The document covers key concepts in electrical engineering, including types of current (AC and DC), measurement instruments (ammeter, voltmeter), and electrical components (resistor, inductor, capacitor). It also discusses the generation of electric power, including various energy sources such as solar, hydro, wind, chemical, thermal, and nuclear energy. Fundamental equations and definitions related to electric current, voltage, and resistance are provided.

1. Subject Name And Code : Elements of Electrical Engineering(2110005)
Active Learning Assignment
Topic : Basic Electrical Concept
Guided by : Prof. Supraja Giddaluru
Branch : Electrical
Division : F2 Sem : 1st
Academic Year : 2014(odd)

2. Prepared By:
Name
• Harshid Panchal
• Harsh Prajapati
• Manthan Rajput
Enrollment no.
140120109023
140120109042
140120109057

3. CURREN
• Current(I) is a measure of how much T charge(Q) is
flowing through a circuit at a particular moment.
• Or its another definition is:
Electric current is the rate of charge flow past a
given point in an electric circuit, measured in
Coulombs/second which is named Amperes. In most
DC electric circuits, it can be assumed that the
resistance to current flow is a constant so that the
current in the circuit is related to voltage and
resistance by Ohm's law. The standard
Abbreviations for the units are 1 A = 1C/s.
I=
Q
─t
(ᴀ)

4. TYPES OF CURRENT
Alternating Current(AC):-
In AC, electrons keep switching
directions, sometimes going "forwards" and
then going "backwards.“
Safe to transfer over longer city distances
and can provide more power.
The frequency of alternating current is
50Hz or 60Hz depending upon the country.
It reverses its direction while flowing in a
circuit.
It is the current of magnitude varying
with time.
Power factor Lies between 0 & 1.
It’s types are Sinusoidal, Trapezoidal,
Triangular, Square.
Direct Current(DC):-
In DC, the electrons flow steadily in a
single direction, or "forward.
Voltage of DC cannot travel very far until
it begins to lose energy.
The frequency of direct current is zero.
It flows in one direction in the circuit.
It is the current of constant magnitude.
Power Factor it is always 1.
It’s types are Pure and pulsating.

5. AMMETER
An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the electric
current in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence
the name. Instruments used to measure smaller currents, in the
milliampere or microampere range.

6. VOLTAG
Voltage, also called electromotive forceE, is a
quantitative expression of the potential difference in
charge between two points in an electrical field.
•It is possible to have voltage without current, but current
cannot flow without voltage.
•Voltage is a measure of the energy carried by the charge.
•The proper name for voltage is potential difference or p.d.
for short.
•Voltage is supplied by the battery (or power supply).
•Voltage is measured in volts, V.
•Voltage is measured with a voltmeter, connected in parallel.
•The symbol V is used for voltage in equations.
The switch is closed making
a complete circuit so
current can flow.
The switch is open so the
circuit is broken and
current cannot flow.
Without the cell there is no
source of voltage so
current cannot flow.

7. VOLTMETER
A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential
difference between two points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters
move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit;
digital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use of an analog
to digital converter.

8. POWER
•Electric power is the rate at which electric energy is
transferred by an electric circuit.
•The SI unit of Power is the watt, one joule per second.
•Electric power is usually produced by electric generators,
but can also be supplied by chemical sources such as electric
batteries.
•Electric power, like mechanical power, is the rate of doing
work, measured in watts, and represented by the letter P.
where
•Q is electric charge in coulombs
•t is time in seconds
•I is electric current in amperes
•V is electric potential or voltage in volts

9. RESISTOR
 Resistance is a property of material due to which it
opposes the flow of current through it.
 When electrons flow through any material, they
collide with each other which gives rise to opposition
to the flow of current.
 The unit of resistor is ohm(Ω).

10.  The resistance of a conductor will be 1Ω when it
allows 1 A current to flow through it on
application of 1 V across its material.
 The resistance of conducting material is found to …
(1) be directly proportional to the length l of the
material,
(2) be inversely proportional to the cross-sectional
area of the material.
(3) depend on the nature of material.
(4) depend upon the temperature.

11.  Therefore,
R ∞ l/a
or R = ρl/a
Where,
R=resistance in Ω
l=length in m
a =cross section area in m²
ρ= resistivity in Ω-m

13. INDUCTOR
 An inductor is made of a coil of conducting wire.
 An inductor is a passive element designed to
store energy in the magnetic field while a
capacitor stores energy in the electric field.
di
dt
L
d

v  
dt

14. CAPACITOR
 A capacitor consists of two conducting plates
separated by an insulator (or dielectric).
The symbol use for capacitor in the
circuit diagram is ::

15.  A capacitor is a two terminal circuit element that has a current
through its terminals which is proportional to the derivative of
the voltage across its terminals.
 The coefficient of this proportionality is the defining
characteristic of a capacitor.
 A capacitor is the device that we use to model the effect of
electric fields on circuit variables.
 The energy stored in electric fields has effects on voltage and
current.

16. A
ε
d
C

ε

A
 
  r
 Three factors affecting the value of capacitance:
1. Area: the larger the area, the greater the capacitance.
12
2. Spacing between the plates: the smaller the spacing, the greater the
capacitance.
3. Material permittivity: the higher the permittivity, the greater the
capacitance.
8.854 10 (F/m)
0
0
  

d
Where, C

17.  The relation between the charge in plates and the voltage across a
capacitor is given below.
Cv q 
1F  1 C/V

18. ELECTRICAL ENERGY SOURCES
Electricity
 Electricity is very important in our lives.
 We would find it very hard to do without it.
 There are so many things in our homes that are powered by
electricity that we have begun to depend on them.
 Imagine you woke up this morning and had no electricity.
What difference would it make to
your normal morning routine?

19. Solar energy
 Energy radiates from the sun and the light rays can be captured
with photovoltaics and semiconductors. Mirrors can be used to
concentrate the power, and the sun’s heat is also a thermal source.

20. Water Electricity
 Water Electricity is electricity obtained from hydropower. Most
hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water
driving a water turbine and generator. Less common variations make use
of water's kinetic energy or undammed sources such as tidal power.
Hydroelectricity is a renewable energy source.

21. Wind Energy
 Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of
the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and
rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's
terrain, bodies of water, and vegetative cover. This wind flow, or motion
energy, when "harvested" by modernwind turbines, can be used to
generate electricity.

22. Chemical energy
 This is stored, or “potential,” energy. Releasing chemical energy
from in carbon-based fuels generally requires combustion – for
example the burning of coal, oil, natural gas, or a biomass such as
wood.
 Like is carbon battery

23. Thermal energy
 Typical sources of thermal energy are heat from underground hot springs,
combustion of fossil fuels and biomass (per above) or industrial processes.

24. Nuclear energy
 This is the energy stored in the bonds inside atoms and molecules.
When nuclear energy is released, it can emit radioactivity and heat
(thermal energy) as well.

25. References :