1. PSYCHOLINGUISTICS
The Speaker: Producing Speech
Part II
Asep Apriyanto 0902628
Fira Nursya’bani 0906856
Richo Arifianto 0907134
Riestia Handayani 0902434
2. Preparing a Phonological
Representation
Phonological is the mental representation of a
sentence that that serves as input to the systems
responsible for articulation.
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3. Some Errors in Producing Speech
• Segment Exchange Error:
Hass or grash (hash or grass)
• Perseveration Error:
I can’t cook a worth cam (I can’t cook a
worth damn)
• Anticipation Error:
Taddle tennis (paddle tennsis)
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4. Sentence Planning
Sentence planning is the link between the idea speaker
wishes to convey and the lingustics representation
that expresses that idea.
The sentence planning process ends with a sentence
represented phonologically.
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5. PRODUCING SPEECH AFTER IT IS
PLANNED
The Source-Filter Model of Vowel Production
Acoustic Characteristics of Consonants
Coarticulation
WORDS IN SPEECH
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6. PRODUCING SPEECH AFTER IT IS
PLANNED
The abstract phonetic representation of the
speaker’s sentence is sent to the central motor
areas of the brain, where it is converted into
instructions to the vocal tract to produce the
required sounds. Speaking is a complex motor
activity, involving over 100 muscles moving in
precise synchrony to produce speech at a rate of 10
to 15 phonetic units per second.
Liberman et al., 1967 (Cited in Fernandez & Cairns, 2011)
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7. Respiration during silence:
inhale = exhale
Respiration during speech:
inhale reduce and exhale increase
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8. The Source-filter model of vowel
production
Speech consists of sounds generated at the vocal
folds being filtered as they travel through the vocal
tract.
The source-filter model of vowel production:
a. a source
b. a filter
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10. Source in the source-filter model of vowel
production
To articulate vowel: open the mouth and force air
from lungs through larynx (place of vocal folds)
The vocal folds vibrate
Frequency of the vibration is called:
The fundamental frequency (or F0)
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11. Continued..
Sounds with higher frequency are higher in pitch.
F0 cannot distinguish vowels from one another,
Vowel are distinct from each other based on their
acoustic form.
form
A complex acoustic signal is one that has energy
at many frequencies in addition to the fundamental
frequency.
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12. Filter in the source-filter model of vowel
production
Concept of Resonance:
the vocal tract changes shape when different
sounds are articulated the oral and pharyngeal
cavities are shaped slightly differently for a sound
generated at the vocal folds traveling through these
differently shaped cavities, some harmonics will be
reinforced and other harmonics will be cancelled
The filter is vocal tract.
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13. Acoustic Characteristics of Consonants
Consonant is one of sounds in producing speech
sound.
Voiced: The vocal folds are engaged during the
articulation of the consonant.
e.g., [z]
Voiceless: voicing will not begin until the vowel that
follows is articulated.
e.g., [s]
.
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14. Continued…
Obstruents are sounds produced with a major
obstruction somewhere in the vocal tract;
Stops: Full closure followed by release.
e.g., [p] and [t]
Fricatives: Approximation of articulators and air forced
between.
e.g., [s] and [∫]
Affricates: Full closure followed by approximation of
articulators and air forced between.
e.g., [t∫] and [dᴣ]
.
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15. Continued...
Sonorants are sounds made with no such major
obstruction.
Nasals: Full closure in oral cavity; lowered velum
permits release of air through nasal cavity.
e.g., [n], [m], and [ɳ]
Lateral Approximants: Tip of tounge touching
alveolar ridge, air flows around it.
e.g., [l]
Central Approximants: Tongue tip near alveolar
ridge, sides of tongue touch upper molars, air flows
through center.
e.g., [r]
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16. Coarticulation
Coarticulation: the articulators are performing
motions for more than one speech sound at a time.
Regressive assimilation
Influenced by upcoming sound
Progressive assimilation
Influenced by a phonological segment that has just
been produced.
.
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17. WORDS IN SPEECH
The speech rate of 10 to 15 phonetic units every
second works out to about 125 to 180 words per
minute.
Conversational speech can be much faster, reaching
up to 300 words per minute.
People talk, they do not pause between words; words
are run together just as the phonetic units are.
The word boundaries are completely obliterated by the
continuous movement of the articulators as the
sentence is produced.
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18. Continued…
The Sentence production requires a complex
coordination of preproduction planning of structure,
lexicon, and phonology, followed by a series of
movements that are highly organized and precisely
coordinated.
The planning and execution of sentence production is
effortless and unconscious, even though it is
extremely complex.
The complexity is related to the fact that language
production recruits vast amounts of information.
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19. Continued…
The speaker transmits the speech signal, which is the
outcome of this process, to the hearer, whose job it
is to recover the speaker’s idea by making sense of
those sound waves, by recreating an abstract
representation of discrete linguistic units, using the
information carried by the continuous speech signal.
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20. THANK YOU …
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