Definition of Semantic and The Study of Meaning
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Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It examines how meaning is constructed and interpreted through language use. Semantics is interested in how meaning works in individual words and sentences, relationships between words, ambiguity, and different interpretations of meaning. Precisely defining meaning is important, and semantics defines it as both the thing referred to in the world and the mental concepts evoked. There are different types of meaning studied in semantics, including linguistic meaning involving sense and reference, social meaning involving social characteristics inferred from language, and affective meaning involving emotional connotations of words.
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An introduction to semantics
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It examines how meaning is constructed and interpreted through symbols like words, phrases, and context. Key areas of semantic theory include symbol and referent relationships, conceptions of meaning, ambiguity, metaphor, semantic change over time, and pragmatics. The field is concerned with the meaning of linguistic units from individual morphemes and words up to entire texts, and how context influences interpretation. Studying semantics is essential for understanding language acquisition, variation, and use in social and cultural contexts.
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The document discusses the key concepts of discourse analysis including:
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- Utterances refer to spoken language while sentences refer to written language
- Discourse analysts study natural language use in context to describe regularities rather than rules
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1. introduction to semantics
This document discusses the history and development of semantics, the scientific study of meaning in language. It outlines the main approaches to semantics such as formal and functional approaches. Key topics in semantics are discussed including word meaning, meaning in vocabulary organization, meaning in syntax, and historical semantics. The document also explores the relationship between semantics and other fields such as philosophy, anthropology, psychology, and communication theory.
Lexicography
This document discusses the field of lexicography, which involves both the theoretical and practical aspects of dictionary making. It defines lexicography and outlines its history, providing examples of early dictionaries. It also describes the types of lexicography as either practical (involving compilation and editing) or theoretical (analyzing semantic relations and developing dictionary structure theories). Finally, it discusses the various stages involved in practical lexicography, such as acquiring lexicon entries, structuring information, writing entries, and updating/archiving entries.
Semantics
This document discusses semantics and various linguistic concepts related to semantics. It defines semantics as the study of meaning in language. It provides examples to illustrate concepts like speaker meaning versus sentence meaning. It also discusses topics like referring expressions, predicates, senses, reference, deixis, definiteness, prototypes, and various semantic relations between words. The document is broken into 10 units that progressively introduce and explain these semantic concepts.
Types of meaning
The document discusses different types of meaning in language as classified by linguist G. Leech. It describes conceptual meaning as the essential, logical meaning of language. Associative meaning includes connotative meaning, which is the additional implied meaning beyond conceptual content, as well as social, affective, reflective, collocative, and thematic meanings. Connotative meaning can vary between cultures and individuals and is more unstable than conceptual meaning. Social meaning conveys information about language usage contexts. Affective meaning shows attitude and evaluation. Reflective meaning arises from multiple conceptual meanings. Collocative meaning comes from words that commonly occur together. Thematic meaning is based on how the speaker organizes their message.
Pragmatics: Introduction
This document discusses pragmatics and its relationship to linguistics. It defines pragmatics as the study of meaning as it relates to speakers, addressees, context and knowledge of language use. Pragmatics focuses on utterances within a given context. Unlike grammar, pragmatics allows humans into the analysis and looks at principles rather than rules. It deals with processes rather than products. The document provides several definitions of pragmatics and outlines its distinction from semantics and syntax.
Implicature
1. In the first conversation, the Quality maxim is being flouted.
2. In the second conversation, the Quantity maxim is being flouted.
3. In the third conversation, the Relevance maxim is being flouted.
4. In the fourth conversation, the Manner maxim of avoiding ambiguity is being flouted.
2. Yes, the implicatures are successful in each case because the hearer recognizes that a maxim is being flouted and is able to infer the implicated meaning.
Recommended
An introduction to semantics
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It examines how meaning is constructed and interpreted through symbols like words, phrases, and context. Key areas of semantic theory include symbol and referent relationships, conceptions of meaning, ambiguity, metaphor, semantic change over time, and pragmatics. The field is concerned with the meaning of linguistic units from individual morphemes and words up to entire texts, and how context influences interpretation. Studying semantics is essential for understanding language acquisition, variation, and use in social and cultural contexts.
Discourse analysis new
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- Language has both transactional and interactional functions
- Spoken and written language differ in their production and use
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- Discourse analysts study natural language use in context to describe regularities rather than rules
- The focus is on language as a dynamic process rather than just the static products of language
1. introduction to semantics
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This document discusses the field of lexicography, which involves both the theoretical and practical aspects of dictionary making. It defines lexicography and outlines its history, providing examples of early dictionaries. It also describes the types of lexicography as either practical (involving compilation and editing) or theoretical (analyzing semantic relations and developing dictionary structure theories). Finally, it discusses the various stages involved in practical lexicography, such as acquiring lexicon entries, structuring information, writing entries, and updating/archiving entries.
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Types of meaning
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Pragmatics: Introduction
This document discusses pragmatics and its relationship to linguistics. It defines pragmatics as the study of meaning as it relates to speakers, addressees, context and knowledge of language use. Pragmatics focuses on utterances within a given context. Unlike grammar, pragmatics allows humans into the analysis and looks at principles rather than rules. It deals with processes rather than products. The document provides several definitions of pragmatics and outlines its distinction from semantics and syntax.
Implicature
1. In the first conversation, the Quality maxim is being flouted.
2. In the second conversation, the Quantity maxim is being flouted.
3. In the third conversation, the Relevance maxim is being flouted.
4. In the fourth conversation, the Manner maxim of avoiding ambiguity is being flouted.
2. Yes, the implicatures are successful in each case because the hearer recognizes that a maxim is being flouted and is able to infer the implicated meaning.
Saussure 140724012943-phpapp02
Ferdinand de Saussure was a Swiss linguist who developed structural linguistics, viewing language as a system of signs. He argued that language should be studied synchronically, focusing on its structure at a single point in time, rather than diachronically looking at its evolution over time. Saussure analyzed language as consisting of signs, each with a signifier (sound-image) and signified (concept). The relationship between signifier and signified is arbitrary, and signs can be organized through their syntagmatic (combinatory) and paradigmatic (substitutable) relationships.
Semantics (seven types of meaning)
This document discusses the seven types of meaning in semantics according to Geoffrey Leech:
1. Conceptual meaning refers to the literal or dictionary definition of a word.
2. Connotative meaning involves the social and cultural values associated with a word.
3. Social meaning depends on aspects of society and dialect.
4. Affective meaning refers to the emotions and attitudes conveyed.
5. Reflective meaning involves multiple conceptual meanings from a single sense.
6. Collocative meaning consists of associations acquired based on common words in the environment.
7. Thematic meaning is communicated through how the message is organized, ordered and emphasized.
Pragmatics
Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning. It studies how people choose language in social interactions and how those choices affect others. Pragmatics looks at speaker meaning rather than just word meanings alone. It examines how inferences, context, and the unsaid contribute to communicated meaning. Pragmatics also studies deixis, which uses language to point or refer to people, places, times, and things that depend on shared context between speakers and listeners. Politeness and face are also part of pragmatics, examining how people navigate social relationships and maintain self-image through their language choices.
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There are seven types of meaning in semantics:
1. Conceptual meaning refers to the basic dictionary definition of a word.
2. Connotative meaning involves attributes and associations beyond the literal meaning.
3. Social meaning conveys information about the social context of a word's use.
4. Affective or emotive meaning refers to the feelings or attitudes a word evokes in listeners.
5. Reflected meaning arises from a word having multiple conceptual meanings.
6. Collocative meaning is based on words that tend to co-occur together.
7. Thematic meaning depends on how a message organizes focus and emphasis.
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Semantics relationships
semnatics is the part of the linguistics that tudy the componente and the organization in the sense of the wordsand study the sound of words
Meaning
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1. Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning focusing on literal word meanings and how they are combined. Pragmatics studies how literal meaning must be refined based on context to understand what a speaker meant.
2. Denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word by denoting or referring to something. Sense refers to matching a word's meaning with another expression having the same meaning.
3. Lexical meaning refers to individual word meanings while structural meaning refers to how words are combined based on syntax. Categorematic expressions like nouns and verbs provide meaning categories while syncategorematic expressions like prepositions modify other expressions.
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This document discusses semantics and meanings in language. It defines semantics as the study of meaning in words, phrases, and sentences. Meaning exists in the mind and we express meaning through language. Philosophers have debated the relationship between words and their meanings for over 2000 years. More recently, thinkers have argued that the meaning of a word is the concept it represents in the mind rather than the object itself. The document goes on to discuss different types of meanings including denotative meaning, social meaning, thematic meaning, and sentence versus utterance meaning. It also covers topics like semantic roles, ambiguity, sense and reference, entailment, and presupposition.
Introduction to semantics
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It is a branch of linguistics that examines how meaning is constructed and interpreted through signs and symbols like words, phrases, and sentences. Understanding semantics is essential for studying language acquisition and how meaning can be constructed, clarified, or obscured through things like ambiguity, synonyms, and context.
Semantics
This document discusses how words and sentences derive meaning. It explains that word meanings are constructed through relationships like synonyms, antonyms, and polysemy. Figurative language like metaphor, metonymy and idioms allow words to take on nonliteral meanings. Sentence meaning comes from structure, while utterance meaning depends on context. Pragmatics studies how context shapes the implied meaning of an utterance. Overall, the document examines how semantics and pragmatics work together to help people construct and understand meanings from language.
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This document provides an overview of lexical and grammatical categories in language. It discusses the categories of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, determiners, auxiliaries, coordinators, and complementizers. For each category, it provides examples and explanations of the syntactic and semantic properties that define the category and distinguish it from other categories. It also notes some exceptions and borderline cases between categories.
Componential analysis and semantic decomposition
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Cognitive linguistics
Cognitive linguistics emerged from developments in linguistics in the 1960s-1970s. It views language as grounded in human cognition and experience rather than as an autonomous system. Some key principles of cognitive linguistics include: meaning arises from conceptualization rather than being truth-conditional; semantics is encyclopedic rather than compositional; and linguistic knowledge comes from language usage. Cognitive linguistics investigates various topics like categorization, grammar theories, discourse analysis, and language acquisition using these principles.
semantics the study of meaning
The document discusses semantics, which is defined as the systematic study of meaning. It provides several definitions of semantics from different linguistic sources that emphasize its focus on the study of meaning in language. It also presents examples to demonstrate speakers' semantic knowledge, such as distinguishing anomalies from paraphrases, identifying synonyms and antonyms, recognizing contradictions, and understanding entailments and presuppositions.
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Trasnlation shift
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INTRODUCTION TO SEMANTICS- by Prof. Alyson Andrade at Regional University fr...
This document provides an introduction to semantics, the study of meaning in language. It discusses several key concepts in semantics, including:
- The systematic study of meaning and how semantics relates to other fields like psychology and philosophy.
- How human language differs from animal communication systems in its creativity and ability to communicate about past/future experiences.
- How children acquire language abilities at different stages of development.
- How speakers demonstrate their semantic knowledge through recognizing meaningful/meaningless sentences, paraphrasing, distinguishing synonyms/antonyms, detecting contradictions, and more.
- Ambiguous sentences with multiple meanings, entailment relationships between sentences, and presuppositions conveyed by sentences.
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This document discusses several theories of meaning:
- Referential theory claims words refer to real objects, but some words like "nobody" have no referent.
- Use theory argues meaning depends on a word's conventional use rather than reference.
- Speech act theory proposes words can perform actions like promising or requesting.
- Hermeneutic theory interprets meaning through analyzing related concepts within a text.
- Postmodern theory rejects objective meanings and emphasizes context and interpretation.
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Saussure 140724012943-phpapp02
Ferdinand de Saussure was a Swiss linguist who developed structural linguistics, viewing language as a system of signs. He argued that language should be studied synchronically, focusing on its structure at a single point in time, rather than diachronically looking at its evolution over time. Saussure analyzed language as consisting of signs, each with a signifier (sound-image) and signified (concept). The relationship between signifier and signified is arbitrary, and signs can be organized through their syntagmatic (combinatory) and paradigmatic (substitutable) relationships.
Semantics (seven types of meaning)
This document discusses the seven types of meaning in semantics according to Geoffrey Leech:
1. Conceptual meaning refers to the literal or dictionary definition of a word.
2. Connotative meaning involves the social and cultural values associated with a word.
3. Social meaning depends on aspects of society and dialect.
4. Affective meaning refers to the emotions and attitudes conveyed.
5. Reflective meaning involves multiple conceptual meanings from a single sense.
6. Collocative meaning consists of associations acquired based on common words in the environment.
7. Thematic meaning is communicated through how the message is organized, ordered and emphasized.
Pragmatics
Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning. It studies how people choose language in social interactions and how those choices affect others. Pragmatics looks at speaker meaning rather than just word meanings alone. It examines how inferences, context, and the unsaid contribute to communicated meaning. Pragmatics also studies deixis, which uses language to point or refer to people, places, times, and things that depend on shared context between speakers and listeners. Politeness and face are also part of pragmatics, examining how people navigate social relationships and maintain self-image through their language choices.
Semactics : Utterance Meaning
The document discusses various aspects of utterance meaning including entailment, presupposition, implicature, reference, modality, and illocutionary force. It defines key terms like assertion, presupposition, conversational implicature, reference, tense, aspect, and modality. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts such as how presuppositions differ from assertions and how implicatures can be derived based on conversational principles. The conclusion emphasizes that utterance meaning involves both what is literally said as well as what is implied, suggested, or meant.
Types of meanings
There are seven types of meaning in semantics:
1. Conceptual meaning refers to the basic dictionary definition of a word.
2. Connotative meaning involves attributes and associations beyond the literal meaning.
3. Social meaning conveys information about the social context of a word's use.
4. Affective or emotive meaning refers to the feelings or attitudes a word evokes in listeners.
5. Reflected meaning arises from a word having multiple conceptual meanings.
6. Collocative meaning is based on words that tend to co-occur together.
7. Thematic meaning depends on how a message organizes focus and emphasis.
Week 4 semantics
This document provides an overview of semantics and discusses key concepts in semantic theory. It begins by defining semantics as the study of meaning in language. It then discusses some of the challenges in developing a semantic theory, including accounting for compositionality, distinguishing linguistic from world knowledge, and handling contextual meaning and individual variation. The document also examines various semantic relationships at the word level, such as synonymy, antonymy, homonymy, polysemy, and metonymy.
Language change
The document discusses language change from both diachronic and synchronic approaches. It describes incremental, decremental, and replacement changes in language over time. Examples are given of external and internal changes from Old English to Modern English in terms of phonological changes. The document also discusses the reconstruction of proto-languages and the comparative method used by historical linguists to establish genetic relationships between languages.
PRAGMATICS: COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLES
Grice proposes the cooperative principle to guide successful conversations. The cooperative principle includes four maxims: quantity, quality, relation, and manner. The maxims obligate speakers to be informative but not too brief or long, truthful, relevant to the topic, and clear. While people generally observe the maxims, there are times when maxims are violated, infringed upon, opted out of, or flouted to convey hidden meanings.
Semantics relationships
semnatics is the part of the linguistics that tudy the componente and the organization in the sense of the wordsand study the sound of words
Meaning
This document discusses key concepts in semantics and pragmatics including:
1. Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning focusing on literal word meanings and how they are combined. Pragmatics studies how literal meaning must be refined based on context to understand what a speaker meant.
2. Denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word by denoting or referring to something. Sense refers to matching a word's meaning with another expression having the same meaning.
3. Lexical meaning refers to individual word meanings while structural meaning refers to how words are combined based on syntax. Categorematic expressions like nouns and verbs provide meaning categories while syncategorematic expressions like prepositions modify other expressions.
Semantics and meanings.
This document discusses semantics and meanings in language. It defines semantics as the study of meaning in words, phrases, and sentences. Meaning exists in the mind and we express meaning through language. Philosophers have debated the relationship between words and their meanings for over 2000 years. More recently, thinkers have argued that the meaning of a word is the concept it represents in the mind rather than the object itself. The document goes on to discuss different types of meanings including denotative meaning, social meaning, thematic meaning, and sentence versus utterance meaning. It also covers topics like semantic roles, ambiguity, sense and reference, entailment, and presupposition.
Introduction to semantics
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It is a branch of linguistics that examines how meaning is constructed and interpreted through signs and symbols like words, phrases, and sentences. Understanding semantics is essential for studying language acquisition and how meaning can be constructed, clarified, or obscured through things like ambiguity, synonyms, and context.
Semantics
This document discusses how words and sentences derive meaning. It explains that word meanings are constructed through relationships like synonyms, antonyms, and polysemy. Figurative language like metaphor, metonymy and idioms allow words to take on nonliteral meanings. Sentence meaning comes from structure, while utterance meaning depends on context. Pragmatics studies how context shapes the implied meaning of an utterance. Overall, the document examines how semantics and pragmatics work together to help people construct and understand meanings from language.
Lexical and grammatical categories
This document provides an overview of lexical and grammatical categories in language. It discusses the categories of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, determiners, auxiliaries, coordinators, and complementizers. For each category, it provides examples and explanations of the syntactic and semantic properties that define the category and distinguish it from other categories. It also notes some exceptions and borderline cases between categories.
Componential analysis and semantic decomposition
This document discusses componential analysis and semantic decomposition. Componential analysis involves analyzing linguistic items like word meanings into combinations of defining features that can be used to compare each item. Semantic decomposition believes that word meanings can be built up from simpler words, such as defining "stallion" as a combination of "horse" and "male". Examples are provided for both componential analysis and semantic decomposition.
Cognitive linguistics
Cognitive linguistics emerged from developments in linguistics in the 1960s-1970s. It views language as grounded in human cognition and experience rather than as an autonomous system. Some key principles of cognitive linguistics include: meaning arises from conceptualization rather than being truth-conditional; semantics is encyclopedic rather than compositional; and linguistic knowledge comes from language usage. Cognitive linguistics investigates various topics like categorization, grammar theories, discourse analysis, and language acquisition using these principles.
semantics the study of meaning
The document discusses semantics, which is defined as the systematic study of meaning. It provides several definitions of semantics from different linguistic sources that emphasize its focus on the study of meaning in language. It also presents examples to demonstrate speakers' semantic knowledge, such as distinguishing anomalies from paraphrases, identifying synonyms and antonyms, recognizing contradictions, and understanding entailments and presuppositions.
Applied linguisticss
Applied linguistics is the scientific study of language in real world contexts. It involves applying theories of linguistics to understand and solve language-related problems. Applied linguistics draws from fields like linguistics, psycholinguistics, and sociolinguistics. It focuses on areas such as second language teaching and language testing. Applied linguistics aims to investigate language learning and teaching issues and find practical solutions. It has played an important role in addressing language problems faced by people around the world.
Trasnlation shift
The document discusses various theories and models of translation shifts. It describes Vinay and Darbelnet's model which identifies two translation strategies - direct translation and oblique translation. It also discusses Catford's theory of level and category shifts. Additionally, it summarizes Van Leuven-Zwart's comparative and descriptive model of translation shifts which examines shifts at the micro and macro levels. The document provides details on different translation techniques like transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation.
Language Attitude by Karahan F
This study examined language attitudes of Turkish students towards English. A questionnaire was administered to 190 Turkish 8th grade students measuring their attitudes on 5-point scales. Results found students have mildly positive attitudes towards English, seeing it as important but not very interesting. Females had more positive attitudes than males. Students exposed to English earlier (ages 0-6) also had more positive attitudes. Students recognized English's importance but were less willing to actively learn it. They welcomed English culture but were ambivalent about using the language in Turkey. The findings partially supported the relationship between positive language attitudes and orientation to learning English.
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INTRODUCTION TO SEMANTICS- by Prof. Alyson Andrade at Regional University fr...
This document provides an introduction to semantics, the study of meaning in language. It discusses several key concepts in semantics, including:
- The systematic study of meaning and how semantics relates to other fields like psychology and philosophy.
- How human language differs from animal communication systems in its creativity and ability to communicate about past/future experiences.
- How children acquire language abilities at different stages of development.
- How speakers demonstrate their semantic knowledge through recognizing meaningful/meaningless sentences, paraphrasing, distinguishing synonyms/antonyms, detecting contradictions, and more.
- Ambiguous sentences with multiple meanings, entailment relationships between sentences, and presuppositions conveyed by sentences.
The
Theories of meaning
This document discusses several theories of meaning:
- Referential theory claims words refer to real objects, but some words like "nobody" have no referent.
- Use theory argues meaning depends on a word's conventional use rather than reference.
- Speech act theory proposes words can perform actions like promising or requesting.
- Hermeneutic theory interprets meaning through analyzing related concepts within a text.
- Postmodern theory rejects objective meanings and emphasizes context and interpretation.
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This document provides an introduction to semantics, the study of meaning in human language. It defines semantics as studying the meaning of natural language and discusses how semantics characterizes meaning in relation to other expressions and real-world situations. Some key aspects of meaning covered include word senses, synonyms, homophones, and homographs. The document also provides examples to illustrate these concepts and exercises for students to investigate word forms across languages.
Semantics
This document discusses key concepts in semantics including meaning, sense, reference, naming, words, sentences, utterances, and propositions. It defines semantics as the study of meaning in language. Meaning can be conceived of in different ways such as the connection between a word and thing, between a word and concept, or as stimulus and response. The document also outlines the scope of semantic studies and provides semantic schemes and examples of different semantic units.
Semantics T1
This document provides an overview of semantics and the components of language. It defines semantics as the study of meaning in language, including the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. It also lists some of the main components of language as phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and orthography. Additionally, it summarizes John Locke's 17th century theory of semantics, which held that linguistic meaning is mental and involves encoding and decoding ideas through words.
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Foundational theories of meaning attempt to specify the semantic properties of expressions in natural languages. These theories are divided into mentalist and non-mentalist approaches. Mentalist theories explain meaning in terms of the mental states of language users, such as intentions (Gricean program) or beliefs and conventions. Non-mentalist theories explain meaning without reference to mental states, instead focusing on causal origins, truth conditions, regularities in use, or social norms. The document provides details on theories within the mentalist and non-mentalist categories.
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This document discusses different theories of semantics and meaning. It begins by describing early theories that saw meaning as the direct link between words and things. Later theorists argued that meaning involves the relationship between words, concepts, and things, with concepts mediating between words and what they refer to. Meaning was then seen as emerging from the use of words in specific contexts. Later sections discuss theories of sense versus reference, how meaning can be studied quantitatively using methods like "20 questions", and how semantic fields can be used to organize vocabulary.
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The document discusses several theories of semantics, including truth-conditional semantics, generative semantics, and semantic competence. Truth-conditional semantics claims that the meaning of a sentence is identical to the conditions under which it is true. Generative semantics aims to give rules to predict which word combinations form grammatical sentences. Semantic competence refers to a native speaker's ability to recognize utterances as meaningless even if grammatically correct.
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The document discusses the study of semantics, which is defined as the study of meaning in language. It provides several definitions of semantics from different authors that generally agree it is the study of how meaning is organized and expressed through language. The document then discusses different aspects of meaning, including how meaning is understood in psychology, philosophy, and linguistics. It also discusses how children acquire language and the components of linguistic knowledge, including vocabulary, grammar (consisting of semantics, phonology, syntax, and morphology).
4 figurative language
This document provides an introduction to semantics and pragmatics in English. It discusses how semantics studies word and sentence meaning separate from context, while pragmatics studies utterance meaning which depends on context. It describes three stages of interpretation - literal meaning, explicature which uses context, and implicature which looks for implied meaning. It also discusses figurative language such as metaphor, metonymy, irony and sarcasm which require interpreting meaning beyond the literal sense. Finally, it summarizes key aspects of figurative interpretation in terms of explicature and implicature.
Semantics ppt
This document discusses key concepts in semantics including:
- Semantics is the study of meaning in language.
- Speaker meaning refers to what a speaker intends to convey, while sentence meaning refers to what a sentence or word means in a language.
- A theory is a precisely specified framework of statements and definitions that can describe basic facts.
- Referring expressions indicate things being talked about, while sense refers to a word's meaning and relationship to other words.
- Predicates describe states or processes that referring expressions are involved in. Predicates have degrees based on number of arguments.
Semantics
This document discusses semantics, which is the study of meaning in language. It defines semantics as the analysis of meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. It then discusses different types of meaning, including conceptual meaning, which refers to the linguistic function of a word, and associative meaning, which deals with additional concepts linked to words. The document also covers semantic features, roles, and lexical relations that provide meaning, such as synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, and polysemy.
Semantics
This document discusses semantics and how it studies meaning in language. It covers topics like how the meaning of sentences is determined by the meanings of its parts and their arrangement. It also examines different types of meanings, scales of meaning, and lexical semantics. Additionally, it explores semantic relations between words like synonymy and antonymy. The document notes that ambiguity is pervasive in language and discusses how word meanings can change over time through processes like semantic broadening, narrowing, amelioration, and pejoration.
Semantics
The document discusses the study of semantics, which is the study of meaning in language. It examines topics such as symbol and referent, conceptions of meaning, denotation and connotation, ambiguity, metaphor and more. Semantics includes the study of how meaning is constructed and interpreted through language.
SEMANTICS
The document discusses various key concepts in semantics, including:
- Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It examines how meaning is constructed and interpreted.
- Semantic roles describe the functions that words play in sentences, such as agent, theme, and experiencer.
- Relationships between words include synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms, homophony, and polysemy. Synonyms have similar meanings, antonyms have opposite meanings, hyponyms have a broader term that includes them, and polysemy refers to a word having multiple related meanings.
- Richard Montague pioneered formal semantics which used logic to represent meanings of sentences. Semantics analyzes meaning at various linguistic levels
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Definition of Semantic and The Study of Meaning
- 1. Definition of Semantics Word Meaning: The Study of Meaning By Poppy Pujawetri 1132040100 PBI - C
- 2. Semantics is a sub discipline of linguistics which focuses on the study of meaning. Semantics tries to understand what meaning is as an element of language and how it is constructed by language as well as interpreted, obscured and negotiated by speakers and listeners of language.
- 3. Semantics is interested in: • How meaning works in language • How the way in which words are put together creates meaning • The relationships between words • The relationships between sentences • Ambiguity
- 4. • Linguists also attach different interpretations to the word meaning. Because the goal of linguistics is to explain precisely how languages are structured and used, among other • things to represent situations in the world, it is important to distinguish among the different ways of interpreting the word meaning.
- 5. So meaning, in semantics, is defined as being Extension: The thing in the world that the word/phrase refers to, plus Intention: The concepts/mental images that the word/phrase evokes. A few examples will illustrate why we need to develop a precise way of talking about meaning. Consider these sentences: 1. I went to the store this morning. 2. All dogs are animals.
- 6. when we feel that there is something wrong with the meaning of a sentence, it may be because the sentence is contradictory, anomalous, ambiguous, or merely vague. One purpose of semantics is to distinguish among these different ways in which language “means.”
- 7. For our purposes we can initially distinguish three types of meaning. • Linguistic meaning encompasses both sense and reference. • Social meaning is what we rely on when we identify certain social characteristics of speakers and situations from the character of the language used. • Affective meaning is the emotional connotation that is attached to words and utterances.