This document provides an overview of conversation analysis. It defines conversation analysis as the study of everyday conversational interactions. Key points made in the document include:
- Conversation analysis examines how participants coordinate turn-taking and manage topics through linguistic and structural elements.
- Conversations have opening, middle, and closing stages that follow predictable patterns. They also involve adjacency pairs like greetings/responses.
- Aspects of conversation like turn-taking, preference, and repair are systematically structured and important to analyze.
- Conversation analysis originated in the 1960s and focuses on social order and how context influences language use.
conversational implicature is a sort of inference that has been derived from speaker's said utterance, to say going deep to abstract what is meant by speaker rather what is being said.
it is like drawing inference with the help of non verbal cues, schemata of the situation as well.An utterance which conveys meaning beyond its proposition.what is said must be understood in terms of what philosophers define as meaning, that is, sense and reference, what is said is the result of a linguistic computation implying the description of a full proposition with a truth value.
conversational implicature is a sort of inference that has been derived from speaker's said utterance, to say going deep to abstract what is meant by speaker rather what is being said.
it is like drawing inference with the help of non verbal cues, schemata of the situation as well.An utterance which conveys meaning beyond its proposition.what is said must be understood in terms of what philosophers define as meaning, that is, sense and reference, what is said is the result of a linguistic computation implying the description of a full proposition with a truth value.
Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a ProcessCRISALDO CORDURA
This is are 3 presenter presentation on the discussion of "Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a Process"
Credit to
https://uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/media/lectures/8/8_2020_03_30!04_57_35_PM.pptx
and
The book from the school
Media Discourse Analysis is a presentation on behavior of media and society its includes science of colors , brain , society ,electronic media ,print media , examples of anchors and dramas , Pakistan society based dramas example , drama example and its factor ,media reporting and its factors .
Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a ProcessCRISALDO CORDURA
This is are 3 presenter presentation on the discussion of "Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a Process"
Credit to
https://uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/media/lectures/8/8_2020_03_30!04_57_35_PM.pptx
and
The book from the school
Media Discourse Analysis is a presentation on behavior of media and society its includes science of colors , brain , society ,electronic media ,print media , examples of anchors and dramas , Pakistan society based dramas example , drama example and its factor ,media reporting and its factors .
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
1. Department of English Language and Literature
Major: English Language and Literature
Discourse Analysis
Session 2 conversation analysis
Dr. Badriya Al Mamari
Academic year 2021/2022
2. What is conversation analysis?
Wright (1936: 85) point out that , the English word,
conversation, is made up of a combination of two Latin
roots, ‘con,’ and ‘vers.’ ‘Con’ means with, together. ‘Vers’
mean to turn about in a given direction. Thus, to engage in
conversation literally means to turn about with others.
3. Conversation can be said to contain two elements, the information and the
phatic.
“Phatic communications is used to establish social relationship rather than
impart information. All conversations contain phatic communication; some
conversations are also purposeful in that the participants have defined goal,
whether to impart information, formulate a plan, etc. In a purposeful
meeting. Every conversational move ideally contributes to the overall goal
as set by the participants.
4. Fairclough (2001:9) states “conversation is systematically structured, and
that there is evidence of the orientation of participants to these structures
in the way in which they design their own conversational turns and react
to those of others.” Conversation consists of two or more participants
taking turns and only one participants speaking at any time.
5. Conversation consists of two or more participants taking turns and only one participants speaking
at any time.
Conversations are the ideal form of communication in some respects, since they allow people with
different views on a topic to learn from each other.
A speech, on the other hand, is an oral presentation by one person directed at a group.
For a successful conversation, the partners must achieve a workable balance of contributions. A
successful conversation includes mutually interesting connections between the speakers or things that
the speakers know.
6. DISCOURSE STRUCTURE OF CONVERSATION:
The discourse structure of conversations is generally less easy to predict than in many other genres. For example,
conversations tend to be more open-ended and involve more shift in topic than is the case with some other genres.
Conversations are generally divided up into three main stages. As Burns and Joyce in Paltridge (2000:85) suggest, these
are typically: Opening Stage, Middle Stage, and Closing Stage.
1.Opening stages : Beginnings (e.g salutations and greetings such as ‘Hello, How are you?’)
2.Middle stages : Development of range of topics using conversational strategies for turn taking, turn allocation, and
keeping a turn, adjacency pairs, preferred and dispreferred responses, ways of giving back, changing a topic, asking for
clarification, correcting what was said, etc.
3.Closing stages : Preclosing exchanges which signal the ending of the conversation (e.g. discourse markers and formulaic
expressions, such as : ‘Anyway, well, I’d better be off’. ‘Thanks for calling’, falling intonation).
4.Closing : (e.g. formulaic expressed such as ‘bye’, ‘see you’).
7. CONVERSATION ANALYSIS (CA)
The approach to the analysis of spoken interactions known as Conversation Analysis (CA) developed from work
carried out by Harvey Sacks, Gail Jefferson and Emanuel Schegloff in the early 1960s at the University of California.
CA originated in the field of sociology and started with the examination of telephone calls made to the Los
Angeles Suicide Prevention Centre. This work then continued with the examination of more ordinary telephone calls
and conversations.
In CA, particular attention is given to everyday spoken interaction such as: interview, interaction in courtroom or
in classroom between teacher and student.
Hutcby and Woffitt (1998:135) says that conversation analysis (CA) concerns with the problem of social order and
how language is created by social context.
Conversation analysis is an analysis of conversation when the speaker follows in a particular interaction.
9. 1.OPENING AND CLOSING:
Opening and closing is an important part in conversation shown in pairs of utterances. It plays a big role which
determines how the conversation will be started and finished, and how the conversation will be going on. Another reason
why it is very important is that each culture in this world uses that method of conversation to sign the relation between one
another. The way to open and close a conversation is also different depending on where the conversation takes places.
According to Paltridge (2000: 86), “openings and closings in conversations are often carried out in typical ways.” They
are also context and speech-event-specific. For example, how we open a conversation at the bus stop is very different
from how we do it on the telephone.
Openings and closings often make use of pairs of utterances (adjacency pairs), such as: ‘Hi’, ‘How are you’ and ‘Bye’,
‘See you later’, which are often not meant to be taken literally.
Closings are often preceded by pre-closings, such as: ‘Okay’, ‘Good’, statements such as ‘Well, it’s been nice talking
to you’ or ‘Anyway, I’ve got to go now’, and an accompanying fall in intonation.
10. 2.ADJACENCY PAIRS:
An adjacency pair is a unit of conversation that contains an exchange of one turn each by
two speakers. The turns are functionally related to each other in such a fashion that the first turn
requires a certain type or range of types of second turn.
An adjacency pair, used in conversational analysis, is a pair of conversational turns by two
different speakers such that the production of the first turn (called a first-pair part) makes a
response (a second-pair part) of a particular kind relevant.
For example, a question, such as "What's your name?”, requires the addressee to provide an
answer in the next conversational turn. A failure to give an immediate response is noticeable and
accountable. Many actions in conversation are accomplished through adjacency pair
sequences.
11. Examples of : ADJACENCY PAIRS
First parts Second parts Preferred Dispreferred
Request Acceptance Refusal
Offer/invite Acceptance Refusal
Assessment Agreement Disagreement
Question expected answer Unexpected answer or
non-answer
Compliment Acceptance Rejection
12. REQUEST – ACCEPTANCE / REFUSAL
Requesting is asking someone to do something which can be responded with acceptance or
refusal.
e.g.:A: “Would you mind closing the door?” (Request)
B: “Of course.” (Acceptance)
Or A: “Would you mind closing the door?” (Request)
B: “ Sorry, I am busy” (Refusal)
13. OFFER / INVITE – ACCEPTANCE /
REFUSAL
Offering something to someone, it may be in the form of goods or services. It can be responded into
acceptance or refusal, or generally called granting.
e.g.: A: “Will you come to my house sometimes?
B: “Yes, I will.”
OR B: “No, never.”
14. ASSESSMENT – AGREEMENT /
DISAGREEMENT
Assessment can be formed into opinion seek or comment, which is asking another’s opinion or
agreement. It is responded with agreement or called opinion provide.
e.g. A: “What do you think about that kitten?”
B: “So cute.”
OR B: “Disgusting.”
15. QUESTION – ANSWER / UNEXPECTED
ANSWER OR NON-ANSWER
Question can be formed into information seek, clarification seek, etc. It is about asking
something to someone. It is responded with information provide, clarification provide, etc.
e.g. A: “Where do you live?”
B: “I live in Semarang.”
OR B: “Is it important?”
16. COMPLIMENT – ACCEPTANCE /
REFUSAL
Compliment is the way of praising another person about something he or she has. It is responded
with acceptance.
e.g. A: “What a nice cloth?”
B: “Oh, thanks.”
OR B: “Are you kidding?”
17. OTHER ADJACENCY PAIRS
Beside the adjacency pair above there also other kinds of adjacency pairs carried out by Paltridge
(2000:98-99), they are:
Greeting-greeting: The way of saying hello and salutation.
e.g. A: “Hi!”
B: “Hello!”
Leave taking adjacency pair: The utterances which have purpose to end the conversation.
A: “See you.”
B: “See you”
18. Complaint-apology: Complaint is utterances which indicate feeling unsatisfied about something. However,
apology is the way to response the complaint, which express regretfulness.
e.g. A: “This food is too salty.”
B: “I’m sorry, sir. I’ll give you another one.”
Warning-acknowledgement: Warning is utterances to warn someone about something. While
acknowledgement is statements which show that the warning is already acceptable.
A: “Beware of the hole in the street.”
B: “Okay. Thank you.”
19. Blame – Denial: Blame is utterances that express that someone is responsible about the
mistake. Denial is statement to say that something is not true.
e.g. A: “You loose the key, don’t you?”
B: “No. I don’t.”
Threat - counter-threat, etc: Threat is utterances that indicate the intension of harm. However,
counter-threat is utterances that express the defeat of someone’s threat.
A: “You got to get out of here or I’ll call the security.”
B: “No, I won’t.”
20. 3.TOPIC MANAGEMENT:
Topic management is one of the important aspects of conversation. In doing the conversation,
how the speaker maintain the topic is related to the social culture where the speaker appears. The
speaker should not talk about topic thought as a taboo by the society. There is an effort to maintain
the topic so it won’t change easily before another speaker follows the previous topic.
“Topic management also includes an awareness of how speakers deal with changes in a topic,
how they maintain a topic, and how they repair the interaction when a misunderstanding occurs”,
(Burns and Joyce in Paltridge (2000:94).
21. Moreover, there are often culture-specific rules for who initiates a topic and how it is done, and
who develops the topic and how it is developed. That is, there are often culture specific strategies that
people use to introduce, develop, or change topics in a conversation. Equally, there are conventions
and constraint on the choice of topic in particular conversational contexts, depending on the genre, or
speech event, situation, and culture in which they occur.
An initial question is what sorts of thing can form topics in conversation. “Some topics are not
relevant to particular conversations because it is a general rule about conversation that it is your
business not to tell people what you can suppose they know” (Malcolm, 1971: 79), and the suitability
of other topics depends on the person one is talking to.
22. 4.TURN TAKING:
In conversation, there is a situation when a speaker takes the chance to speak, that is turn.
Turn-taking gives a chance for speakers to do conversation smoothly, so there won’t be a
dominant speaker in the conversation.
First speaker utters something which is then followed by another speaker. It may make a
simultaneous conversation. Malcolm (1985: 59) suggests that “there is an underlying rule in
American English conversation: at least and not more than one party talks at a time.”
This is not an empirical fact because there are obviously many instances of short pauses and
short overlaps, but rather a normative or observably oriented to feature of conversation; in other
words, it is a rule used by conversationalists themselves.
23. In conversations, there are norms for who talks, when, and for how long. The basic rule in
English is that one person speaks at a time, after which they may nominate another
speaker or another speaker may take up the turn without being nominated. There are a
number of ways in which we can signal that we have come to the end of a turn, such as
the completion of a syntactic unit followed by a pause. We may also signal the end of a
turn through eye contact, body position and movement, or pitch and loudness. For
example; low pitch may indicate we are willing to give up our turn whereas maintained
pitch may indicate we wish to hold it.
24. 5.PREFERENCE ORGANIZATION
Preference organization is a pair which gives freedom in responding to some first pair part, whether it
is preferred or dispreferred one. There is, however, a certain amount of freedom in responding to
some first pair parts, such as in:
A: That’s a nice shirt. (Compliment)
B: Oh thanks. (Accept) or “Actually…I don’t really like it; (Reject )
25. Thus, some second pair parts may be preferred and others may be dispreferred,
For example: an invitation may be followed by an acceptance (the preferred second pair part)
or a rejection (the dispreferred second pair part). When this happens, the dispreferred second pair
part is often preceded by a delay, a preface, and/or an account.
For example:
A: Would you like to come to the movies on Friday? (Invitation)
B: Uhhh… (Delay)
I don’t know for sure. (Preface)
I think I might have something on that night. (Account)
Can we make it another time? (Rejection)
26. 6.FEEDBACK:
Feedback shows how the listener responds to what is talking about by the speaker.
Feedback can be done both verbally or non-verbally which signaling response.
Feedback also varies cross-culturally. For example, a common feedback token in
Japanese is ‘hi’ which, taken literally, means ‘yes’. However, in Japanese interactions the
use of this feedback token does not necessarily mean agreement as ‘yes’ might in
English, but rather, simply, ‘I am listening to what you are saying’, much as ‘uh huh’ might
in English.
27. 7.REPAIR:
Repair is a correction of what has been said by the speaker about the previous statement they said during
the conversation. There are two types of repair; self repairs and other repairs.
Self repairs: is repairs done by speaker about what has been said before. Nevertheless, other repairs is
repairs done by another speaker as interlocutor.
For example, we might correct what we have said (self repair) as in:
A : I’m going to the movies tomorrow…I mean the opera; Or the other person might repair what we have
said (other repair):
A : I’m going to that restaurant we went to last week. You know the Italian one in Brunswick Street? B : You
mean Lygon Street, don’t you?
A : Yeah. That’s right, Lygon Street.
Repair organization describes how parties in conversation deal with problems in speaking, hearing, or
understanding. Repair is classified by who initiates repair (self or other) and by who resolves the problem (self
or other) as well as by how it unfolds within a turn or a sequence of turns.