This document discusses discourse analysis and various approaches to studying discourse. It defines discourse as language use above the sentence level and discusses the importance of situational context, background knowledge, and co-textual context in discourse analysis. It then describes several approaches to discourse analysis including conversation analysis, ethnography of communication, and pragmatics. Key concepts in these approaches like turn-taking, speech acts, implicature, and Hymes's SPEAKING model are also summarized.
Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a ProcessCRISALDO CORDURA
This is are 3 presenter presentation on the discussion of "Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a Process"
Credit to
https://uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/media/lectures/8/8_2020_03_30!04_57_35_PM.pptx
and
The book from the school
Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a ProcessCRISALDO CORDURA
This is are 3 presenter presentation on the discussion of "Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a Process"
Credit to
https://uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/media/lectures/8/8_2020_03_30!04_57_35_PM.pptx
and
The book from the school
Lecture 1st-Introduction to Discourse Analysis._023928.pptxGoogle
Introduction to discourse analysis
What is discourse?
What is discourse Analysis?
Paradigms in linguistics
Cohesion and Coherense
Types of written discourse
Types of spoken discourse
Text and discourse
Scope of discourse analysis
This presentation aims to define the concept 'sociopragmatic' and explain how language use differs across cultures. Furthermore, it defines cross-cultural communication breakdown i.e., Pragmatic failure. Examples have also been provided to make the concept of 'sociopragmatic' more comprehensive. Finally, Historical sociopragmatics and the effect of sociopragmatic strategies on second/foreign language learners have been accounted for.
This guide for students and practitioners is introduced by Christopher J. Hall, Patrick H. Smith, and Rachel Wicaksono. This presentation talks about discourse analysis and its several definitions including the pervasive relevance of discourse (analysis), linguistic approaches to discourse analysis, social approaches to discourse analysis, and themes in contemporary discourse analysis. This will discuss the nature of discourse analysis in context significant to all PhD Language Studies students around the globe.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. Discourse
Analysis
Concept of
Discourse
Content in
Language Use
Situational
Context
Background
Knowledge
Context
Co-textual
context
Approaches to
Discourse
Analysis
Conversation
Analysis
Ethnography of
Communication
Pragmatics
Cooperative Principle
& Implicature
Speech Act
4. •Discourse analysis is concerned with language
use in social contexts, and in particular with
interaction or dialogue between speakers.
Stubbs (1983:1)
•Discourse analysis is the analysis of language
use.
Brown and Yule (1983: 1)
5. Situational
Context
• what speakers
know about what
they can see
around them
Background
Knowledge
Context
• what the
speakers know
about each other
and the world
(cultural/interper
sonal)
Co-Textual
Context
• what they know
about what they
have been saying
7. CA attempts to describe the orderliness, structure and sequential
patterns of interaction (institutional or casual conversation)
Turn
•the opportunity to speak at the same point during a
conversation
Turn-
taking
•the change of speaker during conversation
Overlap
•more than one speaker talking at the same time in
conversation
Aspects marked in conversation analysis:
8. Tinker Bell : “You saw it.”
“Didn’t you, FAWN?”
((Tink is flying toward Fawn,
because she feels that she saw her
sparkled wings.))
Fawn : (0,2) “O… No.”
((Fawn is staring confused. She
feels that she never saw it.))
the next speaker, Tinker Bell asks the
question directly by call the next speaker’s
name
9. The Ethnography of communication (EoC) is a
method of discourse analysis which draws on
the anthropological field of ethnography.
Methodology used in EoC is
Hymes’s SPEAKING Theory
10. •Setting refers to the “time and place of a
speech act” (physical circumstance)
•Scene is the "psychological setting" or
"cultural definition" of a scene.
Setting and
Scene
•Participants consist of speaker and
audience
Participants
•Purposes, goals, and outcomesEnds
•Form and order of event.Act Sequence
11. •Cues that establish the "tone, manner, or
spirit" of the speech act.Key
•Forms and styles of speech. For example,
formal, casual.Instrumenta-
lities
•Social rules governing the event and the
participants' actions and reaction.Norms
•The kind of speech act or event.
Genre
12. Pragmatics is the study of the conditions of
human language uses as these are
determined by the context of society
Terms to Cover in Pragmatics :
1. Cooperation and Implication
2. Speech Act
13. 1. Cooperative Principle
- is basic assumption in conversation that each participant
will attempt to contribute appropriately, at the required
time, to the current exchange of talk.
There are four maxims in cooperative principle:
Maxim of
Quantity
•Make your
contribution as
informative as is
required
Maxim of Quality
•Should be true.
•Do not say what
you believe to be
false.
The Maxim of
Relation
•Be relevant
Maxim of Manner
•Clear
•Avoid ambiguity
14. - Implicature is an inference about speaker’s intention.
- It can be divided into two types: Conversational and
conventional implicature.
•Conversational implicatures are the
assumptions suggested by the speaker and
inferred by the hearer in an exchange
situation.
•e.g. A : Are you going to John’s party?
• B : I have heard Mary is going.
Conversational Implicature
15. •not based on the cooperative principle or maxim.
•not depend on special contexts
•It is associated with specific words
•e.g.
•“Mary is crying but she is glad”.
•The sentence “A but B” will be based on the relationship
between A and B and an implicature between the
information in A and B. “Mary is crying is contrast to “she is
glad”
Conventional Implicatures
16. Speech act is an action performed by the use
of an utterance to communicate.
The action performed by producing an utterance will consist of
three related acts; they are:
•act of saying
something
• producing a
meaningful linguistic
expression
Locutionary
•an act of
utterance with
some kind of
function in
mind
Illocutionary
•the
consequence/actual
effect of recognizing
illocutionary act
Perlocutionary
17. Close the window!
It is cold.
The action of closing the
window.
LOCUTION
ILLOCUTION
PERLOCUTION
18. Approaches to Studying
Discourse Focus of Research Research Question
Structural CA Sequences of talk Why say that at that
moment?
Functional Ethnography of
Communication
Communication as cultural
behaviour
How does discourse
reflect culture?
Pragmatics Meaning in interaction What does the
speaker mean?
19. Cutting, Joan. 2002. Pragmatics and Discourse: A Resource Book for
Students. London and New York: Routledge
Fasold, R. W. 1990. The Sociolinguistics of Language. Massachusetts:
Blackwell.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar: 2nd
edn. London: Edward Arnold.
Mey, J. 1993. Pragmatics: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
Nunan, David. 1993. Introducing Discourse Analysis. London: Penguin
English.
Schiffrin, Deborah. 1994. Approaches to Discourse. Cambrifge:
Blackwell Publishers Michigan Press.
Stubbs, Michael. 1983. Discourse Analysis: the Sociolinguistic Analysis
of Language. England: Basil Blackwell Publisher Limited.
Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
