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Autonomic NervousAutonomic Nervous
SystemSystem
Dr Ayyaz AhmedDr Ayyaz Ahmed
AP PhysiologyAP Physiology
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
• Outline the functions of ANS
• Describe the functions of
Sympathetic Nervous System
All smooth muscles
All Glandular structures Myocardium
General Visceral Efferent
ANSANS
Innervates all innervated
structures in the body except
NMJ of SKM
Autonomic nervousAutonomic nervous
system (ANS)system (ANS)
Part of nervous system that controls
visceral functions
• Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle (blood
vessels, GIT, urinary bladder etc) glands
(secretions)
Not under voluntary control
Anatomy of the Motor Output inAnatomy of the Motor Output in
Sympathetic and ParasympatheticSympathetic and Parasympathetic
nervesnerves
Autonomic nervous system
• Two neuron chain from CNS to effector
organ
• Pre and postganglionic neurons
Somatic nervous system
• Single neuron connects CNS with effector
organ
NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters
involvedinvolved
Autonomic nervousAutonomic nervous
system (ANS)system (ANS)
Ganglion
• Cluster of neurons outside CNS
• Autonomic ganglion
oSite of synapse between autonomic pre &
post ganglionic fibers
oParavertebral ganglionic chain
oPrevertebral (collateral) ganglia
Autonomic nervousAutonomic nervous
system (ANS)system (ANS)
Cell body of preganlionic neuron
• Lies in CNS
oSpinal cord (sympathetic division)
oBrain and spinal cord (parasympathetic
division)
Cell body of postganglionic neuron
• Lies in autonomic ganglia
Autonomic nervousAutonomic nervous
system (ANS)system (ANS)
Sympathetic nervouss system
• Short preganlionic fibers
• Long postganglionic fibers
Parasympathetic nervous system
• Long preganlionic fibers
• Short postganglionic fibers
Autonomic nervousAutonomic nervous
system (ANS)system (ANS)
Cholinergic fibers
• Fibers releasing acetylcholine
Adrenergic fibers
• Fibers releasing noradrenalin
Autonomic nervousAutonomic nervous
system (ANS)system (ANS)
All preganlionic fibers are cholinergic
All postganglionic parasympathetic
fibers are cholinergic
Almost all postganglionic
sympathetic fibers are adrenergic
• postganglionic sympathetic fibers to
sweat glands and piloerector muscles
are cholinergic
Autonomic nervousAutonomic nervous
system (ANS)system (ANS)
Receptors
• Nicotinic receptors -in autonomic ganglia
• Muscarinic receptors -in effector organs
stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic
fibers
• Adrenergic receptors -in effector organs
stimulated by postganglionic adrenergic
fibers
oα adrenergic receptors (α1 and α2)
oΒ adrenergic receptors (β1 and β2)
Muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic
system β M1 M3, M5 M2, M5
AcetylcholineAcetylcholine
Neuroscience, Sinauer Asssoc., Inc
Neuroscience, Sinauer Asssoc., Inc
Adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic system
Norepinephrine
β α1 α2
Norepinephrine
Autonomic nervousAutonomic nervous
system (ANS)system (ANS)
Sympathetic division
• Thoracolumbar (T1to L2)
Parasympathetic division
• Craniosacral (III, VII, IX, X cranial
nerves & S1to S4)
Sympathetic NS
NE, EPINEPHRINE
Stimulated Inhibited
All the tissues
α1 A.R
Except
Heart, JGA, Lipocytes
Β1 A.R
All the tissues
β2 A.R
Except
Presynaptic Nerve Endings
Platelets, some part of GIT
α2 AR
DP- Alpha 1 Receptors
Cilliaris- Beta 2 Receptors
Skin
Vessels Stimulated
Alpha 1 Receptors
Respiratory System
Blood Vessels
α1
Bronchial secretion Decreases
Mast Cells
β2
Bronchial Smooth
β2
Adrenal medulla
Stimulation of sympathetic innervation of
adrenal medulla causes release of large
quantities of epinephrine (80%) and
norepinephrine (20%)
Effect lasts 5-10 times longer
Sympathetic tone caused by basal
secretion from adrenal medulla
(.2 µg/kg/min Epinephrine and .05
µg/kg/min of noreepineohrine
Adrenal MedullaAdrenal Medulla
• Epinephrine affects
– more on beta
–Less on alpha
–More metabolic effect
• Adrenal medulla provides back
up for sympathetic function in
addition to normal channel of
sympathetic nerves
Thank You
Autonomic nervousAutonomic nervous
system (ANS)system (ANS)
Dual supply
• All the viscera supplied by both the
divisions of ANS
• Sympathovagal balance determines the
ultimate function of the viscera
Functions of ANSFunctions of ANS
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
components of ANS function to
maintain homeostasis at
subconscious level -maintain stable
internal environment
α1 receptors
•vascular smooth muscle, on GI and bladder sphincters
and radial muscle of the eye. causes excitation
(contraction)
α2 receptors
•presynaptic nerve terminals, platelets, fat cells, walls of
GI tract causes inhibition (relaxation, dilation)
β1 receptors
•SA node, AV node, ventricular muscle of heart
• produces excitation, increases heart rate, contractility,
and conduction velocity
β2 receptors
•vascular smooth muscle of skeletal muscle, bronchioles,
walls of GI tract and bladder
•produces relaxation: dilation of vascular smooth muscle
and relaxation of bladder, bronchioles
Location of specific adrenergic receptors
Co-Transmission
Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine play
important, but not exclusive, roles
in the autonomic nervous system
Sweat glandsSweat glands
• Sympathetic fires supply them. If
stimulated copious sweating
• Acetylcholine is neurotransmiiter
except palms and soles which are
adrenergic
• Overall control is parasympathetic via
hypothalamus so sweating could be
called parasympathetic function
Stimulus RateStimulus Rate
• Low frequency required to fully
activate ANS as compared to
Skeletal nervous system
Sympathetic and
parasympathetic tone”
Continual basal activity of the
sympathetic
and parasympathetic systems allows
either branch
of the ANS to increase or decrease its
activity
of a stimulated organ
If tone lost intrinsic compensation in
some time
Denervation
supersensitivity
Receptor up regulation?
Enteric Nervous
System
Gastrointestinal tract nervous system
Myenteric plexus
(auberbach’s)
Meissner’s plexus
(submucosal)The Enteric Nervous System can function
on its own but is most often controlled by the
sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
Contains more neurons than the spinal cord and uses
many different neurotransmitters and neuromodulator
approaching the complexity of the CNS
Autonomic Reflexes
cardiovascular reflexes
gastrointestinal reflexes
bladder emptying
sweating
blood glucose
concentration
sexual reflexes
Alarm or Stress response
Mass discharge of sympathetic system allows
the body to make maximal use of its resource
thereby enhancing its chances for survival
•pupilary dilation
•increase heart rate and strength of contracti
•increase blood pressure
•increase blood flow to active muscles
•increase rates of metabolism
•increased blood glucose concentration
•increased muscle strength
•increase mental activity
Exceptions of isolatedExceptions of isolated
Function inFunction in
SympatheicSympatheic
• SWEATING
• Muscle activiy in animals
• Local reflexes (skin heat)
• Many GIT reflexes
Parasympathetic System Usually CausesParasympathetic System Usually Causes
specific localized responsesspecific localized responses
Parasympathetic cardiovascular reflexes
usually
act only on the heart to control its rate of
beating
Examples:Examples:
timulation of secretion in mouth while not
ffecting stomach, although sometimes they occ
ogether
In Contrast……...
Hypothalamus is critical
for coordinating autonomic
output.
It projects to several
brainstem nuclei and
coordinates autonomic
function with feeding,
thermoreg.,water balance,
circadium rhythm, sex
drive, etc., and thus plays a
dominant role in
integrating higher cortical
areas and autonomic
function.panic attacks, emotional stress,
cognitive activity
Medullary, pontine and mesencephalicMedullary, pontine and mesencephalic
control of ANS and their supervision bycontrol of ANS and their supervision by
HYPOTHALAMUSHYPOTHALAMUS
Functions of ANSFunctions of ANS
Sympathetic nervous system
• Prepares and mobilizes the body in
emergency (fright, fear, pain, rage etc)
• Fight or flight reaction
Functions of ANSFunctions of ANS
Parasympathetic nervous system
• Conserves and stores energy -puts the
body in cool and calm state
Functions of ANSFunctions of ANS
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Heart
↑ heart rate
↑ force of contraction
Heart
↓ heart rate
↓force of contraction
Blood vessels
Constriction
Blood vessels
No effect
Lungs
Bronchodilation
Lungs
Bronchoconstriction
GIT
↓ motility
Sphincter contraction
Decreased secretions
GIT
↑ motility
Sphincter relaxation
Increased secretions
Functions of ANSFunctions of ANS
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Salivary glands
Stimulates secretion
Salivary glands
Stimulates secretion
Sweat glands
Copious secretion
Sweat glands
Sweating on palms only
Eye
Papillary dilation
Flattening of lens
Eye
Papillary constriction
Thickening of lens
Urinary bladder
Relaxation of bladder wall
Sphincter contraction
Urinary bladder
Contraction of bladder wall
Sphincter relaxation
Autonomic nervousAutonomic nervous
system (ANS)system (ANS)
Mass discharge of sympathetic
system
• Simultaneous discharge of all portions of
sympathetic nervous system as a unit
• Due to activation of hypothalamus as a
result of fright, fear or pain
• Also called alarm or stress response of
the body
• Prepares the body for ‘emergency’
Autonomic nervousAutonomic nervous
system (ANS)system (ANS)
 Mass discharge of sympathetic system
• Increased BP
• Increased blood flow to active muscles
• Less blood flow to skin and GIT
• Increased rate of cellular metabolism
• Increased glycogenolysis and lipolysis
• Increased muscle strength
• Increased mental activity
• Papillary dilation
• Increased respiratory rate
Autonomic nervousAutonomic nervous
system (ANS)system (ANS)
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
tone
• Basal rate of discharge
• Allows single division to adjust
stimulation level of an organ
oSympathetic tone to blood vessels
Thank You

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Physiology ANS

  • 1.
  • 2. Autonomic NervousAutonomic Nervous SystemSystem Dr Ayyaz AhmedDr Ayyaz Ahmed AP PhysiologyAP Physiology
  • 3. Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives • Outline the functions of ANS • Describe the functions of Sympathetic Nervous System
  • 4. All smooth muscles All Glandular structures Myocardium General Visceral Efferent
  • 5. ANSANS Innervates all innervated structures in the body except NMJ of SKM
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8. Autonomic nervousAutonomic nervous system (ANS)system (ANS) Part of nervous system that controls visceral functions • Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle (blood vessels, GIT, urinary bladder etc) glands (secretions) Not under voluntary control
  • 9. Anatomy of the Motor Output inAnatomy of the Motor Output in Sympathetic and ParasympatheticSympathetic and Parasympathetic nervesnerves
  • 10. Autonomic nervous system • Two neuron chain from CNS to effector organ • Pre and postganglionic neurons Somatic nervous system • Single neuron connects CNS with effector organ
  • 12. Autonomic nervousAutonomic nervous system (ANS)system (ANS) Ganglion • Cluster of neurons outside CNS • Autonomic ganglion oSite of synapse between autonomic pre & post ganglionic fibers oParavertebral ganglionic chain oPrevertebral (collateral) ganglia
  • 13. Autonomic nervousAutonomic nervous system (ANS)system (ANS) Cell body of preganlionic neuron • Lies in CNS oSpinal cord (sympathetic division) oBrain and spinal cord (parasympathetic division) Cell body of postganglionic neuron • Lies in autonomic ganglia
  • 14. Autonomic nervousAutonomic nervous system (ANS)system (ANS) Sympathetic nervouss system • Short preganlionic fibers • Long postganglionic fibers Parasympathetic nervous system • Long preganlionic fibers • Short postganglionic fibers
  • 15.
  • 16. Autonomic nervousAutonomic nervous system (ANS)system (ANS) Cholinergic fibers • Fibers releasing acetylcholine Adrenergic fibers • Fibers releasing noradrenalin
  • 17. Autonomic nervousAutonomic nervous system (ANS)system (ANS) All preganlionic fibers are cholinergic All postganglionic parasympathetic fibers are cholinergic Almost all postganglionic sympathetic fibers are adrenergic • postganglionic sympathetic fibers to sweat glands and piloerector muscles are cholinergic
  • 18. Autonomic nervousAutonomic nervous system (ANS)system (ANS) Receptors • Nicotinic receptors -in autonomic ganglia • Muscarinic receptors -in effector organs stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers • Adrenergic receptors -in effector organs stimulated by postganglionic adrenergic fibers oα adrenergic receptors (α1 and α2) oΒ adrenergic receptors (β1 and β2)
  • 19. Muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic system β M1 M3, M5 M2, M5 AcetylcholineAcetylcholine Neuroscience, Sinauer Asssoc., Inc
  • 20. Neuroscience, Sinauer Asssoc., Inc Adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic system Norepinephrine β α1 α2 Norepinephrine
  • 21.
  • 22. Autonomic nervousAutonomic nervous system (ANS)system (ANS) Sympathetic division • Thoracolumbar (T1to L2) Parasympathetic division • Craniosacral (III, VII, IX, X cranial nerves & S1to S4)
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25. Sympathetic NS NE, EPINEPHRINE Stimulated Inhibited All the tissues α1 A.R Except Heart, JGA, Lipocytes Β1 A.R All the tissues β2 A.R Except Presynaptic Nerve Endings Platelets, some part of GIT α2 AR
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29. DP- Alpha 1 Receptors Cilliaris- Beta 2 Receptors
  • 31.
  • 32. Respiratory System Blood Vessels α1 Bronchial secretion Decreases Mast Cells β2 Bronchial Smooth β2
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36. Adrenal medulla Stimulation of sympathetic innervation of adrenal medulla causes release of large quantities of epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%) Effect lasts 5-10 times longer Sympathetic tone caused by basal secretion from adrenal medulla (.2 µg/kg/min Epinephrine and .05 µg/kg/min of noreepineohrine
  • 37. Adrenal MedullaAdrenal Medulla • Epinephrine affects – more on beta –Less on alpha –More metabolic effect • Adrenal medulla provides back up for sympathetic function in addition to normal channel of sympathetic nerves
  • 38.
  • 40. Autonomic nervousAutonomic nervous system (ANS)system (ANS) Dual supply • All the viscera supplied by both the divisions of ANS • Sympathovagal balance determines the ultimate function of the viscera
  • 41. Functions of ANSFunctions of ANS Sympathetic and parasympathetic components of ANS function to maintain homeostasis at subconscious level -maintain stable internal environment
  • 42. α1 receptors •vascular smooth muscle, on GI and bladder sphincters and radial muscle of the eye. causes excitation (contraction) α2 receptors •presynaptic nerve terminals, platelets, fat cells, walls of GI tract causes inhibition (relaxation, dilation) β1 receptors •SA node, AV node, ventricular muscle of heart • produces excitation, increases heart rate, contractility, and conduction velocity β2 receptors •vascular smooth muscle of skeletal muscle, bronchioles, walls of GI tract and bladder •produces relaxation: dilation of vascular smooth muscle and relaxation of bladder, bronchioles Location of specific adrenergic receptors
  • 43.
  • 44. Co-Transmission Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine play important, but not exclusive, roles in the autonomic nervous system
  • 45. Sweat glandsSweat glands • Sympathetic fires supply them. If stimulated copious sweating • Acetylcholine is neurotransmiiter except palms and soles which are adrenergic • Overall control is parasympathetic via hypothalamus so sweating could be called parasympathetic function
  • 46. Stimulus RateStimulus Rate • Low frequency required to fully activate ANS as compared to Skeletal nervous system
  • 47. Sympathetic and parasympathetic tone” Continual basal activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems allows either branch of the ANS to increase or decrease its activity of a stimulated organ If tone lost intrinsic compensation in some time
  • 49. Enteric Nervous System Gastrointestinal tract nervous system Myenteric plexus (auberbach’s) Meissner’s plexus (submucosal)The Enteric Nervous System can function on its own but is most often controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems Contains more neurons than the spinal cord and uses many different neurotransmitters and neuromodulator approaching the complexity of the CNS
  • 50. Autonomic Reflexes cardiovascular reflexes gastrointestinal reflexes bladder emptying sweating blood glucose concentration sexual reflexes
  • 51. Alarm or Stress response Mass discharge of sympathetic system allows the body to make maximal use of its resource thereby enhancing its chances for survival •pupilary dilation •increase heart rate and strength of contracti •increase blood pressure •increase blood flow to active muscles •increase rates of metabolism •increased blood glucose concentration •increased muscle strength •increase mental activity
  • 52. Exceptions of isolatedExceptions of isolated Function inFunction in SympatheicSympatheic • SWEATING • Muscle activiy in animals • Local reflexes (skin heat) • Many GIT reflexes
  • 53. Parasympathetic System Usually CausesParasympathetic System Usually Causes specific localized responsesspecific localized responses Parasympathetic cardiovascular reflexes usually act only on the heart to control its rate of beating Examples:Examples: timulation of secretion in mouth while not ffecting stomach, although sometimes they occ ogether In Contrast……...
  • 54. Hypothalamus is critical for coordinating autonomic output. It projects to several brainstem nuclei and coordinates autonomic function with feeding, thermoreg.,water balance, circadium rhythm, sex drive, etc., and thus plays a dominant role in integrating higher cortical areas and autonomic function.panic attacks, emotional stress, cognitive activity Medullary, pontine and mesencephalicMedullary, pontine and mesencephalic control of ANS and their supervision bycontrol of ANS and their supervision by HYPOTHALAMUSHYPOTHALAMUS
  • 55. Functions of ANSFunctions of ANS Sympathetic nervous system • Prepares and mobilizes the body in emergency (fright, fear, pain, rage etc) • Fight or flight reaction
  • 56. Functions of ANSFunctions of ANS Parasympathetic nervous system • Conserves and stores energy -puts the body in cool and calm state
  • 57. Functions of ANSFunctions of ANS Sympathetic Parasympathetic Heart ↑ heart rate ↑ force of contraction Heart ↓ heart rate ↓force of contraction Blood vessels Constriction Blood vessels No effect Lungs Bronchodilation Lungs Bronchoconstriction GIT ↓ motility Sphincter contraction Decreased secretions GIT ↑ motility Sphincter relaxation Increased secretions
  • 58. Functions of ANSFunctions of ANS Sympathetic Parasympathetic Salivary glands Stimulates secretion Salivary glands Stimulates secretion Sweat glands Copious secretion Sweat glands Sweating on palms only Eye Papillary dilation Flattening of lens Eye Papillary constriction Thickening of lens Urinary bladder Relaxation of bladder wall Sphincter contraction Urinary bladder Contraction of bladder wall Sphincter relaxation
  • 59. Autonomic nervousAutonomic nervous system (ANS)system (ANS) Mass discharge of sympathetic system • Simultaneous discharge of all portions of sympathetic nervous system as a unit • Due to activation of hypothalamus as a result of fright, fear or pain • Also called alarm or stress response of the body • Prepares the body for ‘emergency’
  • 60. Autonomic nervousAutonomic nervous system (ANS)system (ANS)  Mass discharge of sympathetic system • Increased BP • Increased blood flow to active muscles • Less blood flow to skin and GIT • Increased rate of cellular metabolism • Increased glycogenolysis and lipolysis • Increased muscle strength • Increased mental activity • Papillary dilation • Increased respiratory rate
  • 61. Autonomic nervousAutonomic nervous system (ANS)system (ANS) Sympathetic and parasympathetic tone • Basal rate of discharge • Allows single division to adjust stimulation level of an organ oSympathetic tone to blood vessels