The document discusses semantics and pragmatics, focusing on micropragmatics, macropragmatics, reference, inference, deixis, anaphora, presupposition, speech acts, cooperation principles, politeness theory, and cross-cultural communication. It explores the distinctions between semantics and pragmatics, emphasizing how context influences meaning in language use. Examples provided illustrate the concepts and their applications in communication.

1. GROUP 6
1. Azi Zantoyo (2016060283)
2. Eva Choirul Rosidah (2016060628)
3. Khairunnisa (2016060617)
4. Tiara A. Pramesti (2016060245)
5. Yason Dodai Poedji (2016060658)
6. Yohana Patricia (2016060336)
7. Yunita Bastian (2016060478)
Semantics & Pragmatics
- Micropragmatic
- Macropragmatic
- Entailment
- Difference of Semantic & Pragmatic

2. Micro Pragmatics
is the study of language
use in smaller contexts.
Traditionally the context
is understood as comprising
the sentence and its
immediate surroundings.

3. 1. Reference & Inference
A referential theory (naming theory),
it is assumed that the words we use
to identify things are in some direct
relationship to those things.
3

4. Captain America Shield
Proper Nouns Captain America Shield
Definite Noun Phrases The Avenger The Main Equipment
Pronouns He, Him It
Indenfinate Noun Phrases An american hero A protection thing
4
REFERENCE
Act in which a speaker / writer uses linguistic forms to
enable a listener / reader to identify something

5. INREFERENCE
An inference is the process of drawing a conclusion from
supporting evidence. It’s when you go beyond the evidence
and reach some further conclusion. We draw inferences all
the time when we say things
Example :
✗ A: Where is the strawberry
sitting?
✗ B: She is sitting by the
window.
Explanation :
Strawberry is one kind of fruit but
in this context refer to people.
Example :
✗ A: Brandon called the
glasses boy.
✗ B: He might be shame to
call him brother.
Explanation :
It must be more than a person
uses glasses, but both of them
recognize the right person.
5
Example :
✗ A: May I take a look of your
Still I Rise?
✗ B: Sure, here you are.
Explanation :
Still I Rise is noun phrases but in
this context refers to thing
(poetry).

6. 2. Deixis
Pointing via language, it depends
entirely on the situational context of
the utterance and can only be
understood in light of these
circumstances.
6

7. A. Person
deixis: any
expression used
to point to a
person is an
example of
person deixis.
Examples: me,
you, him, them.
7
C. Place/spatial
deixis : words
used to point
to a location
are examples
of space deixis.
Examples : here,
there, and under
B. Time /
Temporal deixis:
words used to
point to a time
are examples of
time deixis.
Examples: now,
then, tonight, last
week, this year.
D. Discourse /
textual deixis: any
expression used to
refer to earlier or
forthcoming
segments of the
discourse is an
example of
discourse deixis.
Examples: in the
previous/next
paragraph, or Have
you heard this joke?
E. Social deixis:
honorifics (form
to show respect.
Examples:
Professor Li,
your Majesty,
your Excellency

8. EXAMPLE
8
My dear child, as I said before that
Daddy found a mysterious bottle at the
bottom of the lighthouse during the hour
before sunset.

9. You will have to bring that back tomorrow,
because they aren’t here now
a. Person deixis is YOU - addressee.
b.Time/Temporal deixis: TOMORROW – distal,
NOW – temporal.
c. Place/spatial deixis: HERE – proximal adverb
d. Discourse/textual deixis: NONE
e. Social deixis: NONE
9
The Sea King had been a widower for many years,
and his aged mother kept broke for him.
a. Person deixis is THE SEA KING - addressee.
b. Time/Temporal deixis: YEARS.
c. Place/spatial deixis: NONE
d. Discourse/textual deixis: NONE
e. Social deixis: NONE
EXAMPLE

10. 3. Anaphora
The process where a word or phrase
refers back to another word or
phrase which was used earlier in a
text or conversation.
10

11. Direct Anaphora
✗ A: May I take a look of your assignment?
✗ B: Sure, it is on my table.
✗ A: Would you lend me some money?
✗ B: I’m afraid I wouldn’t. I do out of it.
The previous word assignment and money is
called the antecedent, and the second word
it is called anaphor or anaphoric expression.
Indirect Anaphora or Bridging Reference
A: I walked into the minimarket. I drank a can
of milk.
A: My sister keep crying near the minimarket.
So, my mother buys her a cup of ice cream.
The antecedent is minimarket, while a can of
milk and a cup of ice cream as the anaphor that
we assume is being sold in the minimarket.
11

12. 4. Presupposition
A presupposition is something the
speaker assumes to be the case prior
to make an utterance.
12

13. A. Existential
presupposition
Example:
Laurent’s cat is
cute.
Explanation:
Laurent exists and
has a cat. And it is
cute.
13
C. Lexical
Presupposition
Example:
Retta is late again
means “Retta was late
before”.
Explanation:
In using one word, the
speaker can act as if
another meaning will
be understood.
"Stop”, "again”, “still”
are taken to
presuppose another
(unstated) concept.
B. Factive
Presupposition
Example:
We regret telling her
means “We told her”.
Explanation:
Identified by the
presence of some
verbs such as "know”,
"realize”, “be glad”,
“be sorry”, etc.
D. Structural
Presupposition
Example: When did
Frenda travel to the
USA?
Explanation:
It is the assumption
associated with the use
of certain structures.
The listener perceives
that the information
presented is necessarily
true, or intended as true
by the speaker as
Frenda travelled.
E. Counterfactual
Presupposition
Example: If you were
my daughter, I would
not allow you to do
this.
Explanation:
It is the assumption
that what is
presupposed is not
only untrue, but is
the opposite of what
is true, or contrary
to facts.
“You were not my
daughter.”

14. Macro Pragmatics
Concerns with the user
interaction in various
ways, and in a number of
settings.

15. 1. Speech Acts
Was proposed by J. L. Austin and has
been developed by J. R. Searle. They
believe that language is not only used
to inform or to describe things, it is
often used to “do things”, to
perform acts.
15

16. Examples
✗ Could you pass me the knife?
✗ Would you hand me the ketchup?
✗ It’s hot here.
The explanation:
✗ The 1st and the 2nd examples use question mark,
but it does not mean it has to be answered, but
they need action response.
✗ The 3rd example is can be interpreted as semantic
and pragmatic.
16

17. 2. Cooperative Principles
A principle proposed by the philosopher Paul Grice
whereby those involved in communication
assume that both parties will normally seek to
cooperate with each other to establish agreed
meaning. It is composed of four maxims : quality,
quantity, relation, and manner.
17

18. MAXIMS
Maxim of quality :
✗ Mother: Did you study all
day long?
✗ Son who has been
playing all day long: Yes,
I‘ve been studying till
know!
Explanation :
Do not say what you believe to
be false. Do not say that for
which you lack evidence. The
boy is not truthful and violates
the maxim of quality. He is
lying to avoid unpleasant
consequences such as:
punishment or to be forced to
study for the rest of the day
Maxim of Relevance:
Teacher: Why didn’t you do
your homework?
Student: May I go and get
some water? I’m so thirsty.
Explanation :
Be relevant!
In the above exchange, the
student’s answer is by no
means relevant to the
teacher’s question. One
reason for this answer can be
the fact that the student
is trying to evade the
interrogation posed by the
teacher.
18
Maxim of quantity :
✗ John: Where have you
been? I searched
everywhere for you during
the past three months!
✗ Mike: I wasn’t around. So,
what’s the big deal?
Explanation :
Make your contribution as
informative as is required for
the current purposes of the
exchange.
John poses a question, which he
needs to be answered
by Mike. What Mike says in
return does not lack the
truth, however is still
insufficient.
Maxim of manner
✗ Sarah: Did you enjoy
the party last night?
✗ Anna: There was plenty
of oriental food on the
table, lots of flowers
all, people hanging
around chatting with
each other…
Explanation :
Sara asked a very simple
question, however what she
receives from Anna is a
protracted description of what
was going on in the party.

19. 3. Conversation Implicature
According to Grice, utterance interpretation is
not a matter of decoding messages, but rather
involves :
1. Taking the meaning of the sentences together
with contextual information,
2. Using inference rules
3. Working out what the speaker means on the
basis of the assumption that the utterance
conforms to the maxims.
19

20. Example :
✗ Husband : Where is today
newspaper?
✗ Wife : It is on the table in the
dining room.
Explanation :
The wife has answered clearly
(manner) and truthfully (Quality), has
given just the right amount of
information (Quantity) and has
directly addressed her husband’s goal
in asking the question (Relation). She
has said precisely what she meant, no
more and no less.
EXAMPLES
Example :
✗ He is a beast.
Explanation :
It is literally false, openly against the
maxim of quality, for no human is not
a beast. But the hearer still assumes
that the speaker is being cooperative
and then infers that he is trying to say
something distinct from the literal
meaning. He can then work out that
probably the speaker meant to say
that “he has some characteristics of
the beast”
20

21. 4. Politeness Principles
Theory of Politeness- formulated in 1978 and
revised in 1987 by Brown and Levinson:
• Politeness is interlocutors’ desire to be
pleasant to each other through a positive
manner of addressing.
• Gist: the intention to mitigate certain face
threatening acts towards others.
• Base of Politeness theory: Interlocutors have
face which they consciously project, try to
protect and preserve.
21

22. Indirectness is a device of politeness, while directness is a device
of impoliteness. Pragmatics is concerned only with intentional
indirectness.
• The social aspect of politeness is related to the social
identities, while the individual part is related to the strategic
use to achieve communicative goals.
• Stylistic variation of formality signify the level of politeness /
impoliteness.
• There is a correlation between the politeness strategy use
and the social identity of the addresser in the interaction.
• Positive politeness signifies social equality; position
correlates with the use of 'on record' strategy; 'negative
politeness' conveys unfamiliarity and social distance; 'off
record' politeness strategy implies imposition on the
addressee.
22

23. 5. Cross-cultural communication
• Cross cultural communication refers to the
communication between people who have differences in
any one of the following: styles of working, age,
nationality, ethnicity, race, gender, sexual orientation, etc.
• Cross cultural communication has been influenced by a
variety of academic disciplines. It is necessary in order to
avoid misunderstandings that can lead to conflicts
between individuals or groups. Cross cultural
communication creates a feeling of trust and enables
cooperation.
23

24. 6. Indirect Language
• Indirect speech, also known as reported speech, is
when words or phrases are reported in our own
words. The original words are modified and/or
interpreted as opposed to being quoted.
• When talking about indirect speech, we use words
that refer to something that has already happened.
To do so, we are speaking in the past tense and are
summarizing, modifying, or synthesizing what has
already been said.
24

25. Examples
25
Susan’s sister bought two houses.
Amy said it was cold.
He said he had been on Facebook since 2010.
She said she had been teaching college classes for two years.
Explanation:
This sentence presupposes that Susan exists and that she has a
sister. This sentence has the entailments that Susan’s sister
bought something; a house, and other similar logical
consequences, now she has 2 houses. The entailments are
communicated without being said and are not dependent on the
speaker’s intention.

26. Presupposition:
• Alika exists.
• Alika has sisters.
• Alika has only one sisters.
• Her sister has a lot of
money.
Presuppositions vs Entailments
26
Example :
✗ Alika’s sister drives 3 different car types whole this week.
Entailment:
• Alika’s sister drives 3 different
car types.

27. Difference Between Semantics and Pragmatics
• The semantics studies the meaning of
words and their meaning within
sentences whereas the pragmatics
studies the same words and meanings but
with emphasis on their context as well.
• Both semantics and pragmatics are two
main branches of study in linguistics. They
both study the meaning and the
significance of words in a language. But
there is a distinct difference between
semantics and pragmatics.
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29. 29
Thanks!
Any questions?

30. References:
https://www.slideshare.net/drhameed/lecture-2-
33684231?from_action=save
https://www.slideshare.net/suaadzahawi/macro-pragmatics-
48525412?from_action=save
https://www.slideshare.net/judithce/the-cooperative-principle
https://www.slideshare.net/ArpitSem/cross-cultural-communication-
140201132?qid=72b27f07-83f6-4a9e-9e4d-
8d8246c91088&v=&b=&from_search=2
https://www.slideshare.net/dr.shadiabanjar/presupposition-and-
entailment-by-drshadia?qid=758ee406-dae0-4af3-b6c4-
4ef0becf015e&v=&b=&from_search=1
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