taken from YULE (Pragmatics). Preference and Non-preference structures. Video: Jurgen Handke 2012. in “The Virtual Linguistic Campus” from www.linguisticsonline.com
Turn Taking in Conversation
ppt on Conversation Analysis. Text taken from YULE (Pragmatics). Preference and Non-preference structures. Video: Jurgen Handke 2012. in “The Virtual Linguistic Campus” from www.linguisticsonline.com
Turn Taking in Conversation
Deixis is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic things we do with utterances (Yule, 1996, p. 9). It means “pointing via” language. Any linguistic form used to accomplish this “pointing” is called a deictic expression. Deictic expressions are also sometimes called indexical.
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Fell free to use this PPt.
conversational implicature is a sort of inference that has been derived from speaker's said utterance, to say going deep to abstract what is meant by speaker rather what is being said.
it is like drawing inference with the help of non verbal cues, schemata of the situation as well.An utterance which conveys meaning beyond its proposition.what is said must be understood in terms of what philosophers define as meaning, that is, sense and reference, what is said is the result of a linguistic computation implying the description of a full proposition with a truth value.
Deixis is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic things we do with utterances (Yule, 1996, p. 9). It means “pointing via” language. Any linguistic form used to accomplish this “pointing” is called a deictic expression. Deictic expressions are also sometimes called indexical.
----------------------------------------------------------
Fell free to use this PPt.
conversational implicature is a sort of inference that has been derived from speaker's said utterance, to say going deep to abstract what is meant by speaker rather what is being said.
it is like drawing inference with the help of non verbal cues, schemata of the situation as well.An utterance which conveys meaning beyond its proposition.what is said must be understood in terms of what philosophers define as meaning, that is, sense and reference, what is said is the result of a linguistic computation implying the description of a full proposition with a truth value.
Introduction to Discourse Analysis is a tool used to analyze and synthesize different types of discourses whether oral or written that can be used in social, governmental and public setting. This will help you to be the best in everything that you do that you do not need any more books to identify a language discourse .
It also gives you an overall and birds eye view of what you should do in order for you to do your best.
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This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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2. Conversation Analysis
Conversation analysis is a popular approach to the study of
discourse. Conversation analysis (CA) is a method for
investigating the structure and process of social interaction
between humans. It is a way of thinking about and analyzing
the pragmatics of ordinary conversation, focusing on the
interactive, practical construction of everyday interchanges.
3. "Conversation is a process in which people interact on a moment-by-
moment, turn-by-turn basis. During a sequence of turns participants
exchange talk with each other, but, more important, they exchange
social or communicative actions. These actions are the moves of
conversation considered as a collection of games. Indeed, conversational
actions are some of the most important moves of the broader game of
everyday life." (Nofsinger, p. 10)
"Conversation may be taken to be that familiar predominant kind of talk
in which two or more participants freely alternate in speaking, which
generally occurs outside specific institutional settings like religious
services, law courts, classrooms and the like" (Levinson, 1983, p. 284)
6. A: so would you like to learn to be able
to write letters to him?
B: I would
A: right—well you've learnt such
a lot of words reading them that all
we have to practice now is putting
them together into a letter, isn't it?
B: yeah
7. A: [so would you like to learn to be able
to write letters to him? TCU] [TRP]
B: [I would TCU] [TRP]
A: [right TCU] [TRP] [well you've learnt such
a lot of words reading them that all
we have to practice now is putting
them together into a letter, isn't it? TCU] [TRP]
B: [yeah TCU]
8. Pauses, overlaps, and backchannels
Overlap
• Smooth transitions from one speaker to the next
seem to be valued. Transitions with a long silence
between turns or with substantial Overlap (both
speakers trying to speak at the same time) are
felt to be awkward.
• For example you can see on page 73 number 1.
The type of overlap shown in conversation
between Mr. Strait and Dave is simply part of
difficult first conversation with an unfamiliar
person
9. Attributable Silence
• Attributable silence is if one speaker actually
turns over the floor to another and the other
does not speak, then the silence is attributed
to the second speaker and becomes
significant. Example: on page 73 number 2
10. Overlap Communicate Closeness
• overlapped talk appears to function like an
expression of solidarity or closeness in
expressing similar opinions or values. the
effect of the overlapping talk creates a feeling
of two voices collaborating as one, in
harmony.
• You can see the example on page 74 number 3
11. Overlap Communicate Competition
• For example you can open page 74 number 4
• the speakers may appear to be having a
discussion, but they are, in fact, competing for
the floor. The point at overlap occurs is
treated as an interruption and the first
speaker actually has to make a comment
about procedure with a louder voice, shown
by the capital letters in ‘wait CAN I FINISH?’
12. Backchannels
Caller: if you use your long distance service a lot then you’ll
Mary : uh-uh
Caller: be interested in the discount I’m talking about because
Mary : Yeah
Caller: it can only save you money to switch to a cheaper service
Mary : mmm
13. • These type of signal (‘uh-uh’, ’yeah’, ’mmm’)
provide feedback to the current speaker that
the message is being received. They normally
indicate that the listener is following, and not
objecting to, what speaker is saying.
15. Adjacency Pairs
An adjacency pair is a unit of conversation that
contains an exchange of one turn each by two
speakers. The turns are functionally related to each
other in such a fashion that the first turn requires a
certain type or range of types of second turn.
16. question → answer
"What does this big red button do?" → "It causes two-thirds of the
universe to implode"
complaint → excuse/remedy
"It's awfully cold in here" → "Oh, sorry, I'll close the window"
inform → acknowledge
"Your phone is over there" → "I know"
18. Insertion Sequence (Q1—Q2—A2—A1)
Form Q1 - Q2 - A2 - A1 (one adjacency pair within another):
Agent: Do you want the early flight? (Q1)
Client: What time does it arrive? (Q2)
Agent: Nine forty-five (A2)
Client: Yeah - that's great (A1)
Mix of different sequences possible:
Jean: Could you mail this letter for me? (Request)
Fred: Does it have a stamp on? (Q2)
Jean: Yeah. (A2)
Fred: Okay (Acceptance)
Also with temporary interactional exit:
A: Uhm, what’s the price now with VAT? (Q1)
B: Er, I’ll just work that out for you (Hold)
A: Thanks (Acceptance)
(10.0 s)
B: Three Dollars nineteen a tube, Sir (A1)
19. Opening Sections (Summons-Answer Sequences)
Child : Mommy? summons
Mum: Yes, dear. answer
Child : Can I have chocolate? reason for summons
In telephone conversations the ringing of the telephone acts as the summons.
Additional potential problems are identification/recognition
A: (causes telephone to ring at B’s location) summons
B: Hello answer + display for recognition
A: Hi greeting 1 + claim that A
has recognized B +
claim that B can recognize A
B: Oh hi! greeting 2 + claim thatB has
recognized A
20. Closing Sections
A: Why don’t we all have lunch?
B: Okay, so that would be in St. Jude’s wouldn’t it?
A: Yes
B: Okay so …
A: One o’clock in the bar closing implicative topic
(arrangement)
B: Okay
A: Okay? one or more pairs of passing turns
with
B: Okay then thanks very much indeed George – pre-closing items (okay, alright, so
…)
A: - Alright
B: //See you there
A: //See you there
B: Okay
21. Preference Structure
• Preference structure divides second parts into preferred and
dispreferred social acts
• The preferred is the structurally expected next act
• The dispreferred is the structurally unexpected next act.
• The general patterns of preferred and dispreferred structures are
presented in the table 8.I. (page 79)
22. In considering requests of offers as first parts, acceptance is the
preferred and refusal is the dispreferred second part
• Acceptance in agreement is the preferred second part
response to a request, an offer, an assessment, or a proposal.
• Look at the examples in page 79 [8.1] , [I5]
page 80 [ I6] , [I7]
page 81 [ I8]
• The patterns associated with a dispreferred second in English
in page 81 [I9]