Pragmatics and indirectness
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The document discusses pragmatics and indirectness. It defines a spectrum of degrees of indirectness from direct to highly conventionalized polite request forms. Context, beliefs, background knowledge, goals, and competing goals all play a role in interpreting indirectness. Indirectness can be used to make conversations more interesting or to increase the force of one's message. People may rely on indirectness when they have competing goals in a conversation.
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1. In the first conversation, the Quality maxim is being flouted.
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3. In the third conversation, the Relevance maxim is being flouted.
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2. In the second conversation, the Quantity maxim is being flouted.
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Language change
Language change is studied by both historical linguists and sociolinguists. It occurs over time through various processes including: incremental changes that become standard, decremental changes when words are less used, and replacement of words or structures. Changes happen at different linguistic levels and for various social reasons, such as imperfect learning by children, laziness leading to shortening of words, and differences between gender speech.
Cross Cultural Conflict Management
http://www.collaborativejourneys.com
"Cross-Cultural Conflict Management"
Slides associated with workshop; delivered by Ben Ziegler, at the Inter-cultural Association of Greater Victoria, in December 2014.
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ETL705 Week 6Semantics and the LexiconKey topics in
ETL705 Week 6:
Semantics and the Lexicon
Key topics in Semantics
Sense and reference
Literal meaning
Figurative meaning
Lexical Semantics
Speech acts
Gricean maxims
Reference
presupposition
Sense and reference
Sense and reference, as we may simply say, are the two sides of a coin.
Reference (Denotation) is the person, the object, or anything that we are talking about and has a reference in the outside world.
Sense (Meaning) is related to the meaning, and the way the person or the object is referred to.
Activity
Identify the sense and reference of the word ‘unicorn’.
Literal vs. figurative meaning
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Figurative meaning or figurative language is used for different purposes; e.g., for exaggeration, for analogy, and for metaphors, among other things. In literature it is often known as figure of speech.
Metaphors
The sentence ‘He is the apple of my eye’ – doesn’t refer to any kind of fruit; there is, of course, no real apple in a person's eye. The "apple" is someone beloved and held dear.
When we hear this statement, we interpret it metaphorically, that is, we go beyond the literal meaning.
Other examples:
a bubbly personality
feeling blue
a rollercoaster of emotions
it’s raining men
Since our daily use of language is full of metaphors, it is sometimes hard to draw a fine distinction between the literal and the metaphoric meaning. For this reason, some linguists prefer to consider them cognitively and not linguistically.
Activity
Think of 3 metaphors in English (or another language) and discuss
Metonymy
Metonymy is another kind of figure of speech which connotes habituality or association.
e.g.
‘The pen is mightier than the sword’
What about these?
The Crown
The White House
Dish
Ears
A hand
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Homonyms:
When two words have the same spelling and pronunciation, but different meanings
I went to the bank (by the river or to withdraw some cash?).
This is an interesting case
Activity
Provide 2 homonyms.
(If the spelling is different but the sound is the same, e.g sea and see, they are homophones)
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Polysemy (adj polysemous):
When a word has several meanings, such as the word ‘run’.
Compare:
He runs.
The paint runs.
The engine runs.
He has a runny nose.
The grass runs for a mile.
He runs this business.
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Pragmatics and indirectness
- 2. Group 7 Alfiani Safitri 0902534 Fira Nursya’bani 0906856 Ismy Fauziah Ainun 0902350 Luciyana Dwiningrum 0902428
- 3. Measuring Indirectness Degree of Indirectness Highly Direct Conventionalized Polite Request Form Unmodified Imperative (Total Proportional Transparency)
- 4. Examples: • Direct: ‘Stand ! ’ • Unmodified Imperative: ‘Would you like to stand’ • Highly conventionalized polite request form: ‘I think we would sing better if we stood’
- 5. No, I won’t marry you! Directly Expresses Conclusion I don’t respect you and Logically Implies I couldn’t marry a man I Conclusion don’t respect I could never marry a Directly Pragmatically Expresses clergyman Conclusion I refuse to marry a Indirectly Pragmatically complete buffoon! Expresses Conclusion
- 7. The role of context in interpreting indirectness “It is usual with young ladies to reject the addresses of the man whom they secretly mean to accept, when he first applies for their favour ” Mr. Collins is not totally irrational
- 8. The role of belief in interpreting indirectness “Elizabeth will not marry a complete buffoon; I am not a complete buffoon; Therefore Elizabeth will marry me” Expresses Mr. Collins’s hubris, stupidity and crass insensitivity
- 9. Background Knowledge and Interpreting Indirectness ..One person is able to retrieve from memory, another may have to construct.. construct ex. a: What’s the difference between Oxford University and Jurrasic Park? b: One’s a theme park inhabited by dinosaurs, the other’s a film by Stephen Spielberg. ..You need to be familiar with a particular elements of background knowledge..
- 10. The Role of Co-Text and Interpreting Indirectness Adjacency Pairs (Schegloff and Sacks) ..Consecutive, Contingently related utterances produced by two different speakers.. -- First Pair Part -- Second Pair Part ex. a: I’d like to go to walking on Saturday if it’s fine. b: It’s Lenin birthday a: It’s my niece’s birthday. And Shakespeare’s birthday
- 11. Goals and the Interpretation of Indirectness Leech: Initial Action 1 Intermediate Action 2 Final State State State S feels cold S says: H H S feels “Switch on understands Switches warmer the heater” that S wants on heater the heater on Initial Action 1 Intermediat Intermedia Action 2 Final State e State 1 te State 2 State S feels S says: H H H S feels cold “Cold in understands Understand Switches warmer here, that S is s that S on heater isn’t?” aware that it wants the
- 12. Goals and the Interpretation of Indirectness ..If we have a good idea of the speaker’s goal, we can make the conversation short.. ..The term indirectness covers a range of phenomena, the illocutionary goal which is unclear..
- 13. Interestingness ..Interestingness is probably the least significant of the reasons given above, but nevertheless its importance should not be underestimated.. ..People may use indirectness because they enjoy having fun with language..
- 14. Increasing the Force of One’s Message ..It is quite closely related to the interestingness.. ..People can increase the ‘impact’ of effectiveness of your message by employing indirectness..
- 15. Competing Goals ..According to Pyle (1983), the user of indirect utterance relies upon his or her interlocuter’s ability to detect the problem..