Сборник, опубликованный по итогам конкурса поэтического перевода, организованного компанией iTrex при информационном участии ЗУБРЫ.РУ и других партнёров
Move over millennials. Centennials have just replaced you as Marketing's most sought-after consumers. These 70M people, born between 1996 and 2011, ar efast becoming a very important part of the shopping landscape,and this presentation will help retailers understand their attitudes toward money, how they shop, where to find them, and who influences them.
Rapid Application Development in the Cloud and On-Premises with Docker
Niklas Heidloff
@nheidloff
http://heidloff.net
JavaLand 2016: https://www.doag.org/konferenz/konferenzplaner/konferenzplaner_details.php?id=499959&locS=0&vid=515755
With the availability of new platform stacks and new tools, the coding of applications has become a lot easier over the last years. However a key problem of software development often still occurs which is the challenge of rapid deployments in different environments development, testing and production and both on-premises and cloud. The typical developers excuse it works for me doesn’t count anymore. Instead today developers are responsible for the complete development cycle up to the deployment and testing in production environments. Fortunately Docker addresses this challenge and makes it very easy to deploy applications in different environments. This empowers developers and allows them to be really innovative by focussing on writing code to go from concept to production in minutes rather than months. In this session we are going to use the Cloud Foundry implementation IBM Bluemix to get applications deployed to the cloud by leveraging the power and portability of Docker containers. Well talk about everything from build pipelines, to private registries, container monitoring and more.
Insights and recommendations for the City of Boulder on best practices in social media recruiting through LinkedIn, the city's home website and other social media channels.
Osez dire les choses franchement ! Ne pas être dans la complaisance ! Tout en étant pragmatique et bienveillant :) C'est le pari que nous avons pris au Shift depuis le début pour aider les entrepreneurs à se lancer, à leur manière. Que vous soyez à Rennes, Nantes ou Lyon, venez intégrer la grande famille de La School, notre programme pour entreneur(e)s
http://la-school.co
Todos os passos para a certificação PHP - PHPExperience2017 Matheus Marabesi
The Zend Certified PHP Engineer program is created and monitored by an independent advisory board whose members contribute heavily to PHP. Zend Certification exams follow accepted industry standards to test technical knowledge and skills needed in today’s job market and are recognized as the Industry Standard for PHP exams. The exams are offered through more than 4,000 Pearson Vue testing centers worldwide. Zend offers comprehensive Study Guides and Test Prep Classes to help you achieve your certification goal.
Media Relations In Six Sessions. The deck provides an overview of skill sets and concepts that students need to learn to excel in media relations today and tomorrow. It is presented as a supplement and course outline for a class taught by Richard Becker, ABC, president of Copywrite, Ink., at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas.
The deck will also be used as part of conversational article at richardrbecker.com
Writing Elements A Quick Guide to Grammar and Usag.docxericbrooks84875
Writing Elements
A Quick Guide to Grammar and Usage
Timothy P. Goss and Sabrina M. Goss
1
Using this Guide
Before we get started, you should note that this guide is, in no way, a comprehensive exploration
of grammar and usage. Many guides are available that will provide a much richer and fuller
understanding of the components of language usage. Instead, this guide has been designed to
help you, in a quick and efficient way, avoid some of the more common errors people make in
their writing.
It is a good idea to review this entire guide several times until the information becomes second-
nature. Having a good grasp on the basic rules of grammar and usage will make a big difference
in how your writing will be received in your academic and professional careers. It may even help
your love life, but probably not really help you teach your dog how to say, “Fiddlesticks” (every
piece of writing has its limitations).
Enjoy this journey.
2
Table of Contents
Clarity and Style:
1. Parts of Speech 3
2. Verbs and Verbals 4
3. Commonly Misused Words 5
4. Point of View: First, Second, and Third Person 6
5. Past and Present Tenses 6
6. Clichés 7
7. Sexist Language 7
8. Slang/Jargon 8
Grammar:
1. Subject/Verb Agreement 8
2. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement 9
3. Sentence Fragments 9
4. Run-On Sentences 10
Punctuation:
1. Commas 11
2. Semicolons 12
Mechanics:
1. Abbreviations 12
2. Numbers 12
General Advice 13
3
Parts of Speech
All words in the English language have a particular duty to perform in a sentence or clause.
These parts work in concert with one another to create meaning. We can look at the way words
work in a sentence by either their function or by their form or definition.
By Function:
1. Verbs: These words determine the action that is being related (all sentences/clauses must
do something).
2. Nouns and Pronouns: These words serve as the thing doing the action (subject), or the
thing having the action done to it (object).
3. Modifiers (Adjectives and Adverbs): These words describe another word to help
distinguish or clarify the meaning being related.
4. Prepositions: These words shows how one word or phrase relates to another
5. Articles: These words are connected to nouns and determine the vagueness of specificity
of the noun.
6. Conjunctions: These words join clauses together.
7. Interjections: These words serve to express strong emotion.
By Form or Definition:
1. Verb: An action word. For example: Speak, run, fight, asked, claimed, and rocked.
2. Noun: A part of speech that stands for a person, place, thing, or idea. For example:
Truck, house, loss, ring, air, and sandwich.
3. Pronoun: Takes the place of a noun. For example: I, he, she, we, i.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
1. 1
LEVELS OF LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS
ZUBAIR A. BAJWA,
ZBR141@GMAIL.COM -WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/ZUBAIR.A.BAJWA
3RD SEMESTER,
DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS,
QUAID-E-AZAM UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD
By:
5/14/2016
3. 5/14/2016
3
Grammatical category (also referred to as grammatical features) is a property of items in
grammar. It has a number of possible values. Examples of frequently encountered grammatical
categories include
• Tense (which may take values such as present, past, etc.)
• number (with values such as singular, plural)
• Gender (with values such as masculine, feminine and neuter).
INTRODUCTION TO GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY
4. 5/14/2016
4
In English there are three grammatical paradigms that relate to the domains of time and reality.
Tense – expression of the time of a situation in relation to a reference point, usually
the time a clause is uttered (the present)
Aspect – expression of the internal temporal “shape” of a situation
Mode – expression of the speaker’s “attitude” toward the information expressed in a clause,
particularly the speaker’s commitment to the situation’s truth, likelihood, or necessity.
Domain of time and reality
Tense Aspect Mood
5. 5/14/2016
5
The relationship between form and meaning in the TAM systems of English
Verbs may refer to
Event State
i.e. happenings
With a definite beginning and end
For example: get, come, leave, hit
i.e. state of affairs which continues over a period
And need not a definite beginning and end
For example; be, know, stay, live
7. TENSE
5/14/2016
7
Tense is the grammatical expression of relative time. Situations are often anchored in
relation to a reference point, usually the moment the clause is spoken, i.e., “now.” If we think of
time as a line, with “now” represented by a point moving from left to right, we can imagine
relative time in terms this figure.
English verbs have three morphological forms that are usually described as “present
tense” (two forms) and “past tense”.
8. USAGE OF PRESENT TENSE
5/14/2016
8
The following examples illustrate some of the usages of the morphological present tense
“now” (STATES)
o You know how much I love you.
o His ears are huge.
“performative present”
o She moves the chair.
o He breaks the cup.
“habitually over a period of time that includes ‘now’”
o His son walks to school.
o He sometimes kicks his legs when he doesn’t know what I’m
doing.
“future, the planning of which includes ‘now’”
o Tomorrow I leave for Lahore.
o I mean he kicks them out in two weeks.
“possible/probable conditional future situation”
o I’ll have to tell him when he comes.
o I’m taking it with me when I leave.
The grammatical “present tense” of English is often used to refer to situations that are in the future.
Future time is also part of the meaning of most of the modal auxiliaries.
9. USAGE OF PAST TENSE
5/14/2016
9
The most common function of past tense is clearly to refer to completed situations presented as occurring before
the time of speaking, as represented in the examples:
“before now” or “true past”
o You knew that they both had to agree. STATES
o It was rather short notice.
o We were at the last meeting.
o I told them where they could get it. ACTIONS
“polite request for a reminder”
o What was your name again?
o Whose turn was it this time?
“hypothetical conditional (past)”
o They knew they could not replace anybody if they gave the sack.
o If you asked for trouble, you got it.
“hypothetical conditional (present)”
o I wouldn’t live with your father if he took drugs.
“hypothetical conditional (future)”
o If you gave me a fiver I’d be grateful.
o I expect you could really make a mess if you tried.
11. ASPECT
5/14/2016
11
• grammatical category
• expresses how an action, event or state, denoted by a verb, relates to the flow of time.
• refers to the internal temporal “shape” of actions or states (Comrie 1976).
• refers to the time dimension, but is not anchored relative to a particular point in time, as is
tense.
For example, certain situations are inherently stative, others are processes, some are more dynamic
(involve change and/or movement), while some are relatively static.
English has two constructions whose prototypical function is to adjust the aspect of
an expression.
• progressive construction
• perfect aspect construction.
Progressive construction Perfect aspect construction
Past tense I was just preparing my assignment. I had just prepared my assignment.
Present Tense I am just preparing my assignment. I have just prepared my assignment.
Future Tense I will just be preparing my assignment. I will have just prepared my assignment.
be VERB-ing
have VERB-en
• Particular kinds of situations can have their own INHERENT ASPECT
12. 5/14/2016
12
The aspect of other clauses is determined by other factors, such as
o inherent aspect of the situation described
o syntactic context, the characteristics of the participants involved
o presence of adverbial elements, such as particles, adverbs, and prepositional phrases.
The major division in the conceptual domain of temporal shape is between perfective, imperfective, and
perfect aspects.
three major categories
Time line
Notations
Unbounded time
I
( )
x
Boundary of an action
A punctual action
Boundary of a state
13. 5/14/2016
13
In perfective aspect a situation is viewed in its entirety, including its beginning, middle, and completion.
‘He wrote a letter.’
2.2 Imperfective
2.1 Perfective
In imperfective aspects a situation is viewed from the “inside,” as an ongoing state or process.
Habitual, progressive, and iterative aspects are all subtypes of imperfective.
‘He writes letters.’
2.3 Perfect
Perfect aspect normally describes a currently relevant state that results from the situation (normally
an action) expressed by the verb:
‘My friend has come from Dubai.’
14. 5/14/2016
14
2.4 Completive
COMPLETIVE ASPECT expresses the completion of an action. Sometimes completive and
inceptive are called phasal aspects, because they refer to different temporal “phases” of the action
described by the verb:
She finished working.
2.5 Inceptive
Inceptive aspect expresses the starting phase of an action:
She began to work.
The phasal aspects are mostly
expressed in English via lexical verbs
such as finish, stop, start, begin,
commence, and perhaps keep on plus
a clausal Object.
2.6 Inchoative
Inchoative aspect describes the event of entering into a state:
Inchoation is expressed by
become, fall, get, turn, grow, and
wax.
‘She got tired.’
15. 5/14/2016
15
PUNCTUAL actions are those which have no internal temporal structure because they
occur in an instant in time.
2.7 Punctual
‘He sneezed.’x
2.8 Progressive
PROGRESSIVE (or continuative) aspect is a subtype of imperfective. Actions in progressive aspect are
ongoing, dynamic processes. They prototypically involve movement and change.
He is writing letters.
Progressive aspect is directly expressed in English via the progressive construction
2.9 Iterative
ITERATIVE ASPECT is when a punctual action takes place several times in succession.
And you’re coughing all night, keeping everybody awake?
I was coughing at work.
16. 5/14/2016
16
2.10 Habitual
HABITUAL ASPECT asserts that a certain action, such as Waldo walking to school, regularly takes place
from time to time. It does not assert that an instance of the action is taking place at the time of
speaking, or any other specific reference time, though it may incidentally.
‘He walks to school.’
• Habitual is the default aspect expressed by the simple “present tense” for dynamic verbs in English.
18. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TENSE AND ASPECT
5/14/2016
18
Tense Aspect
Both convey information about time
relates the time of referent to some other
time, commonly the speech event
aspect conveys other temporal information,
such as duration, completion, or frequency, as
it relates to the time of action.
refers to temporally when aspect refers to temporally how
tense indicates its location in time. describe the texture of the time in which
a situation occurs, such as a single point
of time, a continuous range of time, a
sequence of discrete points in time, etc.,
For example, "I eat", "I am eating", "I have eaten", and "I have been eating". All are in the present
tense, yet each conveys different information or points of view as to how the action relate to the
present. They differ in aspect.
20. MODALITY
5/14/2016
20
MODALITY is a complex conceptual domain that covers a wide range of possible speaker’s
attitudes or orientations toward a situation. These include the speaker’s belief in the reality,
necessity, or likelihood of the situation described.
In English, modality is expressed most directly by the modal auxiliaries.
Two subdivisions within modality
describes the speaker’s perception as to how “real” a situation is, or how confident the speaker is in
the truth of the assertion.
1. EPISTEMIC MODALITY
describes the speaker’s perception as to how “necessary” a situation is.
2. DEONTIC MODALITY
21. 5/14/2016
21
Most of the modal auxiliaries in English have both epistemic and deontic functions, though some tend
to express one more than the other. Here is a selection of examples of each modal auxiliary,
functioning to express a variety of modal notions:
Epistemic modality
Possibility: I might borrow Slumbat’s car this weekend.
It might rain tonight.
They may just want to ask us some questions.
Probability: They should be here by 3:00.
Prediction: They will be here at 6:00 pm.
Ability: Mariela can sing the alto part to the Hallelujah chorus.
Contingent/conditional: I could make spaghetti, if you make a salad.
Give her that gift and she would be in seventh heaven.
Assumption: They must be worried about you.
That ought to be enough curry for this recipe.
The output has to equal the input.
22. 5/14/2016
22
Deontic Modality
Permission: You can go now.
The defendant may be seated.
Suggestion: You might just send her a card.
Slight obligation: I should eat more green vegetables.
You’d better pick somebody else.
Stronger obligation: They ought to be more polite to her family.
Insistence: He must stop chewing his fingernails.
They have to submit the application by next Tuesday.
You’d BETTER get over here right now!
25. EVIDENTIALITY
5/14/2016
25
Deals with how speakers let hearers know how they obtained the information expressed in a
clause.
People have different attitudes toward knowledge partially because they obtain knowledge
from different sources
evidentiality is closely tied to tense, aspect, and mode.
For example, we are more likely to be sure of past actions than future actions, the completion of
perfective actions than of actions still in process, realis assertions than irrealis assertions.
The encoding into a language of the source of information being communicated, for
example to distinguish hearsay from something actually witnessed.
All languages have some means of specifying the source of information. European languages
(such as Germanic and Romance languages) often indicate evidential-type information through modal
verbs or other lexical words (adverbials) (English: reportedly) or phrases (English: it seems to
me).
I hear that, I see that, I think that, as I hear, as I can see, as far as I understand, they say, it is
said, it seems, it seems to me that, it looks like, it appears that, it turns out that, alleged,
stated, allegedly, reportedly, obviously, etc.
Examples
26. REFERENCES
5/14/2016
26
What is a grammatical category? - SIL.org
http://www-
01.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOflinguisticTerms/WhatIsAGrammaticalCategory.htm
Payne, E. Thomas. (2011). Time and Reality: Understanding English Grammar. London,
Cambridge University Press.
Binnick, Robert I. 2006. Aspect and aspectuality. The Handbook of English Linguistics,
ed.Bas Aarts & A. M. S. McMahon, 244–68. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Comrie, Bernard. 1976. Aspect: An Introduction to the Study of Verbal Aspect and Related
Problems (Reprinted with corrections 1978, 1981) (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics).
Cambridge University Press. 1985. Tense (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics). Cambridge
University Press.