This document summarizes key aspects of power systems, including generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity. It outlines different types of power generation including fossil fuels, hydroelectric, nuclear, and renewables. It also describes the basic structure of the electric grid from high voltage transmission lines to lower voltage distribution lines. Additionally, it covers basic power analysis concepts in AC and DC systems including active and reactive power, apparent power, and power calculations for single and three phase systems connected in wye and delta configurations.

1. Power Systems
Fundamentals of;
• Power generation,
• Transmission lines,
• Distribution lines

2. Basic operations required for the power systems
 Load Flow
 Fault Studies
 Protection
 Earthing
 Stability
 Insulation coordination
 Economic dispatch
 Power Quality
 Electromagnetic Compabilty, EMC
 Load Forecasting

3. Basic Structure of the Electric System

4. Generating Stations
 Fossil Fuel
 Hydroelectric
 Nuclear
 Geothermal
 Renewable
 Photovoltaics
 Solar Thermal
 Wind
 Bio-gas

5. Transmission Lines
 High Voltage 69 kV–500 kV
 Power Capacity 50–1,000 MW
 Carry power long distances
 Low energy losses, P=V²/R
 Large structures

6. Distribution Lines
 Primary; 12 – 34 kV AC
 Secondary: 480 V – 120 V AC
 Power capacity: 10 – 40 MW
 Shorter distances, higher losses
 Smaller overhead structures
 Underground

7. Power Analysis
In AC:
1 phase:
u=Um.cos(wt)
i=Imcos(wt-θ)
p=u.i=UmImcos(wt)cos(wt-θ)
(instantaneous value of the power)
In DC:
P=U.I

8. Power Analysis
p=u.i= Umcos(wt) Imcos(wt-θ)

9. Power Analysis
p=u.i=UmImcos(wt)cos(wt-θ)
p=UI cosθ (1+cos(2wt))+UI sinθ sin(2wt)
active component reactive component
P=UI cosθ (active power) {W}
Q=UI sinθ (reactive power) {VAr}
Cosθ= (Power factor)

10. Power Analysis
S=P+jQ (Complex Power)
S²=P²+Q² (Apparent power) {VA}

11. Power Analysis
3 phase systems:
Up=Ua=Ub=Uc
Ip=Ia=Ib=Ic

12. Power Analysis
Y Connection
Il=Ip
Ul= Up
P=3UpIpcosφ
Q=3UpIpsin φ
S=3UpIp

13. Power Analysis
Delta Connection
Ip=Il√3 Ul=Up,
P=√3UlIlcosφ
(Generally)
Up= 220 V
Ul= 220.√3 = 380 V

14. Thank you for listening…
Caner Göksel Sonuzun