Introduction to Linguistics

1. Composed by :
Nur Insiyah 123 221 225
Rizki Amilia Permata Sari 123 221 255
Rizki Sabilla Ramadhani 123 221 257

3. Discourse
Analysis
Definition of
Discourse
Differences
between text
and discourse
Notion of
Discourse
Analysis
Devices for
Discourse
Cohesion
Coherence
Parallelism
Speech Event
Turn- taking
Coversational
Analysis
Co-operative
principle
Maxim
Quantity
Quality
Relevance
Manner
Hedges
Background
Knowledge
Scheme
Script
Conclusion

4. 1. Mohammad s. Zeidan (2004). Discourse is modes of speaking
and writing which involve participants in adopting a particular
attitude towards areas of socio-cultural activity.
2. Widdowson (1973). Discourse is viewed as a process. Meaning is
derived through the reader’s interaction with the text.
3. Cook (1989). Discourse as streches of language perceived to be
meaningful , unified, and purposive.

6. Discourse analysis, or text linguistics “is the
study of the relationship between language and the
contexts in which language is used. It deals with how
sentences in spoken and written language form
larger meaningful units.”

7. 1.Cohesion 2.Coherence 3.Parallelism
5. Turn- Taking 4.Speech Event
6.Conversational
Analysis
7. Co- operative
principle 8. Hedges 9. Background
Knowledge

8. Cohesion is grammatical relationship between parts of
the sentences essential for its interpretation.
Example :
My father once bought a Lincoln convertible. He did it
by saving every penny he could. That car would be
worth a fortune nowadays. However, he sold it to
help pay for my college education. Sometimes I think I’d
rather have the convertible.
 The words above is general connection by number of
word “money”

10. Coherence is the relationships which link the meanings of
utterances in a discourse or of the sentences in a text.
Example:
Betty : That’s the telephone
Mike : I’m in bath
Betty : O.K

11. Parallelism is equivalence between the phrase
contardiction that has two different meanings in one
sentence.
Example:
“The woman who has bad-faced and the woman who
has beautiful-faced have the same human right”
 In that sentence the woman who has bad-faced and
the woman who has beautiful-faced both of them have
the same human right.

12. Speech event is about taking part in
conversation, or any other speech event
Instance of a social practice in which
discourse plays a primary role
example: argument, debate, lecture, chat,
interview, various types of discussions.

13. Turn- Taking is some style and different strategies of participant in
conversation of these strategies seem to be the source of what is
some-times described by participants. The participants
characterized as ‘rude’ or ‘shy’ in this way may simply be adhering
to slightly different conventions of turn-taking.
Example: I mean his other… emmhis later films were much
more… err really more in the romantic style and that was more
what he was… you know… emm best at doing

14. Conversation Analysis is activity in which, for the most part, two or
more people take turns at speaking. Typically, only one person
speaks at a time and there tends to be an avoidance of silence
between speaking turns. (This is not true in all situations or
societies). If more than one participant tries to talk at the same
time, one of them usually stops.
Example:
A: Didn’t you know where he was
going?
B: [he was going to
shopping center for a moment.
A: [Ok. But he must’ve been
there by two p.m.

16. Co-operative principle is stated in the following way: “make
your conversational contribution such as is required , at the
stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or
direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”
See at the next slide.....

18. Maxim of quantity is make your contribution as
informative as is required but not more , or less than is
required.
Example:
( 1) The Blind is the worker squeeze.
( 2) a person who cannot see is
really the worker squeeze.

19. Maxim of quality is do not say that which you believe to be false
or for which you lack adequate evidence
Example
A : how much/many maxim cooperation
according to Grice?
B : According to book Grice which I read,
there is four maxim in principle work is of equal.
A : What kind of Maxim that’s all?
B : They are: Maxim Amount, maxim quality
, maxim relevance and maxim way of ( execution).

20. Maxim of relevance is be relevant
Example:
A : There is somebody at the door
B : I’m in the bath.

21. Maxim of manner is be clear . brief and orderly
Example:
A: Let’s stop and get something to eat.
B: Okey, but not M-C-D-O-N-A-L-D-S

22. Hedges is used certain types of expressions, called hedges, to
show that we are concerned about following the maxims while
being co-operative participants in conversations.
Example :
“Are you sure...?” (someone’s expression
cause distrust for something)
“Oh... I’m sorry to hear that” (someone’s
expression cause sad feeling)

23. Background Knowledge is the processes involved
which presented readers with a short text, one
sentence at a time .
Example :
John was on his way to school last Friday
He was really worried about the math lesson

25. Check this following example by scheme and script :
Trying not to be out of the office for long, Suzy went into the
nearest place, sat down and ordered an avocado sandwich. It was
quite crowded, but the service was fast, so she left a good tip. Back
in the office, things were not going well.
Scheme :
1. The woman who went to
restaurant is Suzy
2. Suzy was an office girl
3. She went to the
restaurant.
4. She ate an avocado
sandwich.
5. Finally she is back to the
office.
Script :
1. We would assume that
Suzy opened a door to get
2. Into the restaurant,
3. That there were tables
there,
4. That she ate the sandwich,
5. Then she paid for it, and so
on. (back to the office)