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Speech function, politeness and cross cultural communication
This document discusses speech functions, politeness, and cross-cultural communication. It defines different speech functions such as expressive, directive, referential, metalinguistic, poetic, and phatic utterances. The document also discusses how directives concern getting people to do things and can vary based on social distance, relative status, and formality of context. Politeness also varies across cultures and can be shown through positive and negative politeness as well as different address forms and greetings. Miscommunication may occur between cultures with different assumptions about linguistic politeness.
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- 3. Politeness The and Function of Speech Address Forms Linguistic Politeness in Different Cultures
- 4. The Function ofSpeech • Affective (or Social) function • Referential (or informative) function Example: Fred : “Good morning, James. What a lovely day.” James : “Yes, it’s beautiful. So, How’s your weekend?” Fred : “It’s very great!”
- 5. The Function ofSpeech • Expressive utterances: express the speaker’s feeling • Directive utterances: attempt to get someone to do something • Referential utterances: provide information • Metalinguistic utterances: comment on language itself • Poetic utterances: focus on aesthetic features of language • Phatic utterances: express solidarity and empathy with others
- 6. Examples… • Expressive utterances – I’m happy today. – I am afraid. • Directive utterances – Wash the clothes. – Could you close the door? • Referential utterances – The second presenter will be Mrs. Hanna. – Make up speaking class will be held on Monday at 1 pm.
- 7. Examples… • Metalinguistic utterances – ‘Hegemony’ is not a common word – ‘Nat’ has to be added by affixes • Poetic utterances (a poem, an ear- catching motto, a rhyme) – Peter piper picked a peck of pickled peppers – Bu Lulu nuju udur huntu • Phatic utterances – Hi, how are you? – Lovely day, isn’t it.
- 8. Basic component of interaction… • Expressive Speaker • Directive Addressee • Referential Message
- 9. Addition… • Commissives: Promises and threat – I swear, I’ll do my revenge – I will kill you soon • Formatives or Declaration – And now, I declare you as husband and wife
- 10. Directives… …concern withgetting people to do things… Examples: Imperative: Sit down! Interrogative: Could you sit down? Declarative: It’d be better you to sit down.
- 11. Factors that affectpeople in using Directives.. • The social distance between particip • Relative status • Formality of the context
- 12. Example of theSocial Distance Between Participants Cepat Upin, nanti kita lambat!
- 13. Example of RelativeStatus Prepare your presentation, we’ll do it tomorrow!
- 14. Example of Formalityof the Context Wilujeng sumping, Pa. Mangga teras ka lebet.
- 15. Politeness and Address Form Speaking politeness --- • The feelings of others • The social values of the society • Formality
- 16. Politeness and Address Form Types of politeness • Positive politeness • Negative politeness
- 17. Examples of Politenessand Address Form Daddy, can you please help me with my homework?
- 18. Examples of Politenessand Address Form Could you bring in my paper, please?
- 19. Examples of Politenessand Address Form
- 20. Linguistic Politeness InDifferent Cultures • Miscommunication .. • Learning another language • Sociolinguistics assumption • Acceptance and refusal an invitation
- 21. Example of miscommunicationbased on cultural differences … In some villages in Subang, if someone wants to invite people to come to the wedding ceremony, she/he uses cigarettes as an invitation. If someone gets an expensive cigarette, it means that she/he has to give much money to the hostess and vice versa.
- 22. (Batavia Example.. (Sundanes e) n) “Bade ka “Heh bumi Pa Takrim, Haji mo pegi Kardun, kemane aya lu?” kaperyogia n”
- 23. Example of linguisticpoliteness … In Karawang, if there is a wedding ceremony, the goods from the bridegroom are mentioned and the lists of price are also mentioned. If we come from outside of Karawang which have different culture we automatically think that culture is impolite because mentioning the goods and the price are unusual things.
- 24. Greetings… • A partof communication • Serve an affective function
- 25. Examples.. • How are you? • Apa kabar? • Kumaha damang? • Kia ora? • Pripun kabare?
- 26. References.. Holmes, Janet. (2001).An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited
- 27.