The document provides an overview of the autonomic nervous system, with a focus on the sympathetic nervous system. It discusses the history and subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system. For the sympathetic nervous system specifically, it describes the development of ganglia from neural crest cells, the pathways of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons, and the locations and branches of sympathetic ganglia along the spinal cord and for different organ systems. It also reviews histology of ganglia, surgical sympathectomy procedures, and Horner's syndrome.
Receptor by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, MH. This PPT for ...Pandian M
Introduction
SENSORY RECEPTORS
Structurally 3 types of receptors
Transducers
CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS
A. Depending on the source of stimulus(Sherrington’s classification)
B. Depending upon type of stimulus
C. Clinical or anatomical classification of receptors
Production of receptor potential
Properties of receptors
Properties of receptor potential
understanding spinal cord, its bransches, lesions, functions and anatomy.
hope to give you better knowledge of spinal cord by the end of it.
plese review ans comment for my future updates and corrections that iw ill be needing in this.
enlists and the description of the different descending tracts of the CNS. cortico spinal tract, cortico bulbar tract, extra pyramidal and pyramiddal tracts, homunculus, vestibulospinal tract, reticulo spinal tracts, tectospinal tract, autonomic tract, uppermotor neuron lesion, lower motor neuron lesion, spinal cord injury, brown sequard syndrome. spinal cord infection, degenerative disorders of spinal cord,
Receptor by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, MH. This PPT for ...Pandian M
Introduction
SENSORY RECEPTORS
Structurally 3 types of receptors
Transducers
CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS
A. Depending on the source of stimulus(Sherrington’s classification)
B. Depending upon type of stimulus
C. Clinical or anatomical classification of receptors
Production of receptor potential
Properties of receptors
Properties of receptor potential
understanding spinal cord, its bransches, lesions, functions and anatomy.
hope to give you better knowledge of spinal cord by the end of it.
plese review ans comment for my future updates and corrections that iw ill be needing in this.
enlists and the description of the different descending tracts of the CNS. cortico spinal tract, cortico bulbar tract, extra pyramidal and pyramiddal tracts, homunculus, vestibulospinal tract, reticulo spinal tracts, tectospinal tract, autonomic tract, uppermotor neuron lesion, lower motor neuron lesion, spinal cord injury, brown sequard syndrome. spinal cord infection, degenerative disorders of spinal cord,
introduction to Autonomic Nervous System consisting of Cholinergic, adrenergic and enteric Nervous system with focus on location of neurotransmitters and broad functions of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system.
Autonomic Nervous System, Sympathetic & Parasympathetic system, cardiac nerve supply, ganglion impar, white & gray rami communicantes, sympathetic distribution to the heart, parasympathetic regulation of the heart,
5. Autonomic Nervous System
• Introduction
– Visceral component of
nervous system ,
function closely related
to somatic nervous
system
– Visceral afferent
pathways resemble
somatic afferent
– Peripheral processes –
auotonomic ganglia –
somatic nerves
5
6. Visceral Afferents
-Cell bodies –unipolar –
present in cranial sensory or
dorsal root ganglia
-Central processes –with
somatic afferents into CNS
–establish connections
6
7. Visceral Efferent
• Visceral efferent
pathways in ANS differ
from their somatic
equivalents
• pre-ganglionic neurons:
– Somata are located in
• visceral efferent nuclei &
• in lateral grey columns
– axons are
• myelinated ,
• pass to peripheral ganglia
• synapse with
postganglionic neurons
7
11. • Sympathetic –mass
response
- Constriction of cutaneous
arteries
- Cardiac acceleration
- Rise in blood pressure
- Contraction of sphincters
- Depression of peristalsis
• Sympathetic:
mobilization & increased
metabolism
“fight, flight or fright” or
“fight, flight or freeze”
11
12. Neurotransmitters:
• pre-ganglionic neurons of
both are cholinergic
• post-ganglionic
– parasympathetic –cholinergic
– sympathetic –nor-adrenergic
• principal co-transmitters
– ATP , Neuropeptide Y
12
13. Sympathetic Nervous System
• Development :-
-During 5th week, neural crest
cells migrate along sides of
spinal cord ganglia -
dorsolateral to aorta
-Some neural crest cells
migrate ventral to aorta
pre-aortic ganglia – celiac
& mesenteric ganglia
13
14. • Other neural crest cells
migrate to heart, lungs, GIT
terminal ganglia
• Axons of sympathetic
neurones in
intermediolateral cell
column of thoracolumbar
seg of spinal cord
pass through ventral root of
spinal nerve & white ramus
communicans to reach
paravertebral ganglia
14
15. • Synapse with neurons –
ascend / descend in
sympathetic trunk
• Other presynaptic fibers –
pass through paravertebral
ganglia without synapsing –
splanchnic nerves to viscera
• Post synaptic fibres –grey
rami from sympathetic
ganglion into spinal nerve
• Sympathetic trunk –
ascending & descending
fibres
15
16. Sympathetic Trunk
• Two ganglionated nerve
cords –either side of
vertebral column
• White & grey rami
communicantes
• Location –neck ,thorax,
abdomen, pelvis
16
17. Preganglionic neurones:
• Cell bodies of preganglionic
sympathetic neurons –in
lateral horn
• Axons –myelinated ,diam
-1.5 - 4 microm
• Leave cord in ventral nerve
roots – pass into spinal
nerves, soon leave in white
rami communicants
17
18. Behaviour of Preganglionic Fibres
• Synapse with neurons in
nearest ganglion or may
ascend or descend
• Fibres terminate in single
ganglion or through
collateral branches –
synapse
• Fibres may ascend or
descend without synapsing
–emerge in branches of
sympathetic trunk –synapse
in ganglia of autonomic
plexus
18
19. Postganglionic Neurones of Sympathetic
Nervous System
• Somata of postganglionic
neurons –in ganglia of
sympathetic trunk
• Axons –unmyelinated,
return to spinal nerve
through grey ramus just
proximal to white ramus &
then form dorsal & ventral
ramus
19
20. Cervical Sympathetic Trunk
• B/w Carotid sheath and
prevertebral muscles
• Internal carotid nerve
• Three cervical ganglia
– Superior
– Middle
– Inferior
20
21. Superior Cervical Ganglion
• Largest ganglion
• Lies in front of transverse
processes of C2 and C3
vertebrae
• Branches
– Medial
– Lateral
21
22. Middle Cervical Ganglion
• Smallest of the Cervical
ganglion
• Lies on the C6
vertebra in front or behind
Inf. thyroid artery
• Branches
– grey rami communicantes
– Cardiac branch
– Vascular Branch
22
23. Stellate Ganglion
• Formed by the fusion of
C7,C8 andT1 ganglia
• Lies b/w neck of 1st Rib and
transverse process of C7
vertebra
• Branches
– Grey rami communicans
– Vascular branches
23
24. Sympathetic supply – Head and Neck
• Preganglionic fibres – T1-T5
segments of Spinal Cord
• Ascend in Sympathetic Trunk
• Synapse in cervical ganglia
24
25. Thoracic Sympathetic Trunk
• Comprises of 11 ganglia
• Ganglia lie against the
heads of ribs
• Branches
– Grey rami
communicans
– Pul. And cardiac
Plexus
– Splanchnic Nerves
25
26. Coeliac Plexus
• Situated around the origin
of coeliac artery
• Formed by greater
Splanchnic Nerves and Ist
lumbar sympathetic nerves
• Nerves from the plexus
supply abdominal viscera
via blood vessels
26
27. Lumbar Sympathetic Trunk
• Lies retroperitoneally on
the anterolat. surface of
lumbar vertebrae
• Rt side – overlapped by IVC
• Lt side – overlapped by
Aorta
• Branches
– Splanchnic nerves
– Grey rami communicantes
27
35. • Referred pain –diffuse
localization & radiation
• Zone of reference of pain
from int organ coincides
with part of body served
by somatic sensory
neurons assoc with same
segment of spinal cord
35
36. Referred Pain
• Heart –middle &
inferior cervical cardiac
nerves, thoracic cardiac
branches of left
sympathetic chain
• Gall bladder –greater
splanchnic nerve ,
diaphragm –phrenic
nerve
36