The document provides an overview of India's power system, including: 1. It discusses the key components of a power system including generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization. Electricity is generated mostly through thermal, hydro, and nuclear means. 2. The document then covers electricity basics like voltage, current, resistance, power, frequency and units. It also explains the differences between direct current and alternating current power systems. 3. Reactive power, power factor correction, and three-phase systems are also summarized. Maintaining proper reactive power and power factor is important for power transmission and distribution.

1. KNOW YOUR
POWER
UNIT 1 & UNIT 2

2. THE NEED FOR THE
PRIMER

3. Electricity to Economics
Electricity
has become the lifeblood of the
modern world.
The electricity sector in India supplies the
world's 5th largest energy consumer
,accounting for 4.0% of global energy
consumption by more than 17% of global
population.[11]

4. Introduction
Allof us use Energy.
Variable sources of energy.
Various fields use different kind of energy.
Most versatile form of commercial energy.

5. Commercial Energy Non Commercial Energy
Coal Fire wood & cow dung
Oil &Gas Agricultural waste
Nuclear Sunlight(for drying things)
Hydro Animals(for transport)
Solar ,Wind ,Biomass etc. Human activities(farming,weaving)

6. Total Energy Dig
Commercial
Energy
Total
Energy
Non Commercial
Energy

7. Commercial Energy Supply:

8. Electric energy consumption
Fig:2 Electric energy consumption

9. Power as infrastructure
 Power is the Backbone of the Indian economy.
 Power sector has a growth rate of 6.79%(2010-2011).
[1]
 At
the time of Independence our generating capacity
was 1361(MW). [2.]
 Our present generating capacity is 176990.40(MW).
[3.]

10. Revenue
“India's power sector will generate a
revenue of Rs 13 lakh crore (US $ 294
billion) during the 12th five year plan
(2012-17)” .
- P. Uma Shankar
Union power secretary[4.]

11. Features of Electricity
 Today electricity plays key role in society.
 It is key to economic growth of the country.
 Itcan be economically transported over long
distance.
 Easily
converted to heat ,light , shaft power,
communication or medical equipments.
 Thereis no option but to depend on
ELECTRICITY……

12. Invention of electricity
1600 AD the history of electricity begins
with William Gilbert, a physician, who
coined the expression "electrica" in his famous
book.
 In 1660, Otto von Guericke invented a
machine that produced static electricity, this
was the first electric generator.
In 1729, Stephen Gray discovered the
principle of the conduction of electricity.

13. Invention of electricity
Ben Franklin's important discovery was that
electricity and lightning were one and the same.
Ben Franklin's lightning rod was the first
practical application of electricity.
THOMAS EDISON helped change everyone's
life -- he perfected his invention -- the electric
light bulb.

14. Invention of electricity
 Michael Faraday invented the electric motor in
1821.
“Communism=Socialism + Electricity”
----Lenin , Soviet Union
Architect

15. Flux in power sector of India

16. Government in 1991
The government in 1991, liberalized the sector
and opened it for foreign and private
investments to increase the availability of funds
for the power sector.
Around 189 projects, with an expected capacity
of 75 GW, were proposed; however, only a
few of these projects cleared the approval
process.

17. Enron Case:

18. Orissa Reform

19. Electricity Act 2003
The Electricity Act 2003, which came into effect
from June 10, 2003, replaced the earlier laws,
acts governing the Indian power sector. The bill
sought to provide a legal framework for
enabling reforms and restructuring the power
sector.
With the enactment of the Electricity Act 2003
and implementation of open access, the market
structure in the power sector changed from the
old single buyer structure to a multi-buyer
model.

22. UNDERSTANDING THE
POWER SYSTEM

23. ELECTRICITY :
“ An Invention that has changed the quality of Man’s Life”
Some basic questions most of us have in their mind :
Have you ever wondered how electricity generated thousands of miles away
reaches you?
Why lightning that strikes at a far off place affects our power supply?
Why erratic monsoons result in a power shortage?
 How can excess power generated in one state be used to solve power
shortage in the other?
To understand the root of these questions, and to assess and
effectively analyze their viability, as power managers, we first
would need to understand how a Power System actually
works….

24. BASICS OF ELECTRICITY:
Measuring Electricity :
There are three basic entities in electricity :
1.Voltage:
Potential difference between two points.
SI Unit : Volts
2.Current :
The Current is the flow of electric charge (electrons or ions).
SI Unit : Amperes .
3. Resistance:
‘Resistance’ is obstruction in the flow of current. This is an inherent
property of all materials.
SI Unit : Ohms.

25. POWER SYSTEM :
Power system is
defined as the network
of generating stations,
substations and power
lines.
Power system may be
considered as one of
the largest and most
expensive system of all
manmade systems.

26. COMPONETS OF POWER SYSTEM :
The power system network and operation can be divided into
three broad sections:
 Generation:
“ Process by which electric power is produced. It may be termed as
production stage.”
It can be done in different ways using different fuels:
 Thermal: Fuels can be coal, gas, oil, and biomass.
 Hydro
 Nuclear
 Wind
 Solar
 Geothermal

27. COMPONETS OF POWER SYSTEM :
 Transmission & Distribution:
“The process by which the generated electric power is transmitted and
distributed to the end users.”
Transmission is bulk
transport and is generally done
at high voltages. Generally
between power plants and sub
stations.
Distribution is
more like the retail
stage and operates
at much lower
voltages.

28. COMPONETS OF POWER SYSTEM :
 Utilization:
“The process of Utilizing Electricity for various purposes.”
The uses of electricity can be
generally classified as :
Industrial
Domestic
Agricultural.
Commercial
“Generation, transmission, distribution and utilization
need to work in close coordination for healthy operation
of power system.”

29. Schematic Diagram of a Power System

30. BASICS OF POWER SYSTEM:
Understanding Electricity flow – The electric circuit:
“ Circuit is interconnection of wires and devices. It is the path of
flow of current.”
Electricity always travels in
closed loops .

31. BASICS OF POWER SYSTEM:
Measuring Electricity :
Ohm’s Law
It states that the current through a conductor between
two points is directly proportional to the potential
difference or voltage across the two points, and inversely
proportional to the resistance between them.
The mathematical equation that describes
this relationship is:
I = V/R

32. BASICS OF POWER SYSTEM:
Measuring Electricity :
WHAT IS POWER ?
“Electric power is defined as the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by
an electric circuit.”
POWER = VOLTAGE X CURRENT
It is measured in watts.
The above equation can be transformed as :
Power = Current x Current x Resistance= (Current)2 X Resistance

33. BASICS OF POWER SYSTEM:
Measuring Electricity :
WHAT IS UNIT ?
“ The unit is measure of electric energy.”
ENERGY = POWER X TIME
It is measured in kilowatt - hour (KWh).
One unit is the energy consumed when power is 1000W in period of
1 hour.
Units = No. of Hours of operation x Power consumed
“The calculation of power supplied to a consumer is
based upon the ‘Units’ of electricity consumed by him.”

34. WHAT IS DC & WHAT IS AC ?
DIRECT CURRENT (DC):
“Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. It is produced
by sources such as batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, etc.”
In direct current, the electric charges flow in a constant direction,
distinguishing it from alternating current (AC).
Fig3.

35. WHAT IS DC & WHAT IS AC ?
ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC):
“An alternating current (AC) is an electric current whose direction reverses
cyclically, as opposed to direct current (DC), whose direction remains constant.
The usual waveform of an AC power circuit is a sine wave.”
The AC is generated based on the principle of electromagnetic induction
.

36. AC V/S DC
All power systems today operate on AC, because of its
distinct advantages over DC as stated as below:

37. WHY IT IS NECESSARY TO TRANSFORM VOLTAGE
?
In Transmission , Most of the Power is lost in the wires in the
form of heat.
It can be seen that for a fixed value of power , if voltage is increased , current will
be decreased.
“ Power is generated at 11kV or 22 kV but generally transmitted at
132 kV ,400 kV , 765 kV.”

38. WHAT IS FREQUENCY?
FREQUENCY:
“In an AC circuit, the voltage and current oscillate with time. The number of
times the voltage or current wave oscillates in a second is known as frequency.
Measured in Hertz.
In India, the frequency is 50 Hz. That is, the voltage and current oscillate
at 50 times per second.

39. HOW DOES ELECTRIC POWER FLOW?
“As power is a function of the voltage and current, the flow of electrons in a
circuit guides the flow of Electric power.”
The Power which is capable of doing work is called active
power.
In DC circuits there is only Active power.
An AC circuit has two types of power components--- Active &
Reactive.

40. REACTIVE POWER
AC CIRCUIT
THREE PHASE SYSTEM

41. WHAT IS REACTIVE POWER?
Two kinds of power flow in an AC circuit –
Active power which does some visible work –
like turning a fan or a motor.
Reactive power just goes back and forth in the
circuit. But it is quite necessary to have reactive
power flowing in an AC circuit to make a
motor turn or a fan move.

42. REACTIVE POWER ANALOGIES
 The ‘loft’ in a baseball throw
 The ‘lift’ in an airplane

43. The “loft” analogy
The upward component of the trajectory does not
contribute to getting the ball any closer to the hitter, but
without it the ball won’t get there.

44. The aircraft “lift” analogy
Lift does not get you any closer to your
destination, but without it you are driving ,not
flying.

45. WHY DO WE NEED REACTIVE POWER?
 While active power is the energy supplied to run a
motor ,heat a home, or illuminate an electric light bulb,
reactive power provides the important functions of
regulating voltage.
 Reactivepower is used to provide the voltage levels
necessary for active power to do useful work.
 Reactive power is essential to move active power
through the transmission and distribution system to the
customer.

46. Voltage and reactive Power planning
and assessment Practices
Key Principles:
 Reactive power cannot be transmitted over a long distance
or through power transformers due to excessive reactive
power losses.
 Reactive power supply should be located in close proximity
to its consumption.
 Sufficientstatic and dynamic voltage support is needed to
maintain voltage levels within an acceptable range.
 Sufficientreactive power reserves must be available to
regulate voltage at all times.

47. Transmitting reactive power
Reactive power cannot be effectively
transmitted across long distances or through
power transformers due to high heat losses.

48. Reactive Power location
Reactive power should be located in close proximity to
its consumption.

49. Power factor
 The average power dissipation given by
is termed the Active Power in the circuit and is
measured in watts (W)
 The product of the r.m.s. voltage and current VI is
termed Apparent Power, S. To avoid confusion this
is given the units of volt amperes (VA)

50. Conti…
 From the above discussion it is clear that
• In other words, the active power is the apparent
power times the cosine of the phase angle.
• This cosine is referred to as the Power Factor
• Power Factor =Active power(in watts)/Apparent
power (in volt amperes)
• Power factor= P/S=

51. Facts about power factor
 Power factor is the measure of the degree to which the
system is utilizing the power fed in it.
 Its value is always between 0 and 1
 When there is no reactive power, the p.f. is 1
 Lower value of power factor [near to 0] means, the
circuit will have more reactive power

52. Power Factor Correction
 Power factor is particularly important in high-power
applications.
 Inductive loads have a lagging power factor.
 Capacitive loads have a leading power factor.
 Many high-power devices are inductive.
◦ A typical AC motor has a power factor of 0.9 lagging
◦ The total load on the national grid is 0.8-0.9 lagging
◦ This leads to major efficiencies.
◦ Power companies therefore penalize industrial users
who introduce a poor power factor.

53. Power Factor Correction
 The problem of poor power factor is tackled by adding
additional components to bring the power factor back
closer to unity.
◦ A capacitor of an appropriate size in parallel with a
lagging load can ‘cancel out’ the inductive element
◦ This is Power Factor Correction
◦ A capacitor can also be used in series but this is less
common (since this alters the load voltage)

54. Three-Phase systems
 So far, our discussion of AC systems has been
restricted to single-phase arrangement
(As in conventional domestic supplies)
 Inhigh-power industrial applications we often use
three-phase arrangements.
◦ These have three supplies, differing in phase by
120 °
◦ Phases are labeled red, yellow and blue (R, Y &
B)

55. Relationship between the phases
 Relationship between the phases in a three-phase
arrangement

56. How Is Power Utilized ?

57. Consumers can be divided into four broad
categories:
Power Utilized Percentages [5.]
 Agriculture: 23%
 Industrial: 35.9%
 Commercial: 8%
 Domestic: 24%
 Others: 9%

58. Utilisation can be viewed from two
points of view
Consumer Point Of View
Utility Point Of View

59. Consumer Point Of View
Calculating Power Consumption
Charge may depend on
 Amount of load connected
 Time of use of electricity
 Power factor

60. How Can We Reduce Consumption
 Usenatural lighting and cooling methods as much
as possible.
 CFL’s and Tube lights are much more efficient.
 Switch off when you don’t need a bulb or fan.
 Powerdown computers, televisions, playstations
etc when not in use.
 Encourage others to conserve.

61. Potential to save in offices and
factories is much more
 Motors should be sized properly.
 Unwanted motors should be turned off.
 Pipes should be properly insulated.
 Energy leakage must be plugged.
 Processimprovements should be carried out to
improve energy efficiency.

62. Protecting Your Interests
Prevention of electric shocks.
Protecting electrical equipment.
Keeping track of quality of power.

63. Electric Shocks
 Equipments should be connected to earth.
 Put off main switch while doing repairs.
 Ensure wires are not exposed.
 Wear rubber footwear while working on
equipments.
 Plugpoints should be covered or should be out of
reach of children.

64. Electric Shocks
Earthleakage Circuit
breakers can be
employed.
Tallbuildings are
protected by lightning
arrestors.

65. Equipment Protection
Circuit breakers.
Fuses.
UPS

66. Power Supply Quality
 Voltage variations.
 Power interruptions.
 Frequency and harmonic components.

67. Efficiency And Standards
ISI mark with relevant standard number.
Ex. IS:325- 3 phase induction motors
IS:374- ceiling fans
IS:2418- Tube lights
IS:418- ordinary bulbs[6.]
 Test instruments

68. Grievances and Redressal
 Errors in electricity bill.
 Erratic power supply.
 Load shedding.
 Damage of equipment due to high or low voltages.
 Electric shock accidents.
 Undue delay in getting a connection.

69. Utility Point Of View
Three important issues that utility is
concerned with in an area of utilisation.
 Load Behavior
 Quality Issues
 Safety issues

70. Load Behaviour
Load depends on the kind of equipment
consumers use and the value of load.
Load curve

71. Quality Issues
Preventivemaintenance.
Problem handling.

72. Safety and Protection
Utility has to ensure that power equipments
are not damaged by lightning or by short
circuit.
Safetyof workers repairing the line has to be
ensured.

73. References:
[1].[Source – CSO, MOSPI, Government of India]
[2.][Source-Decide & Confidence http://www.dnb.co.in]
[3.][Source – Office of Economic Adviser, MOC&I, Govt of India]
[4.][Source :Times Of India 22Jul 2011]
[5.][Power Utilisation Percentage][Source:]
[6] ISI values:[source : Bureau of Indian Standards.Govt of India]
[Fig3.]Voltage time graph[Source : Wikipedia]
Common source for images:[Source : wikipedia.org & Google
images]

74. [Exhibit2.2Post Reform Framework][Source:D&BIndustry
Research Service]
[Box 2.3][Enron Case][Source:D&BIndustry Research
Service]
[Box 2.4][Orissa] [Source:D&BIndustry Research Service]
[Exhibit2.1Regulation For power sector][Source: D&BIndustry
Research Service]
[Exhibit2.3Segment wise impact of Electricity Act2003]
[Source:D&BIndustry Research Service]
Book referred : Know Your Power