The document provides an overview of the electricity sector in India. It discusses how electricity has become essential to modern life and the Indian economy. It then summarizes the history and development of the electricity sector in India, including key milestones like the 1991 reforms that opened the sector to private investment and the 2003 Electricity Act. The document also provides explanations of basic electricity concepts like voltage, current, power, frequency, as well as different components of the power system like generation, transmission, distribution and utilization.
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Electrical fault is the deviation of voltages and currents from nominal values or states. Under normal operating conditions, power system equipment or lines carry normal voltages and currents which results in a safer operation of the system.
Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency
Electrical fault is the deviation of voltages and currents from nominal values or states. Under normal operating conditions, power system equipment or lines carry normal voltages and currents which results in a safer operation of the system.
An electric power system is a network of electrical components deployed to supply, transfer, and use electric power. An example of an electric power system is the grid that provides power to an extended area. An electrical grid power system can be broadly divided into the generators that supply the power, the transmission system that carries the power from the generating centres to the load centres, and the distribution system that feeds the power to nearby homes and industries.
The cosine of angle made between the voltage and current is called the power factor.
In AC circuits, there is always the phase deference between the voltage and current, which is calculated in terms of power factor.
If the load is inductive the current lags behind the voltage and the power factor is lagging.
If the load is capacitive the current leads the voltage and the power factor is leading.
The value of power factor can never be more than unity.
Improvement of power quality has to be treated as a matter of at most importance in the open
market economy due to the increased use of non linear loads. Several devices have been used to mitigate
the power quality problems. Now a days researchers are concentrating on the use of FACT devices to
overcome power quality issues. Unified Power Quality Conditioner is one among such FACT devices upon
which this paper has concentrated for mitigating the Power Quality problems. Here a 3 phase 3 wire
UPQC is realised using MATLAB/SIMULINK to mitigate voltage sag and swell as well as to maintain
sinusoidal voltage and current at PCC irrespective of load dynamics.
As power factor falls below unity the current
in the system increases with the following effects: I
2R power
loss increases in cables and windings leading to overheating
and consequent reduction in equipment life; cost incurred by
power company increases and efficiency as a whole suffers
because more of the input is absorbed in meeting losses.
Distribution losses cost the utilities a very big amount of profit
and reduce life of equipment. The system is considered as
efficient when the loss level is low. So, attempts at power loss
minimization in order to reduce electricity cost, and improve
the efficiency of distribution systems are continuously made.
This paper investigates the losses in a 34-bus distribution
system and how the installation of capacitors at some points in
the system can significantly reduce losses in circuits and cables,
ensure that the rated voltage is applied to motors, lamps, etc, to
obtain optimum performance, ensure maximum power output
of transformers is utilized and not used in making-up losses,
enables existing transformers to carry additional load without
overheating or the necessity of capital cost of new
transformers, and achieve the financial benefits which will
result from lower maximum demand charges
Evolution of transmission sector in India, Regional and National Grid, Market structure, Transmission & Substation capacity, Distribution system in India
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss CalculationAmeen San
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss
Calculation
Comparison of Overhead Versus Underground System
Power Loss Calculation,Voltage Drop Calculation
Grounding or earthing offers two principal advantages. First, it provides protection to the power system. Secondly, earthing of electrical equipment ensures the safety of the persons handling the equipment.
Electricity is the lifeline for any building or business. Electrical power distribution system within a building or facility serves as the central nervous system of a body. Find out, how Current Solutions PC can help you with an efficient safer, and more productive electrical system design. What you electrical engineers need to know about power distribution and more. Slide now to find out the Current Solutions PC difference.
An electric power system is a network of electrical components deployed to supply, transfer, and use electric power. An example of an electric power system is the grid that provides power to an extended area. An electrical grid power system can be broadly divided into the generators that supply the power, the transmission system that carries the power from the generating centres to the load centres, and the distribution system that feeds the power to nearby homes and industries.
The cosine of angle made between the voltage and current is called the power factor.
In AC circuits, there is always the phase deference between the voltage and current, which is calculated in terms of power factor.
If the load is inductive the current lags behind the voltage and the power factor is lagging.
If the load is capacitive the current leads the voltage and the power factor is leading.
The value of power factor can never be more than unity.
Improvement of power quality has to be treated as a matter of at most importance in the open
market economy due to the increased use of non linear loads. Several devices have been used to mitigate
the power quality problems. Now a days researchers are concentrating on the use of FACT devices to
overcome power quality issues. Unified Power Quality Conditioner is one among such FACT devices upon
which this paper has concentrated for mitigating the Power Quality problems. Here a 3 phase 3 wire
UPQC is realised using MATLAB/SIMULINK to mitigate voltage sag and swell as well as to maintain
sinusoidal voltage and current at PCC irrespective of load dynamics.
As power factor falls below unity the current
in the system increases with the following effects: I
2R power
loss increases in cables and windings leading to overheating
and consequent reduction in equipment life; cost incurred by
power company increases and efficiency as a whole suffers
because more of the input is absorbed in meeting losses.
Distribution losses cost the utilities a very big amount of profit
and reduce life of equipment. The system is considered as
efficient when the loss level is low. So, attempts at power loss
minimization in order to reduce electricity cost, and improve
the efficiency of distribution systems are continuously made.
This paper investigates the losses in a 34-bus distribution
system and how the installation of capacitors at some points in
the system can significantly reduce losses in circuits and cables,
ensure that the rated voltage is applied to motors, lamps, etc, to
obtain optimum performance, ensure maximum power output
of transformers is utilized and not used in making-up losses,
enables existing transformers to carry additional load without
overheating or the necessity of capital cost of new
transformers, and achieve the financial benefits which will
result from lower maximum demand charges
Evolution of transmission sector in India, Regional and National Grid, Market structure, Transmission & Substation capacity, Distribution system in India
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss CalculationAmeen San
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss
Calculation
Comparison of Overhead Versus Underground System
Power Loss Calculation,Voltage Drop Calculation
Grounding or earthing offers two principal advantages. First, it provides protection to the power system. Secondly, earthing of electrical equipment ensures the safety of the persons handling the equipment.
Electricity is the lifeline for any building or business. Electrical power distribution system within a building or facility serves as the central nervous system of a body. Find out, how Current Solutions PC can help you with an efficient safer, and more productive electrical system design. What you electrical engineers need to know about power distribution and more. Slide now to find out the Current Solutions PC difference.
Indian Captive Power Producers Association - Rajiv Agrawal, Secretary, ICPPAIPPAI
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It is following the same explanation as contiki OS wiki.
Electrical power system is like the central nervous system within a facility. It is critical to the successful performance of business technology, equipment and operations in this competitive global economy. Current Solutions PC is one of the most trusted name of electrical engineering services since 1998. Checkout our electrical power engineering services and how we help businesses succeed with efficient electrical solutions.
Introduction to the Group Captive Mechanism in India. Setting up a renewable energy project, especially solar and wind, under this mechanism is considered to be one of the most attractive options that would give a higher return on investment.
Energy is the ability to do work and work is the transfer of energy from one form to another. In
practical terms, energy is what we use to manipulate the world around us, whether by exciting
our muscles, by using electricity, or by using mechanical devices such as automobiles. Energy
comes in different forms - heat (thermal), light (radiant), mechanical, electrical, chemical, and
nuclear energy.
Understanding Electrical Engineering and Safety for Non-ElectriciansLiving Online
Electrical engineering is often considered to be a mysterious science, because electricity cannot be seen. However, we are all aware of its existence and usefulness in our daily lives. While many of us work on electrical systems, we do not fully appreciate the dangers, which we get exposed to when doing so. All it takes is a few simple precautions to avoid getting hurt. This manual teaches you about the dangers of careless handling of electrical appliances and prevention of electrical accidents.
This manual is not meant for electrical engineers and other qualified technicians. It is for those who are not formally trained as electricians but often have to handle and maintain electrical appliances in the course of their work. Readers will have an opportunity to understand how the appliances they see everyday actually function.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/understanding-electrical-engineering-and-safety-non-electricians-23?id=145
The research is about (power in oil rig ) after a short description in a basic of electricity and OHM's law , we explained about power in general . at last we searched about the type of power in oil rig we descript (Electric & Mechanical Drilling Rig , Mechanical Drilling Rigs Advantages and Disadvantages , Electric Drilling Rig , Electric Drilling Rig Advantage , DC (SCR) Drilling Rig , AC (VFD) Drilling Rig , AC versus DC Drilling Rig , AC Drilling Rig Advantages , Size according to depth , Typical power range )
Hydro is the most well-established form of renewable electricity production.
Hydro comprised about 80% of all of the renewable electricity capacity in the world, and accounted for about 20% of global electricity production capacity.
Hydropower is also the most efficient means we know of to convert energy into electricity.
Typically 85%-95% of the energy in water is converted to electricity, compared to 15%-20% for PV solar, 35%-45% for wind, and 30%-45% for coal.
Assumptions: Strategy already defined Strategy not subject to sudden chang...PRIYANK JAIN
Assumptions:
Strategy already defined
Strategy not subject to sudden change
Strategy Development separate from Implementation
Framework for Strategy Implementation
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
3. Electricity to EconomicsElectricity to Economics
Electricity has become the lifeblood of the
modern world.
The electricity sector in India supplies the
world's 5th largest energy consumer
,accounting for 4.0% of global energy
consumption by more than 17% of global
population.[11]
4. IntroductionIntroduction
All of us use Energy.
Variable sources of energy.
Various fields use different kind of energy.
Most versatile form of commercial energy.
5. Commercial Energy Non Commercial Energy
Coal Fire wood & cow dung
Oil &Gas Agricultural waste
Nuclear Sunlight(for drying things)
Hydro Animals(for transport)
Solar ,Wind ,Biomass etc. Human activities(farming,weaving)
6. Total Energy DigTotal Energy Dig
Commercial
Energy
Non Commercial
Energy
Total
Energy
9. Power as infrastructurePower as infrastructure
Power is the Backbone of the Indian economy.
Power sector has a growth rate of 6.79%(2010-2011).
[1]
At the time of Independence our generating capacity
was 1361(MW). [2.]
Our present generating capacity is 176990.40(MW).
[3.]
10. RevenueRevenue
“India's power sector will generate a
revenue of Rs 13 lakh crore (US $ 294
billion) during the 12th five year plan
(2012-17)” .
- P. Uma Shankar
Union power secretary[4.]
11. Features of ElectricityFeatures of Electricity
Today electricity plays key role in society.
It is key to economic growth of the country.
It can be economically transported over long
distance.
Easily converted to heat ,light , shaft power,
communication or medical equipments.
There is no option but to depend on
ELECTRICITY……
12. Invention of electricityInvention of electricity
1600 AD the history of electricity begins
with William Gilbert, a physician, who
coined the expression "electrica" in his famous
book.
In 1660, Otto von Guericke invented a
machine that produced static electricity, this
was the first electric generator.
In 1729, Stephen Gray discovered the
principle of the conduction of electricity.
13. Ben Franklin's important discovery was that
electricity and lightning were one and the same.
Ben Franklin's lightning rod was the first
practical application of electricity.
THOMAS EDISON helped change everyone's
life -- he perfected his invention -- the electric
light bulb.
Invention of electricityInvention of electricity
14. Michael Faraday invented the electric motor in
1821.
“Communism=Socialism + Electricity”
----Lenin , Soviet Union
Architect
Invention of electricityInvention of electricity
15. Flux in power sector of IndiaFlux in power sector of India
16. Government in 1991Government in 1991
The government in 1991, liberalized the sector
and opened it for foreign and private
investments to increase the availability of funds
for the power sector.
Around 189 projects, with an expected capacity
of 75 GW, were proposed; however, only a
few of these projects cleared the approval
process.
19. Electricity Act 2003Electricity Act 2003
The Electricity Act 2003, which came into effect
from June 10, 2003, replaced the earlier laws,
acts governing the Indian power sector. The bill
sought to provide a legal framework for
enabling reforms and restructuring the power
sector.
With the enactment of the Electricity Act 2003
and implementation of open access, the market
structure in the power sector changed from the
old single buyer structure to a multi-buyer
model.
23. ELECTRICITY :ELECTRICITY :
“ An Invention that has changed the quality of Man’s Life”
Some basic questions most of us have in their mind :
Have you ever wondered how electricity generated thousands of miles away
reaches you?
Why lightning that strikes at a far off place affects our power supply?
Why erratic monsoons result in a power shortage?
How can excess power generated in one state be used to solve power
shortage in the other?
To understand the root of these questions, and to assess and
effectively analyze their viability, as power managers, we first
would need to understand how a Power System actually
works….
24. BASICS OF ELECTRICITY:BASICS OF ELECTRICITY:
Measuring Electricity :
There are three basic entities in electricity :
1.Voltage:
Potential difference between two points.
SI Unit : Volts
2.Current :
The Current is the flow of electric charge (electrons or ions).
SI Unit : Amperes .
3. Resistance:
‘Resistance’ is obstruction in the flow of current. This is an inherent
property of all materials.
SI Unit : Ohms.
25. Power system is
defined as the network
of generating stations,
substations and power
lines.
Power system may be
considered as one of
the largest and most
expensive system of all
manmade systems.
POWER SYSTEM :POWER SYSTEM :
26. COMPONETS OF POWER SYSTEM :COMPONETS OF POWER SYSTEM :
Generation:
“ Process by which electric power is produced. It may be termed as
production stage.”
It can be done in different ways using different fuels:
Thermal: Fuels can be coal, gas, oil, and biomass.
Hydro
Nuclear
Wind
Solar
Geothermal
The power system network and operation can be divided into
three broad sections:
27. COMPONETS OF POWER SYSTEM :COMPONETS OF POWER SYSTEM :
Transmission & Distribution:
“The process by which the generated electric power is transmitted and
distributed to the end users.”
Distribution is
more like the retail
stage and operates
at much lower
voltages.
Transmission is bulk
transport and is generally done
at high voltages. Generally
between power plants and sub
stations.
28. COMPONETS OF POWER SYSTEM :COMPONETS OF POWER SYSTEM :
Utilization:
“The process of Utilizing Electricity for various purposes.”
The uses of electricity can be
generally classified as :
Industrial
Domestic
Agricultural.
Commercial
“Generation, transmission, distribution and utilization
need to work in close coordination for healthy operation
of power system.”
30. BASICS OF POWER SYSTEM:BASICS OF POWER SYSTEM:
Understanding Electricity flow – The electric circuit:
“ Circuit is interconnection of wires and devices. It is the path of
flow of current.”
Electricity always travels in
closed loops .
31. BASICS OF POWER SYSTEM:BASICS OF POWER SYSTEM:
Measuring Electricity :
It states that the current through a conductor between
two points is directly proportional to the potential
difference or voltage across the two points, and inversely
proportional to the resistance between them.
The mathematical equation that describes
this relationship is:
I = V/R
Ohm’s Law
32. BASICS OF POWER SYSTEM:BASICS OF POWER SYSTEM:
Measuring Electricity :
WHAT IS POWER ?
“Electric power is defined as the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by
an electric circuit.”
POWER = VOLTAGE X CURRENT X COSØ
For dc circuit COSØ=1.
It is measured in watts.
The above equation can be transformed as :
Power = Current x Current x Resistance= (Current)2
X Resistance
33. BASICS OF POWER SYSTEM:BASICS OF POWER SYSTEM:
Measuring Electricity :
WHAT IS UNIT ?
“ The unit is measure of electric energy.”
ENERGY = POWER X TIME
It is measured in kilowatt - hour (KWh).
One unit is the energy consumed when power is 1000W in period of
1 hour.
Units = No. of Hours of operation x Power consumed
“The calculation of power supplied to a consumer is
based upon the ‘Units’ of electricity consumed by him.”
34. WHAT IS DC & WHAT IS AC ?WHAT IS DC & WHAT IS AC ?
DIRECT CURRENT (DC):
“Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. It is produced
by sources such as batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, etc.”
In direct current, the electric charges flow in a constant direction,
distinguishing it from alternating current (AC).
Fig3.
35. WHAT IS DC & WHAT IS AC ?WHAT IS DC & WHAT IS AC ?
ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC):
“An alternating current (AC) is an electric current whose direction reverses
cyclically, as opposed to direct current (DC), whose direction remains constant.
The usual waveform of an AC power circuit is a sine wave.”
The AC is generated based on the principle of electromagnetic induction
.
36. AC V/S DCAC V/S DC
All power systems today operate on AC, because of its
distinct advantages over DC as stated as below:
37. WHY IT IS NECESSARY TO TRANSFORM VOLTAGEWHY IT IS NECESSARY TO TRANSFORM VOLTAGE
??
In Transmission , Most of the Power is lost in the wires in the
form of heat.
It can be seen that for a fixed value of power , if voltage is increased , current will
be decreased.
“ Power is generated at 11kV or 22 kV but generally transmitted at
132 kV ,400 kV , 765 kV.”
38. WHAT IS FREQUENCY?WHAT IS FREQUENCY?
FREQUENCY:
“In an AC circuit, the voltage and current oscillate with time. The number of
times the voltage or current wave oscillates in a second is known as frequency.
Measured in Hertz.
In India, the frequency is 50 Hz. That is, the voltage and current oscillate
at 50 times per second.
39. HOW DOES ELECTRIC POWER FLOW?HOW DOES ELECTRIC POWER FLOW?
“As power is a function of the voltage and current, the flow of electrons in a
circuit guides the flow of Electric power.”
The Power which is capable of doing work is called active
power.
In DC circuits there is only Active power.
An AC circuit has two types of power components--- Active &
Reactive.
41. WHAT IS REACTIVE POWER?WHAT IS REACTIVE POWER?
Two kinds of power flow in an AC circuit –
Active power which does some visible work –
like turning a fan or a motor.
Reactive power just goes back and forth in the
circuit. But it is quite necessary to have reactive
power flowing in an AC circuit to make a
motor turn or a fan move.
43. The “loft” analogyThe “loft” analogy
The upward component of the trajectory does not
contribute to getting the ball any closer to the hitter, but
without it the ball won’t get there.
44. The aircraft “lift” analogyThe aircraft “lift” analogy
Lift does not get you any closer to your
destination, but without it you are driving ,not
flying.
45. WHYWHY DODO WE NEED REACTIVE POWER?WE NEED REACTIVE POWER?
While active power is the energy supplied to run a
motor ,heat a home, or illuminate an electric light bulb,
reactive power provides the important functions of
regulating voltage.
Reactive power is used to provide the voltage levels
necessary for active power to do useful work.
Reactive power is essential to move active power
through the transmission and distribution system to the
customer.
46. Voltage and reactive Power planningVoltage and reactive Power planning
and assessment Practicesand assessment Practices
Key Principles:
Reactive power cannot be transmitted over a long distance
or through power transformers due to excessive reactive
power losses.
Reactive power supply should be located in close proximity
to its consumption.
Sufficient static and dynamic voltage support is needed to
maintain voltage levels within an acceptable range.
Sufficient reactive power reserves must be available to
regulate voltage at all times.
47. Transmitting reactive powerTransmitting reactive power
Reactive power cannot be effectively
transmitted across long distances or through
power transformers due to high heat losses.
49. Power factorPower factor
The average power dissipation given by
is termed the Active Power in the circuit and is
measured in watts (W)
The product of the r.m.s. voltage and current VI is
termed Apparent Power, S. To avoid confusion this
is given the units of volt amperes (VA)
50. ContiConti……
From the above discussion it is clear that
• In other words, the active power is the apparent
power times the cosine of the phase angle.
• This cosine is referred to as the Power Factor
• Power Factor =Active power(in watts)/Apparent
power (in volt amperes)
• Power factor= P/S=
51. Facts about power factorFacts about power factor
Power factor is the measure of the degree to which the
system is utilizing the power fed in it.
Its value is always between 0 and 1
When there is no reactive power, the p.f. is 1
Lower value of power factor [near to 0] means, the
circuit will have more reactive power
52. Power Factor CorrectionPower Factor Correction
Power factor is particularly important in high-power
applications.
Inductive loads have a lagging power factor.
Capacitive loads have a leading power factor.
Many high-power devices are inductive.
◦ A typical AC motor has a power factor of 0.9 lagging
◦ The total load on the national grid is 0.8-0.9 lagging
◦ This leads to major efficiencies.
◦ Power companies therefore penalize industrial users
who introduce a poor power factor.
53. Power Factor CorrectionPower Factor Correction
The problem of poor power factor is tackled by adding
additional components to bring the power factor back
closer to unity.
◦ A capacitor of an appropriate size in parallel with a
lagging load can ‘cancel out’ the inductive element
◦ This is Power Factor Correction
◦ A capacitor can also be used in series but this is less
common (since this alters the load voltage)
54. Three-Phase systemsThree-Phase systems
So far, our discussion of AC systems has been
restricted to single-phase arrangement
(As in conventional domestic supplies)
In high-power industrial applications we often use
three-phase arrangements.
◦ These have three supplies, differing in phase by
120 °
◦ Phases are labeled red, yellow and blue (R, Y &
B)
57. Consumers can be divided into four broadConsumers can be divided into four broad
categories:categories:
Power Utilized Percentages [5.]
Agriculture: 23%
Industrial: 35.9%
Commercial: 8%
Domestic: 24%
Others: 9%
58. Utilisation can be viewed from twoUtilisation can be viewed from two
points of viewpoints of view
Consumer Point Of View
Utility Point Of View
59. Consumer Point Of ViewConsumer Point Of View
Calculating Power Consumption
Charge may depend on
Amount of load connected
Time of use of electricity
Power factor
60. How Can We Reduce ConsumptionHow Can We Reduce Consumption
Use natural lighting and cooling methods as much
as possible.
CFL’s and Tube lights are much more efficient.
Switch off when you don’t need a bulb or fan.
Power down computers, televisions, playstations
etc when not in use.
Encourage others to conserve.
61. Potential to save in offices andPotential to save in offices and
factories is much morefactories is much more
Motors should be sized properly.
Unwanted motors should be turned off.
Pipes should be properly insulated.
Energy leakage must be plugged.
Process improvements should be carried out to
improve energy efficiency.
62. Protecting Your InterestsProtecting Your Interests
Prevention of electric shocks.
Protecting electrical equipment.
Keeping track of quality of power.
63. Electric ShocksElectric Shocks
Equipments should be connected to earth.
Put off main switch while doing repairs.
Ensure wires are not exposed.
Wear rubber footwear while working on
equipments.
Plug points should be covered or should be out of
reach of children.
66. Power Supply QualityPower Supply Quality
Voltage variations.
Power interruptions.
Frequency and harmonic components.
67. Efficiency And StandardsEfficiency And Standards
ISI mark with relevant standard number.
Ex. IS:325- 3 phase induction motors
IS:374- ceiling fans
IS:2418- Tube lights
IS:418- ordinary bulbs[6.]
Test instruments
68. Grievances and RedressalGrievances and Redressal
Errors in electricity bill.
Erratic power supply.
Load shedding.
Damage of equipment due to high or low voltages.
Electric shock accidents.
Undue delay in getting a connection.
69. Utility Point Of ViewUtility Point Of View
Three important issues that utility is
concerned with in an area of utilisation.
Load Behavior
Quality Issues
Safety issues
72. Safety and ProtectionSafety and Protection
Utility has to ensure that power equipments
are not damaged by lightning or by short
circuit.
Safety of workers repairing the line has to be
ensured.
73. References:References:
[1].[Source – CSO, MOSPI, Government of India]
[2.][Source-Decide & Confidence http://www.dnb.co.in]
[3.][Source – Office of Economic Adviser, MOC&I, Govt of India]
[4.][Source :Times Of India 22Jul 2011]
[5.][Power Utilisation Percentage][Source: CSO, MOSPI,
Government of India]
[6] ISI values:[source : Bureau of Indian Standards.Govt of India]
[Fig3.]Voltage time graph[Source : Wikipedia]
Common source for images:[Source : wikipedia.org & Google
images]
74. [Exhibit2.2Post Reform Framework][Source:D&BIndustry
Research Service]
[Box 2.3][Enron Case][Source:D&BIndustry Research
Service]
[Box 2.4][Orissa] [Source:D&BIndustry Research Service]
[Exhibit2.1Regulation For power sector][Source: D&BIndustry
Research Service]
[Exhibit2.3Segment wise impact of Electricity Act2003]
[Source:D&BIndustry Research Service]
Book referred : Know Your Power