Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It examines how meaning is constructed and understood based on linguistic forms like words, phrases, and sentences. There are different types of meaning including lexical, grammatical, denotative, and connotative. Meaning can shift over time through processes like generalization, specialization, amelioration, and pejoration. Semantics also studies meaning relations between linguistic elements like synonyms, antonyms, hypernyms, and homonyms. It plays an important role in language processing by enforcing semantic rules during analysis to construct a syntax tree for code generation.

1. SEMANTICS
Ayu Anita Yuhaesih Putri
Fani Yasiroh
3A
University Of Mathla’ul Anwar

2. WHAT IS SEMANTICS ?
 Semantics is the branch of linguistics that deals with the
study of meaning, changes in meaning, and the
principles that govern the relationship between sentences
or words and their meanings. (wikipedia.com)
 Semantics is the technical term used to refer to the
study of meaning, and, since meaning is a part of
language, semantics is a part of linguistics.

3. THE DIMENSIONS OF MEANING
 The meaning is linguistic forms that have to be mental
concepts in the reader's mind. (Language Write)
 The purpose is the original meaning of the
speakers, only known by the speaker.
(Languages ​Spoken)
 Ferdinand de Saussure, every linguistic sign consists of
signifiant: be a sound
signifie: his form or concept

4.  In general, the meaning can be divided into four
types, namely:
Lexical meaning is the meaning that can be
identified without connecting with other
elements.
Grammatical meaning is the meaning of
linguistic units yangb only be identified after it
joined forces with the other linguistic units.

5.  Denotative meaning, is a component of the overall
meaning beyond language referred to by a word.
Example: Nani arms length 20 cm.
 Connotative meanings, is based on the meaning of
emotive value contained in a form of language.
Example: Beware of friends with Brandon because
he long hand.

6. SHIFTING MEANING
 Widespread / generalization, ie the meaning of the
word is now wider than the original meaning, eg,
farmers, ranchers, sailing, mother, etc..
 Narrowed / specialization, which are now a
narrower meaning than the meaning of the word
origin. Example: pastors, scholars, etc..
 Improved / amelioratif, the meaning of which is now
better than the original meaning of the word.
Example: a woman, waitress, etc..

7.  Deteriorated / pejorative, meaning that now is worse than
the original meaning of the word. Example:
chant, gangs, corrupt, etc
 Synesthesia, the meaning of which arise because of the
different sensory feedback. Example: name fragrant.
 Association, the meanings of words that arise due to the
nature of the equation. Example: Be careful speculator
faces in cinema

8. MEANING RELATIONS
 Antonyms: relationship opposite meaning.
example:
Today's father suffered a great loss.
Today dad had a big profit.
 Synonyms: a close relationship or the same
meaning.
example:
Mansur looked at him.
Ani saw it happen.

9.  Polysemy: the meaning of the relationship and the
other denotative meaning connotative meaning.
example:
Yesterday afternoon he fell from a mango tree.
His business went bust caused his best friend.
 Hiponim: word association is more narrow (specific
word).
example:
rose, jasmine, orchid is hiponim of interest

10.  Hipernim: broader relationship words (common
words).
example:
seeing is a common word from
glancing, staring, peeking, looking
 Homonyms: words that have the same text and
sound.
example:
can: be
be: poison

11.  Homophones: words that have the same sound.
example:
mass: the crowds
time: time
 Homograph: words that have the same handwriting.
Example in indonesian:
apple: fruit
Apel: compulsory reporting

12. SEMANTICS ROLE
 Historically two types of roles
 Very abstract like AGENT & PATIENT
 Verb specific like EATER and EATEN for “eat”
 FrameNet defines and
intermediate, schematic representation of
situations, with participants, props and
conceptual roles.
A frame being a situation description can be
activated by multiple verbs or other
constituents

13. Role Of Semantics analysis
 Following parsing, the next two phases of
the "typical" compiler are
 semantic analysis
 (intermediate) code generation
 The principal job of the semantic
analyzer is to enforce static semantic
rules
 constructs a syntax tree (usually first)
 information gathered is needed by the code
generator