The document discusses pragmatics, which is the study of how language is used in context and why people use language in particular ways. It provides examples of how the meaning of the word "ball" changes based on the context and discusses different types of context including physical, epistemic, linguistic, and social context. It also discusses speech acts, direct and indirect speech acts, felicity conditions for different speech acts, and Grice's cooperative principle and maxims of conversation. Finally, it discusses language use in advertising and provides discourse analysis examples.

1. PRAGMATICSThe Study of Language Use

2. PragmaticsA subfield of linguistics which studies how people use language within a CONTEXTand why they use language in particular ways

3. Context fills in the details and allows full understanding

4. Consider the word “BALL” in the following sentences:He kicked the ball into the net.She dribbled the ball down the court and shot a basket.She putted the ball from two feet away.His racket missed the ball by mere inches.The ball rocketed across the alley and took down all ten pins.

5. ContextThe discourse that surrounds a language unit and helps to determine its interpretation

6. Subparts of ContextPhysical ContextWhere the conversation takes place

7. What objects are present

8. What actions are taking placeEpistemic ContextBackground knowledge shared by speakers and hearersLinguistic ContextUtterances previous to the utteranceSocial ContextSocial relationship and setting of speakers and hearersSpeech ActsThe use of language to perform some act

9. Speech ActsOther speech acts include: Threats

10. Warnings

11. Bets

12. Advises

13. PromisesPerformative VerbsVerbs that can be used to perform the acts they nameI assert that John Jones has bad breath.I ask who ate my porridge.I order you to leave me alone.I request that you leave me alone.I threaten you that if you do that again, I’ll punch you.I warnthat there is a gremlin at the back of your car.I betyou five bucks that they will win tonight.I advise you to go to class at least once a quarter.I promise to pass the requirement tomorrow.

14. Direct and Indirect Speech ActsDirect Speech ActIndirect Speech ActThey perform their functions in a direct and literal mannerCan be performed by:Making a direct, literal utterance, orUsing a performative verbWhat the speaker actually means is different from what s/he literally says.Never uses performative verbs

15. To perform a particular speech act indirectly, one need only formulate a question, assertion, request, or order that evokes a felicity condition on that speech act.

16. Felicity ConditionsConditions that must be satisfied if a speech act is to be correctly and honestly performed

17. Question Felicity ConditionsS questions H about P:S does not know the truth about P.S wants to know the truth about P.S believes that H may be able to supply the information about P that S wants.Where:S is the Speaker,H is the Hearer, andP is some state of affairs

18. ExampleDirect Speech ActIndirect Speech ActDid John marry Helen?I ask you whether or not John marry Helen.I don’t know if John married Helen. (S does not know the truth about P)I would like to know if John married Helen. (S wants to know the truth about P)Do you know if John married Helen? (S believes that H may be able to supply the information about P that S wants)

19. Request Felicity ConditionsS requests H to do A:S believes A has not yet been done.S believes that H is able to do A.S believes that H is willing to do A-type things for S.S wants A to be done.Where:S is the Speaker,H is the Hearer, andA is some action

20. ExampleDirect Speech ActIndirect Speech ActPlease take out the garbage.I request that you take out the garbage.The garbage isn’t out yet. (S believes A has not yet been done)Could you take out the garbage? (S believes that H is able to do A)Would you mind taking out the garbage? (S believes that H is willing to do A-type things for S)I would like for you to take out the garbage. (S wants A to be done)

21. Promise Felicity ConditionsS promises H to do AS believes that H wants A done.S is able to A.S is willing to do A.A has not already been done.Where:S is the Speaker,H is the Hearer, andA is some action

22. ExampleDirect Speech ActIndirect Speech ActI will buy you a doll tomorrow.I promise to buy you a doll tomorrow.Would you like a doll tomorrow? (S believes that H wants A done)I can buy you a doll tomorrow. (S is able to A)I would love to buy you a doll. (S is willing to do A)I still haven’t bought you a doll, have I? (A has not already been done)

23. Threat Felicity ConditionsS promises H to do AS believes that H does not want A done.S is able to A.S is willing to do A.A has not already been done.Where:S is the Speaker,H is the Hearer, andA is some action

24. ExampleDirect Speech ActIndirect Speech ActIf you do that again, I’ll punch you.I threaten you that if you do that again, I’ll punch you.You don’t want me to punch you, do you? (S believes that H does not want A done)I can punch you, y’ know. (S is able to A)I wouldn't mind punching you. (S is willing to do A)Seems your face is not yet bruised, eh? (A has not already been done)

25. Rules of ConversationA set of conventions governing language use that preserves it integrity by requiring us, among other things, to be honestin its use, to have evidence for what we say, and to make what we say relevant to the speech context

26. H.P. Grice’s Cooperative PrincipleWe are enjoined to make sure that what we say in conversation furthers the purposes of these conversations.

27. Maxims of QualityDo not say what you believe is false.Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.

28. Maxim of Relation/RelevanceBe relevant.

29. Maxims of QuantityMake your contribution as informative as required.Do not make your contribution more informative than required.

30. Maxims of MannerAvoid obscurity of expression.Avoid ambiguity.Be brief.Be orderly.

31. Language in AdvertisingAdvertising is a business in which language is used to persuade people to do things (e.g. to buy some product, to vote for someone, or to believe things)

32. EntailmentLogically valid inferenceIf sentence X entails sentence Y, then whenever X is true Y must also be true

33. ExampleIan drives a Corvette.Ian drives a car.A entails B because B is true when A is true as all Corvettes are cars.B cannot entail A because A can be false when B is true as not all cars are Corvettes.

34. ImplicatureNot logically valid but is nevertheless warrantedSentence X implicates sentence Y if:X does not entail YThe speaker is warranted in believing that Y is true based on the meaning of X and Grice’s Maxims of Conversation.

35. ExampleNot everyone is going to come.Someone is going to come.A implicates B because:A does not entail BB can be false when A is trueAssuming that the speaker of A makes his contribution as informative as required (1st Maxim of Quantity), the more informative claim “no one is going to come” was not used because it was not known to be true. Thus the hearer of A is justified in believing that B is true.

36. Leaving out of the than phraseCampbell soups have one-third less salt.Ford LTD was 700 percent quieter.More people sleep on Sealy PosturpedicThe cars more Americans depend on.Maytags are built to last longer and need fewer repairs.

37. Fine PrintFly anywhere Delta Airline goes.Fine Print: Some restrictions apply.Our UPS Next Day Air Letter. Guaranteed overnight delivery to any address from coast to coast.Fine Print: See Air Service Guide for Guarantee Details.Le Sabre is the most trouble-free American car.Fine Print: Owner-related problems during the first 90 days of ownership.

38. Idiomatic LanguageMercedes-Benz cars: engineered like no other car in the world.In one out of two American homes you’ll find Kenmore appliances.

39. Modal Auxiliaries or AdverbsIt may be one of the most powerful cars in the world.It could save you up to 15% on Allstate homeowners insurance.If you choose to finance or lease your new GMAC vehicle someplace other than GMAC, you might find yourself waiting in line instead of out hugging one.It leaves clothes virtually static-free.

40. Discourse AnalysisAnalysis on how meaning is created as people tell personal experience stories using narrations

41. ExampleThis is about a good-looking guy that made me a bit embarrassed of myselfIt happened to me last semester before summerEarly morning, I rode a jeep on the way to schoolUh. It was –uh- really cold and –uh- coldI was still sleepy but when I looked around the jeep the guy in front of me was so cute, not just cute –uh- gorgeous is more fittingAnother man said, “Para,” and –uh- and he was like –uh- preparing to go out of the jeep.And so, while the gorgeous guy was fixing his bag –uh- I winked and smiled at himIt was like so brave and stupid of me.

42. ExampleI was waiting for him to get up and leave, but guess what,He didn’t, that gorgeous guy looked at me like he was creeped out.When I left the jeep, he was right behind me… walking…gosh…Until I reached a corner, and he was gone, it was still so embarrassing…I realized that I shoulda ‘never’ –uh- do that again unless I’m sure that I won’t see him after the winking ever.

43. Elements of NarrationAbstractOne or more clauses that summarizes the storyOrientationFree clauses that provide relevant details about the background of the storyComplicating ActionPart of the story that answers : “Then what happened?”Result or ResolutionTells what finally happened

44. Elements of NarrationCodaBrings the hearer back out of the world of the story and into the presentEvaluationLinguistic strategies a storyteller can use to underscore the fact that his/her story has a pointExternal – phrases and clauses that interrupt the narrative, thereby creating suspenseInternal – intensifiers, comparators, and modifiers

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