This document discusses conversational implicature and related concepts. It defines implicature as implied meanings communicated through conversation beyond the literal meaning of the words. Conversational implicatures arise through adherence to the Cooperative Principle and its maxims of Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner. Generalized implicatures can be calculated without specific context, while particularized implicatures depend on contextual assumptions. Scalar implicatures occur through terms on scales like "some but not all." Conversational implicatures are cancelable and reinforceable, unlike conventional implicatures associated with words like "but."
conversational implicature is a sort of inference that has been derived from speaker's said utterance, to say going deep to abstract what is meant by speaker rather what is being said.
it is like drawing inference with the help of non verbal cues, schemata of the situation as well.An utterance which conveys meaning beyond its proposition.what is said must be understood in terms of what philosophers define as meaning, that is, sense and reference, what is said is the result of a linguistic computation implying the description of a full proposition with a truth value.
conversational implicature is a sort of inference that has been derived from speaker's said utterance, to say going deep to abstract what is meant by speaker rather what is being said.
it is like drawing inference with the help of non verbal cues, schemata of the situation as well.An utterance which conveys meaning beyond its proposition.what is said must be understood in terms of what philosophers define as meaning, that is, sense and reference, what is said is the result of a linguistic computation implying the description of a full proposition with a truth value.
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This presentation elaborates various theories and methods that can be used in order to enhance the presentation skills, public speaking skills and having a deeper understanding of body languages
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Introduction
Johnny Depp is an actor known for his chameleon-like ability to transform into a wide range of characters. from the eccentric Captain Jack Sparrow in "Pirates of the Caribbean" to the introspective Edward Scissorhands. His long hair is one constant throughout his evolving roles and public appearances. Johnny Depp long hair is not a style choice but a significant aspect of his identity. contributing to his allure and mystique. This article explores the journey and significance of Johnny Depp long hair. highlighting how it has become integral to his brand.
The Early Years: A Budding Star with Signature Locks
1980s: The Rise of a Young Heartthrob
Johnny Depp's journey in Hollywood began in the 1980s. with his breakout role in the television series "21 Jump Street." During this time, his hair was short, but it was already clear that Depp had a penchant for unique and edgy styles. By the decade's end, Depp started experimenting with longer hair. setting the stage for a lifelong signature.
1990s: From Heartthrob to Icon
The 1990s were transformative for Johnny Depp his career and personal style. Films like "Edward Scissorhands" (1990) and "Benny & Joon" (1993) saw Depp sporting various hair lengths and styles. But, his long, unkempt hair in "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" (1993) began to draw significant attention. This period marked the beginning of Johnny Depp long hair. which became a defining feature of his image.
The Iconic Roles: Hair as a Character Element
Edward Scissorhands (1990)
In "Edward Scissorhands," Johnny Depp's character had a wild and mane that complemented his ethereal and misunderstood persona. This role showcased how long hair Johnny Depp could enhance a character's depth and mystery.
Captain Jack Sparrow: The Pirate with Flowing Locks
One of Johnny Depp's iconic roles is Captain Jack Sparrow from the "Pirates of the Caribbean" series. Sparrow's long, dreadlocked hair symbolised his rebellious and unpredictable nature. The character's look, complete with beads and trinkets woven into his hair. was a collaboration between Depp and the film's costume designers. This style became iconic and influenced fashion trends and Halloween costumes worldwide.
Other Memorable Characters
Depp's long hair has also been featured in other roles, such as Ichabod Crane in "Sleepy Hollow" (1999). and Roux in "Chocolat" (2000). In these films, his hair added a layer of authenticity and depth to his characters. proving that Johnny Depp with long hair is more than a style—it's a storytelling tool.
Off-Screen Influenc
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2. Introduction
When people talk: converse smoothly & successfully
Conversation: no confusion, no trick, but withhold
relevant information
Cooperation: essential factor when speakers and listeners
are
. (listener’s expectation to the speaker)
Implicature:
which’s
attained when a speaker intends to communicate more than
just what the words mean.
Speaker implicatures
Listener recognizes those communicated meanings via
inference
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3. 5.1 The Cooperative Principle
(Grice, 1975): the idea that people cooperate with each
other in conversing:
principle
cooperative principle: make your conversational contribution
such as is
, at the stage at which it occurs, by
the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in
which you are engaged.
four maxims under this general principle:
1. Quantity
2. Quality
3.
4. Manner
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4. 1. Maxim of
:
(i) Make your contribution as informative as is required for
the current purpose of exchange.
(ii) Do not make your contribution more informative than is
required.
2. Maxim of QUALITY: Try to make your contribution one that
is true.
(i) Do not say what you believe to be false.
(ii) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
3. Maxim of
:
be relevant
4. Maxim of MANNER:
(i) Avoid obscurity of expression.
(ii) Avoid ambiguity.
(iii) Be brief.
(iv) Be orderly.
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5. e.g:
Man : Does your dog bite?
Woman: No. (The man reaches down to pat the
dog. The dog bites the man's hand.)
Man : Quch! Hey! You said your dog doesn't bite
Woman: He doesn't. But that's not my dog.
lunatic
• Asking the question, the man assumes that the dog belongs
to the woman.
• The woman's answer provides less information than
expected.
• The maxim of quantity is flouted.
• Is the woman willing to talk with the man?
If your answer is No, you have rightly figured out the
implicature.
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6. 5.2 Hedges
Hedges: When making a statement certain expressions are
used to indicate the degree of certainty concerning the
information given.
Hedging
E.g .
As far as I know, they are getting married.
Hedging for
maxim
So, to cut a long story short, we grabbed our stuff and ran
Not to change the subject, but is this related to the budget?
Hedging for
I’m not sure if this makes sense, but the car had no lights.
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Hedging for
maxim
7. 5.3 Conversational Implicature
• Conversational implicature:
in conversation
that participants are adhering to the cooperative principle
and the maxims.
• E.g:
Wife
Husband
: I hope you brought the bread and the cheese.
: Ah, I brought the bread.
Analysis:
• In this case, the husband did not mention the cheese.
• He must intend that the wife infers what is not mentioned
was not brought.
• The husband has conveyed more than he has said via a
conversational implicature.
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8. • Using the symbol +> for an implicature, we can
represent the additional conveyed meaning:
Wife: b & c?
Husband: b ( +> NOT c)
5.4 Generalized Conversational Implicatures
• a
: possibility to
perceive that there is no special background knowledge
required in the context to calculate the additional
conveyed meaning.
9. 5.5 Scalar Implicature
• Scalar implicatures: occur when certain information is
communicated by choosing a word which expresses one
value from a scale of values.
• From the highest to the lowest :
<all, most, many, some, few>
<always, often, sometimes>
• E.g: I’m studying linguistics and I’ve completed some of
the required courses.
- some of the required courses the speaker creates an
implicature (+> not all )
- In fact, the speaker creates the implicatures (+> not all,
+> not most, +> not many).
• The basis of the scalar implicature is that when any form
in a scale is asserted, the negative of all forms higher on
the scale is implicated.
10. 5.6 Particularized Conversational Implicature
• Particularized conversational implicatures: occur when a
conversation takes place in a very specific context in
which locally recognized inferences are assumed.
• e.g
Rick: Hey, coming to the wild party tonight?
Tom: My parents are visiting.
In order to make Tom’s response relevant, Rick has to draw
on some assumed knowledge that one college student in
this setting expects another to have. Tom will be spending
that evening with his parents, and time spent with parents
is quiet ( consequently +> Tom not at party).
11. E.g
Bert: Do vegetarians eat hamburger?
Ernie: Do chickens have lips?
In the above example, Ernie’s response does not provide a
‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer. Bert must assume that Ernie’s
response means ‘of course not!’
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12. 5.7 Properties of Conversational Implicatures
• Properties of
: All the
implicatures taken into consideration are part of what is
communicated and not said.
• Speakers can always deny that they intended to
communicate such meanings.
• Conversational implicatures are
• They can be explicitly denied (or alternatively,
reinforced) in different ways.
• The example below can illustrate this idea:
You have won only five dollars! (+> ONLY five)
13. It is quite easy for a speaker:
1. to
the implicature (only) using the
expression ‘at least’
E.g You’ve won at least five dollars!
2. To
the implicature by adding further
information, often following the expression ‘in fact’
E.g You’ve won five dollars, in fact, you’ve won ten!
3. to
the implicature with additional
information, as in:
e.g You’ve won five dollars, that’s four more than one!
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14. We have already noted with many of the previous examples
that implicatures can be calculated by the listeners via
inference.
In terms of their defining properties, then, conversational
implicatures can be
However, in conventional implicatures, these properties
are NOT applied.
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15. 5.8 Conventional implicatures
are NOT based on the cooperative
principle or the maxims.
They do not have to
, and they do not
depend on special contexts for their interpretation.
Conventional implicatures are associated with specific
words and result in additional conveyed meanings when
those words are used.
The English conjunction ‘but’ is one of these words.
BUT, YET, EVEN
E.g Mary suggested black, but I chose white.
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16. In this sentence, ‘Mary suggested black’ is contrasted, via
the conventional implicature of ‘but’, with my choosing
white.
Other English words such as ‘yet’ also have conventional
implicatures: Dennis isn’t here yet.
In uttering this statement, the speaker produces an
implicature that she/he expects the statement ‘Dennis is
here’.
The
of ‘yet’ is that the present situation
is expected to be different, or perhaps the opposite, at a
later time.
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