Deixis is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic things we do with utterances (Yule, 1996, p. 9). It means “pointing via” language. Any linguistic form used to accomplish this “pointing” is called a deictic expression. Deictic expressions are also sometimes called indexical.
----------------------------------------------------------
Fell free to use this PPt.
Deixis is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic things we do with utterances (Yule, 1996, p. 9). It means “pointing via” language. Any linguistic form used to accomplish this “pointing” is called a deictic expression. Deictic expressions are also sometimes called indexical.
----------------------------------------------------------
Fell free to use this PPt.
Face It! Reference Work And Politeness Theory Go Hand In Hand, Acrl 09cleibige
This slideshow is a presentation on reference communication and politeness theory from the Association of College & Research Libraries Conference (Seattle, WA, 2009).
.Non-Verbal communication is an unspoken element of communication. Non verbal communication is a communication without words. It helps to understand people mindset.
Postures, gestures, facial expressions, eye contact , your use of personal space , your time culture, sends a certain message to the other person.
Positive body language creates positive impression and negative body language create a negative impression on you.
Positive body language is essential in work place and corporate environment.
Right posture, open gestures, gentle smile, space consciousness, eye contact, gentle voice, build rapport with other persons.
Positive body language break the barriers of unfamiliarity.
What are the types of nonverbal communication used by President John.pdfFootageetoffe16
What are the types of nonverbal communication used by President John F. Kennedy in his
inaugural address? How effectively was it used?
Solution
Once you have spoken words, they are no longer yours. Other people will translate them,
evaluate them, and measure them. Choose your words, make them appropriate for the situation,
and be aware of the power of words. Poorly chosen words or speech used for personal, hubris, or
evil can impact self-esteem, destroy morale, kill enthusiasm, inflame bias, incite hatred, lower
expectations, hold people back, and even make people physically or mentally ill. Inappropriate
words can make work and home toxic, abusive environments. There are many empirical studies
showing that people who live and/or work in toxic environments suffer more colds, more cases
of flu, more heart attacks, more depression, more of almost all chronic disorders, physical and
emotional, than people who report living and/or working in happy, enjoyable, caring
environments.
The old parental advice, “Sticks and stones can break your bones, but words can never hurt you,”
was simply bad advice. However, well-chosen words or speech for the benefit of good or hope
for others can motivate or inspire others to greater feats and deeds. They can offer hope; create
vision; impact thinking beliefs and behavior of others; and alter results of strategy, plans,
objectives, and people’s lives.
Peggy Noonan, the national syndicated columnist, knows a thing or two about words and how
they impact us. She wrote recently about the advice Clare Boothe Luce once gave the newly
inaugurated U.S. President John F. Kennedy. Ms. Luce was truly a remarkable woman. Her
career spanned seven decades and nearly as many professional interests—journalism, politics,
theatre, diplomacy, and intelligence.
According to Ms. Noonan, the sentence idea comes from a story Clare Boothe Luce told about a
conversation she had in 1962 in the White House with her old friend John F. Kennedy. She said
she told him that “a great man is one sentence.” His leadership can be so well summed up in a
single sentence that you don’t have to hear his name to know who’s being talked about. “He
preserved the union and freed the slaves” or “He lifted us out of a great depression and helped to
win a World War.” You didn’t have to be told “Lincoln” or “FDR.”
She wondered what Kennedy’s sentence would be. She was telling him to concentrate, to know
the great themes and demands of his time, and focus on them. It was good advice. History has
imperatives, and sometimes they are clear. Sometimes they are met, and sometimes not. When
they’re clear and met, you get quite a sentence
Let’s look at a more contemporary example: the historic 2012 presidential debates. These
debates may have more significance than previous ones because of the words chosen by the
candidates, their rhythm, and their physical, nonverbal cues. A big part of communicating
successfully depends on how well we negotiate the paradox of how th.
In this Ebook, you will discover the topics about the types of body expressions, the basics of reading body language, the implication of the smallest body language, the interpretaion of body languages, the micro expression matter, the benefits of understanding the body expressions, the skills that are required in understanding the body languages, understanding what other people are thinking and the effects of body language on communication.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
1. A linguistic interaction is
necessarily a social
interaction.
POLITENESS AND INTERACTION
By: http://www.kau.edu.sa/SBANJAR
Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar http://wwwdrshadiabanjar.blogspot.com
5/17/2009 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 1
2. A linguistic interaction is necessarily a
social interaction.
5/17/2009 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 2
3. In order to make sense of what is said in an
interaction, we have to look at various factors
which relate to social distance and closeness.
Some of these factors are established prior to an
interaction and thus are largely external factors.
They typically involve the relative status of the
participants, based on social values such as age
and power.
We take part in a wide range of interactions
(mostly with strangers) where the social distance
determined by external factors is dominant.
5/17/2009 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 3
4. Internal factors such as amount of imposition
or degree of friendliness can result in the initial
social distance changing and being marked as
less, or more, during the course of the
interaction.
They are typically more relevant to participants
whose social relationships are actually in the
process of being worked out within the
interaction.
Both external and internal factors have an
influence not only on what we say, but also
on how we are interpreted.
5/17/2009 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 4
5. The interpretation of what is uttered usually
goes beyond what was intended to be
expressed, and includes evaluations in
terms of politeness. Therefore, one can
clearly observe that much more is
communicated than is said during a socio-
linguistic interaction (Yule, 1996).
5/17/2009 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 5
6. POLITENESS
Brown and Levinson (1978) suggest
that a need to be polite is common
to all cultures.
5/17/2009 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 6
7. : being polite -
showing good manners and consideration
for other people (e.g. open the door for a
lady, give your seat to an elderly person
in public transport).
Linguistic politeness: the way people
choose to speak and how the hearers
react to their speech.
5/17/2009 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 7
8. THE CONCEPT OF FACE
•Brown and Levinson (1978) have concluded that, in order
to enter into social relationships, all people must
acknowledge the face of other people.
• As a technical term, face means the public self-image of
a person. It refers to that emotional and social sense of
self that every one has and expects everyone else to
recognize.
5/17/2009 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 8
9. POLITENESS
POLITENESS, in an interaction, can be
defined as the means employed to show
awareness of another person’s face.
In this sense, POLITENESS can be
accomplished in situations of social
distance or closeness.
5/17/2009 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 9
10. Showing awareness for another person’s face
when that other seems socially distance is often
described in terms of respect or deference.
Showing the equivalent awareness when the
other is socially close is often described in terms
of friendliness, camaraderie, or solidarity.
5/17/2009 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 10
11. Hey, Bucky, got a
FRIENDLINESS
minute?
PROFESSOR
5/17/2009 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 11
13. FACE WANTS
•People generally behave as if their expectations
concerning their public self-image, or their face
wants, will be respected.
• If a speaker says something that represents a
threat to another individual’s expectations regarding
self-image, it is described as a face threatening act.
• The speaker can say something to lessen the
possible threat. This is called a face saving act.
5/17/2009 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 13
14. FACE SAVING ACT
Perhaps you could just ask
him if he is going to stop
soon because it’s getting a
bit late and people need to
get to sleep.
I’m going to tell
him to stop that
awful noise right
now!
FACE THREATENING ACT
5/17/2009 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 14
15. CONCEPT OF “FACE”:
• Politeness – “showing awareness of another person’s
face” (Yule, 1996: 134).
• Face-threatening act – “a threat to another person’s
self - image” (Yule, 1996:134).
• Face-saving act – “saying something that lessens the
possible threat to another’s face”.
5/17/2009 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 15
16. FACE THREATENING ACT
• Give me that!
• A direct speech act can
give the impression that
you have a social power
over the other person.
FACE SAVING ACT
• Can you give me that? • An indirect speech act
in the form of a
question removes the
assumption of power.
5/17/2009 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 16
17. People have two faces:
Negative face: the need to
be independent, to have
freedom of action, and not to
be imposed on by others.
Positive face: is the need to
be accepted, even liked, by
others, to be treated as a
member of the same group,
and to know that his or her
wants are shared by others.
5/17/2009 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 17
18. Negative and Positive Face
Negative Face Positive Face
The need to be connected and a
The need to be independent
member of the group.
and free.
• Let’s do it together.
• I’m sorry to bother you.
• You and I have the same
• I know you’re busy.
problems.
• Appeal to negative face
• Appeal to positive face.
5/17/2009 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 18
19. someone’s face can be challenged in two ways:
either by telling him what to do, which implies the speaker
has power over him, or
by showing you disagree with or do not appreciate his
values and beliefs.
If you challenge someone’s face, they will challenge you
back!
We use politeness with other people so that they will not
attack us.
We have to make a choice and provide a balance between
getting a message across directly, which might challenge
someone, and
Getting a message across indirectly, which is more polite
but sometimes means the message itself is lost.
5/17/2009 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 19
20. People can choose between a variety of expressions which show varying degrees of
politeness and face-saving (Francesca Pridham,2001:53):
1. The straight command, ‘Shut the door’, does not respect a person’s right to have
control over their own body. Direct commands like this are only issued by a superior to
an inferior. Giving straight commands like this can, therefore, be rude or patronizing.
2.To avoid this rudeness, politeness factors have been introduced into the language,
for example:
• Please, in ‘Shut the door please’.
•Hedges, such as, ‘If it isn’t too much trouble . . .’.
•Commands hidden as questions, e.g. ‘Could you pass the salt please?’
• Using provisional language to imply negotiation is possible, e.g. ‘if’, ‘would’ and
‘can’.
The number of hedges or politeness factors in a request or command is in proportion
to the amount that the speaker feels she or he is imposing on the listener.
‘If it wouldn’t be too much trouble, I mean if you don’t mind, I’d be grateful if you’d
type this letter’, therefore, seems ridiculous because there are too many politeness
factors used in relation to the difficulty of the task.
3. Sometimes, to save face, the speaker makes the request as impersonal and
indirect as possible,
e.g. ‘if this letter was typed, I’d be very grateful’
5/17/2009 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 20
21. Francesca Pridham( 2001:54)
Politeness techniques
What was said How polite is it?
Direct message –
1. ‘Shut the door’ 1. Message clear – challenge to face
threatens face
negative face could cause offence.
2. ‘Please shut the door’ 2. ‘Please’ indicates awareness of
politeness but still could cause a
reaction as quite blunt.
3. ‘Could you shut the 3. Command hidden as question –
window please?’ implies listener has some choice! This
saves face.
4. ‘Shall we shut the 4. Use of personal pronoun ‘we’ implies
window please?’ we’re in the same in-group, have the
same values and are doing the task
together. This protects someone’s
positive face.
Indirect message – 5. ‘It’s cold here’ 5. No challenge here! You can always
no threat to face deny wanting anyone to do anything.
Message unclear. Response might
easily be ‘Is it?’ or ‘Why don’t you
shut the window then?’
5/17/2009 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 21
22. A speaker can also respect a listener’s value system and
appreciate it by implying membership of the same in-
group as the listener. This can be done by the following
means:
• using the personal pronouns, ‘we’ and ‘us’,
e.g. ‘let’s go swimming’;
• using the same in-group vocabulary,
e.g. using dialect or colloquial language when someone
else does;
• using psuedo-agreement which avoids saying ‘no’ or
disagreeing with a speaker,
e.g. ‘Would you like to come to my house?’
– ‘Well, I’d love to at another time.’
5/17/2009 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 22
23. SUMMARY
• Being nice to other people.
• Linguistic politeness studies “face”
• In pragmatics your face is your public
self-image.
• Politeness: is showing awareness and
consideration to another person’s
face.
5/17/2009 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 23
24. Politeness
Politeness refers to:
• Non-intrusive behavior.
• Expression of good-will or camaraderie.
Politeness is also defined as the concern for someone’s
“face”. Face need are the basic wants.
There are two kinds of face needs:
• Negative face needs: need to not be imposed upon.
• Positive face needs: need to be liked and admired.
Polite people avoid “face-threatening” acts, and use positive
polite utterance when possible.
5/17/2009 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 24
25. Robin Lakoff (1973) has summarised politeness in
three maxims:
don’t impose;
give options;
make your receiver feel good.
5/17/2009 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 25
26. A Model of Politeness (Brown & Levinson, 1978)
5/17/2009 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 26