CNS Tumors
•Download as PPT, PDF•
37 likes•7,597 views
Primary CNS tumors can be classified based on their cell of origin and include gliomas, neuronal and glioneuronal tumors, and meningiomas. Gliomas are the most common and include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas. Astrocytomas are graded from I-IV based on malignancy. Childhood CNS tumors often occur in the posterior fossa while adult tumors are more commonly supratentorial. Metastatic tumors account for about a quarter of CNS tumors with the most common primary sites being the lung, breast, skin, and kidney.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Cns tumors
1) Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) can be classified based on the cell type they arise from, including glial cells, neurons, meninges, and other tissues.
2) The most common CNS tumors include gliomas such as astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas. Astrocytomas are further classified based on grade from pilocytic astrocytoma to glioblastoma.
3) CNS tumor characteristics vary based on histology, location in the brain or spine, patient age, and other factors. Malignant tumors tend to grow quickly and infiltrate surrounding brain tissue, while benign tumors are often slow
Renal cell carcinoma
This document summarizes renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the most common type of kidney cancer. Key points include:
- RCC originates in the renal cortex and arises mostly from the upper pole of the kidney.
- Common subtypes include clear cell, papillary, and chromophobe carcinomas.
- Risk factors include male sex, older age, smoking, obesity, and genetic conditions like von Hippel-Lindau syndrome.
- Symptoms may include hematuria, flank pain, and palpable flank mass. Imaging like CT and MRI are used to diagnose and stage disease.
- Treatment depends on stage but typically involves surgical removal (radical or partial nephrectomy
Brain Tumors
brain tumors basics. Benign brain tumours. Malignant brain tumors.Metastatic Brain Tumor TUMOURS OF THE GLIAL TISSUE – (GLIOMAS)
2. TUMOURS OF NEURONS
3. MIXED TUMOURS WITH GLIAL & NEURONAL COMPONENTS
4. POORLY DIFFERENTIATED AND EMBRYONAL TUMOURS
5. TUMOURS OF THE MENINGES
6. PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATH TUMOURS
7. METASTATIC TUMOURS
8. PRIMARY CNS LYMPHOMA
9. Miscellaneous TUMOURS: angioma (vascular origin), pituitary adenoma,
Astrocytoma
b. Oligodendroglioma
c. Ependymoma
Pathology
Central nervous system tumors
This document provides information about central nervous system tumors. It discusses the different types of brain and spinal cord tumors, including astrocytic tumors, oligodendroglial tumors, and mixed gliomas. Symptoms, diagnosis, staging, treatment options, and tumor grades are described. Astrocytic tumors range from pilocytic astrocytoma (grade I) to glioblastoma (grade IV). Oligodendroglial tumors include oligodendroglioma (grade II) and anaplastic oligodendroglioma (grade III). Mixed gliomas contain both astrocyte and oligodendrocyte cells.
Soft tissue tumor
This document discusses soft tissue tumors. It defines soft tissue and describes its composition. It notes that soft tissue tumors can be caused by radiation, burns, trauma, viruses, or genetic syndromes. The document outlines various tumor types including liposarcomas, fibrosarcomas, and malignant fibrous histiocytomas. It describes histologic patterns seen in different tumors and discusses grading systems. Pseudosarcomas like nodular fasciitis are also summarized.
Seminoma
This document summarizes information about seminoma, a type of testicular cancer. It discusses the anatomy and epidemiology of testicular tumors. It describes risk factors, pathology, pathways of spread, clinical features, diagnostic workup and staging of seminoma. It provides details about management including surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy for different stages. It discusses follow-up protocols and results of therapy.
Cns tumors
The document provides an overview of central nervous system (CNS) tumor classification, grading, incidence, clinical presentation, diagnosis, types, pathobiology, and treatment. It discusses various types of glial and non-glial brain tumors such as glioblastoma, astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma, and meningioma. It also covers tumor grading systems, common genetic mutations in brain cancers, surgical resection, radiation therapies including stereotactic radiosurgery, chemotherapy, anti-angiogenic and immunotherapies.
Pathology of CNS Tumors
A 27-year-old female teacher collapsed in her classroom and was witnessed having a generalized tonic-clonic seizure by her students. She was brought to the emergency department by paramedics accompanied by a colleague. Differential diagnoses discussed include idiopathic epilepsy, meningitis, brain tumor, and other potential causes. Further workup is suggested to determine the underlying etiology.
Recommended
Cns tumors
1) Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) can be classified based on the cell type they arise from, including glial cells, neurons, meninges, and other tissues.
2) The most common CNS tumors include gliomas such as astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas. Astrocytomas are further classified based on grade from pilocytic astrocytoma to glioblastoma.
3) CNS tumor characteristics vary based on histology, location in the brain or spine, patient age, and other factors. Malignant tumors tend to grow quickly and infiltrate surrounding brain tissue, while benign tumors are often slow
Renal cell carcinoma
This document summarizes renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the most common type of kidney cancer. Key points include:
- RCC originates in the renal cortex and arises mostly from the upper pole of the kidney.
- Common subtypes include clear cell, papillary, and chromophobe carcinomas.
- Risk factors include male sex, older age, smoking, obesity, and genetic conditions like von Hippel-Lindau syndrome.
- Symptoms may include hematuria, flank pain, and palpable flank mass. Imaging like CT and MRI are used to diagnose and stage disease.
- Treatment depends on stage but typically involves surgical removal (radical or partial nephrectomy
Brain Tumors
brain tumors basics. Benign brain tumours. Malignant brain tumors.Metastatic Brain Tumor TUMOURS OF THE GLIAL TISSUE – (GLIOMAS)
2. TUMOURS OF NEURONS
3. MIXED TUMOURS WITH GLIAL & NEURONAL COMPONENTS
4. POORLY DIFFERENTIATED AND EMBRYONAL TUMOURS
5. TUMOURS OF THE MENINGES
6. PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATH TUMOURS
7. METASTATIC TUMOURS
8. PRIMARY CNS LYMPHOMA
9. Miscellaneous TUMOURS: angioma (vascular origin), pituitary adenoma,
Astrocytoma
b. Oligodendroglioma
c. Ependymoma
Pathology
Central nervous system tumors
This document provides information about central nervous system tumors. It discusses the different types of brain and spinal cord tumors, including astrocytic tumors, oligodendroglial tumors, and mixed gliomas. Symptoms, diagnosis, staging, treatment options, and tumor grades are described. Astrocytic tumors range from pilocytic astrocytoma (grade I) to glioblastoma (grade IV). Oligodendroglial tumors include oligodendroglioma (grade II) and anaplastic oligodendroglioma (grade III). Mixed gliomas contain both astrocyte and oligodendrocyte cells.
Soft tissue tumor
This document discusses soft tissue tumors. It defines soft tissue and describes its composition. It notes that soft tissue tumors can be caused by radiation, burns, trauma, viruses, or genetic syndromes. The document outlines various tumor types including liposarcomas, fibrosarcomas, and malignant fibrous histiocytomas. It describes histologic patterns seen in different tumors and discusses grading systems. Pseudosarcomas like nodular fasciitis are also summarized.
Seminoma
This document summarizes information about seminoma, a type of testicular cancer. It discusses the anatomy and epidemiology of testicular tumors. It describes risk factors, pathology, pathways of spread, clinical features, diagnostic workup and staging of seminoma. It provides details about management including surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy for different stages. It discusses follow-up protocols and results of therapy.
Cns tumors
The document provides an overview of central nervous system (CNS) tumor classification, grading, incidence, clinical presentation, diagnosis, types, pathobiology, and treatment. It discusses various types of glial and non-glial brain tumors such as glioblastoma, astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma, and meningioma. It also covers tumor grading systems, common genetic mutations in brain cancers, surgical resection, radiation therapies including stereotactic radiosurgery, chemotherapy, anti-angiogenic and immunotherapies.
Pathology of CNS Tumors
A 27-year-old female teacher collapsed in her classroom and was witnessed having a generalized tonic-clonic seizure by her students. She was brought to the emergency department by paramedics accompanied by a colleague. Differential diagnoses discussed include idiopathic epilepsy, meningitis, brain tumor, and other potential causes. Further workup is suggested to determine the underlying etiology.
Cns tumors and pns
The document summarizes various tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system. It describes different types of gliomas, neuronal and mixed neuronal tumors, embryonal tumors, meningiomas, and other primary and secondary CNS tumors. It also discusses peripheral nerve sheath tumors, diseases of the peripheral nerves including various hereditary, infectious, inflammatory, and acquired neuropathies.
CNS Tumors
CNS tumors can have devastating effects and high mortality rates. Malignant tumors are difficult to treat if they cannot be completely removed. Primary brain tumors are most commonly from cells of neuroepithelial origin and gliomas arising from astrocytes are the most common. Symptoms depend on the location of the tumor and whether it is primary or metastatic. Treatment involves surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and managing increased intracranial pressure depending on the specific tumor type. Prognosis depends on tumor histology, location and ability to fully resect.
Soft tissue tumours
- Soft tissue tumors arise from non-epithelial connective tissues like fat, muscle, fibrous tissues, blood vessels, or deep skin tissues. They represent less than 1% of cancers.
- Soft tissue tumors are classified based on the tissue of origin and characteristics like morphology, immunohistochemistry, and genetics. Major categories include adipose, fibrous, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and tumors of uncertain origin.
- Specific tumor types discussed in detail include lipoma, liposarcoma, nodular fasciitis, fibromatosis, rhabdomyosarcoma, leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, and undifferent
TESTICULAR CANCERS
testicular cancer:anatomy of testis
epidemiology,risk factors and spread of testicular cancer
clinical presentation
tumor markers AFP,BHCG,LDH
Melanoma
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that develops from pigment-producing cells known as melanocytes. It is caused by unrepaired DNA damage and mutations in these cells that lead to uncontrolled growth. While not the most common cancer, melanoma is particularly dangerous due to its ability to spread quickly if not detected early. Risk factors include excessive sun exposure, the presence of many moles or abnormal moles, fair skin, and family history. There are different types of melanoma that can vary in appearance, location, and growth patterns. Early detection of melanoma greatly increases survival rates.
Meningioma of brain
Meningioma are the common extraxial tumor of brain meningothelial tumor arising from the arachnoid cap cells of arachnoid granulation.
Carcinoma of breast
This document provides information about carcinoma of the breast, including:
- The normal anatomy and structure of the breast.
- The main types of breast cancer like ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma in situ, and invasive lobular carcinoma.
- Risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic methods like imaging and biopsy, staging of breast cancer according to tumor size, lymph node involvement and metastasis.
- Histological classification, morphology, gene expression patterns, and prognosis for different types of breast cancers.
Thyroid Tumors
This document discusses various types of thyroid tumors. It first covers thyroid carcinomas including papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, and other rare variants. Papillary carcinoma is the most common type and has characteristic nuclear features. Follicular carcinoma is diagnosed based on invasion of blood vessels or capsules. The document also discusses thyroid adenomas and other rare thyroid tumors. It provides detailed information on the histopathology, variants, molecular features, and prognosis of papillary and follicular carcinomas.
Skin tumors
This document discusses and classifies various skin tumors, including:
1. Benign epidermal tumors such as seborrheic keratosis, keratoacanthoma, and nevocellular nevi.
2. Premalignant lesions like lentigo maligna and dysplastic nevi.
3. Malignant tumors including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, mycosis fungoides, and Kaposi sarcoma.
Renal cell carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults, originating from the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule. Risk factors include tobacco use, genetic factors, cystic kidney diseases, and exposure to certain chemicals. RCC is typically diagnosed through imaging tests and biopsy. Surgical removal of the kidney is the main treatment for localized RCC, while advanced or metastatic RCC may be treated with targeted drugs or immunotherapy. Prognosis depends on the stage, with localized RCC having high survival rates.
Esophagus cancer
This document summarizes key information about cancer of the esophagus. It notes that in 2014 there were 18,170 new esophagus cancer cases in the US, with a lifetime risk of 0.5% and 5-year survival rate of 17.5%. Risk factors include tobacco, alcohol, Barrett's esophagus, obesity, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. The two main types are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, with adenocarcinoma now more common due to rising obesity rates. Staging involves assessing tumor depth (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastases (M). Survival rates vary significantly based on cancer type, stage, and treatment received.
Lung Cancer Pathology & Clinical
This document discusses lung tumors, specifically focusing on lung cancer. It covers the main types of lung cancer including small cell carcinoma, non-small cell carcinoma (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma), and carcinoid tumors. For each type, it discusses risk factors, histology, gross appearance, microscopic patterns, etiology, and clinical features. Common sites of metastasis are also listed. The document provides an overview of lung cancer pathology and clinical manifestations.
testicular tumors
This document provides information about testicular cancers, including:
- Testicular cancer accounts for 1% of cancers in males and is highly curable when detected early, often affecting young men.
- The testis has blood supply from the testicular artery and drains into the pampiniform plexus and internal spermatic veins. Lymphatic drainage is to retroperitoneal lymph nodes.
- The majority (95%) are germ cell tumors, including seminomas and non-seminomas. Staging involves tumor markers, imaging scans, and lymph node dissection. Treatment depends on the type and stage but may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
Pathology neoplasm
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (tumors), including definitions, nomenclature used to classify benign and malignant tumors, the biology of tumor growth, epidemiology, molecular basis of cancer and carcinogenesis. It discusses the natural history of malignant tumors from malignant change to growth, invasion and metastasis. Key concepts covered include differentiation, dysplasia, tumor growth rates, features that distinguish benign from malignant tumors, predisposing geographic, environmental and genetic factors for cancer development.
Soft tissue sarcoma
Lec 9&10 covered soft tissue tumors. Lipomas are benign fatty tumors that are usually solitary, well-encapsulated masses of mature adipocytes. Liposarcomas are malignant tumors of adipocytes that typically present as large, infiltrative masses with areas of necrosis. Nodular fasciitis is a self-limited reactive lesion, while fibromatoses are locally aggressive fibroblastic proliferations. Fibrosarcomas are highly malignant fibrous tumors. Leiomyomas are benign smooth muscle tumors that can occur anywhere, while leiomyosarcomas are malignant variants. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children that can vary considerably in
Lymphoma
Lymphoma is cancer that begins in the lymph system. There are two main types: Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed Sternberg cells. Diagnosis involves lymph node biopsy and staging tests. Treatment depends on stage but may include chemotherapy, radiation, or stem cell transplant. Nursing focuses on managing pain, infection risk, nutrition, and activity tolerance.
Solid tumors in children 2021
Pediatric oncology discusses the classification, epidemiology, clinical features, and prognosis of childhood cancers. Some key points include:
- Malignancies are a leading cause of death in children under 15 years old. It is estimated that 7,500-8,000 children in Pakistan are diagnosed with cancer each year.
- Common childhood cancers include leukemia, lymphoma, bone tumors, soft tissue sarcoma, brain tumors, retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, and Wilms tumor.
- Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma) are examples of solid tumors that can present as abdominal masses and are treated with surgery and chemotherapy. Early metastasis is common for these cancers.
Brain tumors - of adults -
This document provides information about various types of brain tumors, including their epidemiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses tumors such as glioblastoma, meningioma, schwannoma, oligodendroglioma, hemangioblastoma, and pituitary adenoma. Some key points are: glioblastoma is the most common and malignant glial tumor; meningioma arises from the meninges and is usually benign; and pituitary adenomas can be non-functioning or hormone producing. Diagnosis involves imaging, biopsy, and neurological exam. Treatment depends on the tumor type but may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and supportive care.
Spinal cord tumor
This document provides an overview of spinal cord tumors, including:
- They constitute 3-4% of all CNS tumors and 6% of pediatric CNS tumors.
- The most common types are astrocytomas and ependymomas.
- Treatment involves surgical resection followed by radiation therapy if needed.
- Prognostic factors include tumor type/grade, extent, and patient age/function.
Breast pathology 1
The document discusses normal breast anatomy and histology, as well as non-proliferative and proliferative breast conditions including fibrocystic changes, ductectasia, fat necrosis, epithelial hyperplasia, sclerosing adenosis, and papillomas. Both clinical presentations and microscopic features are described for various common breast diseases. The goal is to provide pathology residents with an overview of normal breast features and pathological lesions.
CNS tumors_MG
The document discusses various types of primary and metastatic brain tumors. It provides statistics on the annual incidence of different brain tumors in the US. It then describes several specific tumor types in more detail, including meningiomas, vestibular schwannomas, craniopharyngiomas, gliomas such as glioblastoma, and brain metastases. For each tumor type, it discusses epidemiology, presentation, imaging, histopathology, treatment including surgery and radiotherapy techniques and dose/fractionation schedules.
Tumores snc
Este documento resume información sobre tumores del sistema nervioso central en niños. Los tumores más frecuentes son el medulloblastoma, astrocitoma cerebeloso y glioma del tronco cerebral. Los astrocitomas se clasifican en grados de I a IV dependiendo de su agresividad. Los síntomas varían según la ubicación y tamaño del tumor. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante resonancia magnética, biopsia e inmunohistoquímica. El tratamiento incluye cirugía, radioterapia y quimioter
More Related Content
What's hot
Cns tumors and pns
The document summarizes various tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system. It describes different types of gliomas, neuronal and mixed neuronal tumors, embryonal tumors, meningiomas, and other primary and secondary CNS tumors. It also discusses peripheral nerve sheath tumors, diseases of the peripheral nerves including various hereditary, infectious, inflammatory, and acquired neuropathies.
CNS Tumors
CNS tumors can have devastating effects and high mortality rates. Malignant tumors are difficult to treat if they cannot be completely removed. Primary brain tumors are most commonly from cells of neuroepithelial origin and gliomas arising from astrocytes are the most common. Symptoms depend on the location of the tumor and whether it is primary or metastatic. Treatment involves surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and managing increased intracranial pressure depending on the specific tumor type. Prognosis depends on tumor histology, location and ability to fully resect.
Soft tissue tumours
- Soft tissue tumors arise from non-epithelial connective tissues like fat, muscle, fibrous tissues, blood vessels, or deep skin tissues. They represent less than 1% of cancers.
- Soft tissue tumors are classified based on the tissue of origin and characteristics like morphology, immunohistochemistry, and genetics. Major categories include adipose, fibrous, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and tumors of uncertain origin.
- Specific tumor types discussed in detail include lipoma, liposarcoma, nodular fasciitis, fibromatosis, rhabdomyosarcoma, leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, and undifferent
TESTICULAR CANCERS
testicular cancer:anatomy of testis
epidemiology,risk factors and spread of testicular cancer
clinical presentation
tumor markers AFP,BHCG,LDH
Melanoma
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that develops from pigment-producing cells known as melanocytes. It is caused by unrepaired DNA damage and mutations in these cells that lead to uncontrolled growth. While not the most common cancer, melanoma is particularly dangerous due to its ability to spread quickly if not detected early. Risk factors include excessive sun exposure, the presence of many moles or abnormal moles, fair skin, and family history. There are different types of melanoma that can vary in appearance, location, and growth patterns. Early detection of melanoma greatly increases survival rates.
Meningioma of brain
Meningioma are the common extraxial tumor of brain meningothelial tumor arising from the arachnoid cap cells of arachnoid granulation.
Carcinoma of breast
This document provides information about carcinoma of the breast, including:
- The normal anatomy and structure of the breast.
- The main types of breast cancer like ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma in situ, and invasive lobular carcinoma.
- Risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic methods like imaging and biopsy, staging of breast cancer according to tumor size, lymph node involvement and metastasis.
- Histological classification, morphology, gene expression patterns, and prognosis for different types of breast cancers.
Thyroid Tumors
This document discusses various types of thyroid tumors. It first covers thyroid carcinomas including papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, and other rare variants. Papillary carcinoma is the most common type and has characteristic nuclear features. Follicular carcinoma is diagnosed based on invasion of blood vessels or capsules. The document also discusses thyroid adenomas and other rare thyroid tumors. It provides detailed information on the histopathology, variants, molecular features, and prognosis of papillary and follicular carcinomas.
Skin tumors
This document discusses and classifies various skin tumors, including:
1. Benign epidermal tumors such as seborrheic keratosis, keratoacanthoma, and nevocellular nevi.
2. Premalignant lesions like lentigo maligna and dysplastic nevi.
3. Malignant tumors including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, mycosis fungoides, and Kaposi sarcoma.
Renal cell carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults, originating from the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule. Risk factors include tobacco use, genetic factors, cystic kidney diseases, and exposure to certain chemicals. RCC is typically diagnosed through imaging tests and biopsy. Surgical removal of the kidney is the main treatment for localized RCC, while advanced or metastatic RCC may be treated with targeted drugs or immunotherapy. Prognosis depends on the stage, with localized RCC having high survival rates.
Esophagus cancer
This document summarizes key information about cancer of the esophagus. It notes that in 2014 there were 18,170 new esophagus cancer cases in the US, with a lifetime risk of 0.5% and 5-year survival rate of 17.5%. Risk factors include tobacco, alcohol, Barrett's esophagus, obesity, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. The two main types are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, with adenocarcinoma now more common due to rising obesity rates. Staging involves assessing tumor depth (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastases (M). Survival rates vary significantly based on cancer type, stage, and treatment received.
Lung Cancer Pathology & Clinical
This document discusses lung tumors, specifically focusing on lung cancer. It covers the main types of lung cancer including small cell carcinoma, non-small cell carcinoma (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma), and carcinoid tumors. For each type, it discusses risk factors, histology, gross appearance, microscopic patterns, etiology, and clinical features. Common sites of metastasis are also listed. The document provides an overview of lung cancer pathology and clinical manifestations.
testicular tumors
This document provides information about testicular cancers, including:
- Testicular cancer accounts for 1% of cancers in males and is highly curable when detected early, often affecting young men.
- The testis has blood supply from the testicular artery and drains into the pampiniform plexus and internal spermatic veins. Lymphatic drainage is to retroperitoneal lymph nodes.
- The majority (95%) are germ cell tumors, including seminomas and non-seminomas. Staging involves tumor markers, imaging scans, and lymph node dissection. Treatment depends on the type and stage but may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
Pathology neoplasm
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (tumors), including definitions, nomenclature used to classify benign and malignant tumors, the biology of tumor growth, epidemiology, molecular basis of cancer and carcinogenesis. It discusses the natural history of malignant tumors from malignant change to growth, invasion and metastasis. Key concepts covered include differentiation, dysplasia, tumor growth rates, features that distinguish benign from malignant tumors, predisposing geographic, environmental and genetic factors for cancer development.
Soft tissue sarcoma
Lec 9&10 covered soft tissue tumors. Lipomas are benign fatty tumors that are usually solitary, well-encapsulated masses of mature adipocytes. Liposarcomas are malignant tumors of adipocytes that typically present as large, infiltrative masses with areas of necrosis. Nodular fasciitis is a self-limited reactive lesion, while fibromatoses are locally aggressive fibroblastic proliferations. Fibrosarcomas are highly malignant fibrous tumors. Leiomyomas are benign smooth muscle tumors that can occur anywhere, while leiomyosarcomas are malignant variants. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children that can vary considerably in
Lymphoma
Lymphoma is cancer that begins in the lymph system. There are two main types: Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed Sternberg cells. Diagnosis involves lymph node biopsy and staging tests. Treatment depends on stage but may include chemotherapy, radiation, or stem cell transplant. Nursing focuses on managing pain, infection risk, nutrition, and activity tolerance.
Solid tumors in children 2021
Pediatric oncology discusses the classification, epidemiology, clinical features, and prognosis of childhood cancers. Some key points include:
- Malignancies are a leading cause of death in children under 15 years old. It is estimated that 7,500-8,000 children in Pakistan are diagnosed with cancer each year.
- Common childhood cancers include leukemia, lymphoma, bone tumors, soft tissue sarcoma, brain tumors, retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, and Wilms tumor.
- Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma) are examples of solid tumors that can present as abdominal masses and are treated with surgery and chemotherapy. Early metastasis is common for these cancers.
Brain tumors - of adults -
This document provides information about various types of brain tumors, including their epidemiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses tumors such as glioblastoma, meningioma, schwannoma, oligodendroglioma, hemangioblastoma, and pituitary adenoma. Some key points are: glioblastoma is the most common and malignant glial tumor; meningioma arises from the meninges and is usually benign; and pituitary adenomas can be non-functioning or hormone producing. Diagnosis involves imaging, biopsy, and neurological exam. Treatment depends on the tumor type but may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and supportive care.
Spinal cord tumor
This document provides an overview of spinal cord tumors, including:
- They constitute 3-4% of all CNS tumors and 6% of pediatric CNS tumors.
- The most common types are astrocytomas and ependymomas.
- Treatment involves surgical resection followed by radiation therapy if needed.
- Prognostic factors include tumor type/grade, extent, and patient age/function.
Breast pathology 1
The document discusses normal breast anatomy and histology, as well as non-proliferative and proliferative breast conditions including fibrocystic changes, ductectasia, fat necrosis, epithelial hyperplasia, sclerosing adenosis, and papillomas. Both clinical presentations and microscopic features are described for various common breast diseases. The goal is to provide pathology residents with an overview of normal breast features and pathological lesions.
What's hot (20)
Viewers also liked
CNS tumors_MG
The document discusses various types of primary and metastatic brain tumors. It provides statistics on the annual incidence of different brain tumors in the US. It then describes several specific tumor types in more detail, including meningiomas, vestibular schwannomas, craniopharyngiomas, gliomas such as glioblastoma, and brain metastases. For each tumor type, it discusses epidemiology, presentation, imaging, histopathology, treatment including surgery and radiotherapy techniques and dose/fractionation schedules.
Tumores snc
Este documento resume información sobre tumores del sistema nervioso central en niños. Los tumores más frecuentes son el medulloblastoma, astrocitoma cerebeloso y glioma del tronco cerebral. Los astrocitomas se clasifican en grados de I a IV dependiendo de su agresividad. Los síntomas varían según la ubicación y tamaño del tumor. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante resonancia magnética, biopsia e inmunohistoquímica. El tratamiento incluye cirugía, radioterapia y quimioter
Neoplasias del sistema nervioso central
Este documento resume la historia y clasificación de los tumores del sistema nervioso central. Destaca tres escuelas históricas y describe los objetivos y métodos del estudio. Presenta la neuroanatomía clínica relevante y la epidemiología de los tumores. Finalmente, clasifica los tumores en cinco grupos principales: tumores astrocíticos, oligodendrogliales, ependimarios, de meninges y linfoma primario del SNC.
Pathology of intracranial tumors lecture
This document provides an overview of intracranial tumors, including:
1. It classifies intracranial neoplasms according to histological group and WHO grade and discusses some of the major tumor types such as astrocytic tumors, meningiomas, pituitary adenomas and others.
2. It reviews the epidemiology and pathogenesis of intracranial tumors. Most are sporadic but some have familial causes.
3. The objectives are for students to understand the classification, clinical manifestations, gross and microscopic features of common intracranial neoplasms.
Cns tumor, gliomas
This document provides a classification and overview of central nervous system (CNS) tumors. It discusses several primary CNS tumors including gliomas such as astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas and others. It describes the histopathological features, grading, molecular markers and differential diagnosis of these tumor types. In particular, it focuses on pilocytic astrocytoma, diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma and their progression. Prognosis worsens with increased grade from II to IV for these astrocytic tumors. Molecular changes involving genes like IDH are also discussed.
Brain tumors 2
The document summarizes different types of primary and secondary brain tumors:
- Primary brain tumors rarely metastasize outside the brain while secondary or metastatic tumors are more common.
- Common primary brain tumors in adults include astrocytomas, meningiomas, and schwannomas. In children, common tumors are medulloblastoma and ependymoma.
- Astrocytomas range from low to high grade and include glioblastoma multiforme, the most aggressive type. Medulloblastoma is a small, blue round cell tumor most common in children. Meningiomas form from meningiothelial cells and schwannomas originate from schwann cells.
Tumores del snc
1. Los tumores del SNC incluyen tumores del encéfalo y la medula espinal. 2. Los tumores primarios más frecuentes son los gliomas en adultos y el meduloblastoma en niños. 3. Las pruebas de imagen como TAC y RM son importantes para el diagnóstico y planificación del tratamiento.
Brain cancer (tumors)
Brain cancer, or tumors, refers to the abnormal growth of cells in the brain. There are two main types - benign tumors, which are non-cancerous and grow slowly, and malignant tumors, which are cancerous and grow rapidly, invading other brain tissue. Common symptoms include headaches, nausea, vision or balance problems, and changes in thinking or memory. Diagnosis involves scans, biopsies, and other tests to determine the type and location of the tumor, which help guide treatment options like surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and medication.
Ct & mri of central nervous system
This document summarizes CT and MRI findings for various central nervous system conditions. It describes normal anatomy and imaging appearances of common intracranial tumors, vascular diseases, and traumatic injuries. Key points covered include characteristics of tumors like meningioma, astrocytoma and metastases. It also outlines imaging features of hemorrhage, infarction, aneurysms and skull fractures.
Brain Tumor And Its Types
The document discusses different types of brain tumors. It divides tumors into primary and metastatic brain tumors. Primary tumors originate within the brain itself and can be cancerous or non-cancerous. Metastatic tumors spread to the brain from other parts of the body and are always cancerous. Some types of non-cancerous primary brain tumors mentioned include meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, and schwannomas. Cancerous primary tumors include gliomas, the most common type. The document provides details on symptoms, treatment methods, and characteristics for several tumor types.
Viewers also liked (10)
Similar to CNS Tumors
CNS malignancies in childhood.pptx
Brain and spinal cord tumors are the second most common cancers in children. They often present with non-specific symptoms, so diagnosis can be delayed. The most common tumor types are pilocytic astrocytomas and medulloblastoma in children aged 0-14, and pituitary/craniopharyngeal tumors and pilocytic astrocytomas in adolescents aged 15-19. Tumors are graded on a scale of I to IV based on malignancy. Treatment involves surgery along with radiation and chemotherapy depending on tumor type and grade. Prognosis depends on factors like extent of surgical resection and tumor location.
Brain tumor
This document provides information about brain tumors, including:
- The two main types are malignant (cancerous) tumors and benign tumors. Malignant tumors can be primary or spread from other sites.
- Common tumor types include gliomas (e.g. astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas), neuronal tumors, embryonal tumors, and meningiomas.
- Symptoms vary depending on the tumor type and location but often include headaches, seizures, sensory and motor changes, and cognitive/behavioral issues.
- Diagnosis involves imaging like CT/MRI scans and biopsy. Treatment involves surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination. Prognosis depends
-brain-tumors-100719051022-phpapp02.pptx
This document provides information about brain tumors. It discusses that brain tumors are the second most common form of cancer in children and the sixth most common cause of cancer deaths in adults. The most common primary brain tumors are gliomas, which originate from glial cells, and meningiomas, which originate from meningeal cap cells. Gliomas include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas. Astrocytomas are graded from I to IV based on severity, with grades III and IV considered high-grade gliomas. Treatment and prognosis vary depending on the type and grade of the brain tumor.
I LOVE NEUROSURGERY INITIATIVE: INTRACRANIAL TUMORS.ppt
This document discusses intracranial tumors, including:
- Their incidence rates, with primary brain tumors occurring in 6 per 100,000 people and metastatic tumors in 30 per 100,000 people.
- Common tumor types like astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas, medulloblastomas, meningiomas, and pituitary tumors.
- Risk factors, clinical presentation, investigations including CT, MRI, PET and angiography, pathology classification, and management approaches like surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.
solid.pptx
Pediatric solid tumors are a diverse group of cancers that arise in children. They account for 60% of pediatric malignant neoplasms and can originate from mesoderm, endoderm or ectoderm tissues. The most common types are brain tumors, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, Wilms' tumor, and osteosarcoma. Presentation depends on tumor location and type but may include masses, compression symptoms, metastases, and paraneoplastic effects. Diagnosis involves imaging, biopsy and laboratory tests. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiation depending on tumor characteristics and stage. Prognosis depends on specific tumor type and stage.
Lecture 4 CNS TUMOR 1 2.ppt
1. Central nervous system tumours are the second most common type of childhood cancer. They can occur in both supratentorial and infratentorial regions of the brain.
2. Common childhood brain tumours include medulloblastoma, astrocytoma, ependymoma, and craniopharyngioma. Diagnosis involves neuroimaging such as MRI and treatment is often multimodal, including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.
3. Long term side effects of treatment can include neurocognitive impairment, endocrine disorders, and secondary cancers. Prognosis depends on tumour type and extent but many childhood brain tumours require lifelong monitoring and management of complications.
Brain tumor ppt.pptx
A brain tumor is a collection of abnormal cells in the brain. Symptoms depend on the tumor's size, type, and location and may include headaches, nausea, vomiting, vision changes, and more. Diagnosis involves imaging tests like CT scans and MRIs. Treatment options include surgery to remove the tumor, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The goals of surgical removal are to confirm diagnosis, remove as much of the tumor as possible, relieve pressure in the brain, and provide access for additional treatments.
Brain tumours
General Basic knowledge of Brain tumour explained in brief of classification, pathogenesis, clinical features, CT, MRI, management, Radiotherapy. Best for MBBS and PG preparation student.
CNS papillary neoplasm
This document discusses various papillary tumors of the central nervous system. It begins by outlining the typical age ranges and locations for different tumor types, then describes key histological features. Several specific tumor types are discussed in more detail, including choroid plexus tumors, ependymomas, astroblastoma, meningioma, glioblastoma, craniopharyngioma, germ cell tumors, and metastatic tumors. Immunohistochemistry staining patterns are also provided to aid in diagnosis. The summary emphasizes that the diagnostic approach is to first consider the patient's age and radiology findings, examine histological features, and only use IHC when necessary to determine a tumor's primary origin.
6.Tumors Presentation.ppt
This document discusses various types of brain and spinal cord tumors. It describes primary brain tumors as abnormal masses that arise from the brain itself and can be benign or malignant. Specific primary brain tumors include gliomas such as astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas, as well as non-glioma tumors like meningiomas. Metastatic brain tumors spread from other parts of the body like the lungs or breast. Primary intraspinal tumors can be extradural, intradural-extramedullary, or intradural-intramedullary. Paraneoplastic syndromes occur when antibodies produced to fight cancer end up damaging normal tissues. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and treatment depends on the
2021 WHO Classification of brain tumours.pptx
Classification of CNS tumours, Classification of brain tumours, WHO 2021 Classification, 2007 WHO Classification, 2016 WHO Classification
A systematic approach to possible case of brain
It is basic presentation for MD residents
it is very simple presentation for beginners in MD radiology
Spinal neoplasms
This document discusses spinal neoplasms and provides classifications and imaging features of various tumors of the spine. It classifies spinal tumors as intramedullary, intradural-extramedullary, or extradural based on their point of origin. Common intramedullary tumors discussed include ependymomas, astrocytomas, gangliogliomas, and hemangioblastomas. Intradural-extramedullary tumors mentioned are meningiomas and nerve sheath tumors. Extradural tumors can be single lesions such as bone tumors or multiple lesions like metastatic disease. Magnetic resonance imaging plays a key role in evaluating and characterizing spinal tumors.
Spinal cord tumors
This document discusses spinal cord tumors. It describes different types of intramedullary and extramedullary spinal cord tumors, including meningiomas, schwannomas, neurofibromas, ependymomas, astrocytomas, and hemangioblastomas. It provides details on the characteristics, locations, imaging appearance, and surgical treatment of these tumors. The goal of surgery is safe removal or biopsy of the tumor while preserving neurological function. Monitoring is used during surgery to help identify the tumor and midline.
CNS TUMORS.ppt
The document discusses central nervous system (CNS) tumors. It notes that CNS tumors can be primary tumors originating in the brain or spinal cord, or metastatic tumors that have spread from other areas. Primary CNS tumors are more common in children, where 70% arise in the posterior fossa, while in adults most primary tumors arise supratentorially. CNS tumors are classified based on the type of tissue they originate from, with the main types being tumors of glial tissue (gliomas), neurons, and meninges. Gliomas include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas, which are graded based on malignancy characteristics.
Approach to CNS tumors Dr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
Approach to CNS tumors Dr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
We will discuss the role of medical imaging in the diagnosis of Brain Tumors.
Brain Tumours
This document discusses different types of brain tumors found in children. It describes the four main types - astrocytoma, ependymoma, PNET, and craniopharyngioma. Astrocytomas and ependymomas are classified as low or high grade depending on their tendency to spread, growth rate, and similarity to normal cells. PNET tumors are highly malignant and difficult to treat. Craniopharyngiomas are usually benign cystic tumors involving the third ventricle and optic nerve. Symptoms vary depending on the location of the tumor in the brain or spinal cord and can include headaches, vomiting, seizures, weakness, and sensory or motor problems.
Intraventricular mass (Radiology) of a child {A CASE}
An intraventricular mass was found in a 5-year-old child. The main differential diagnoses included choroid plexus carcinoma, central neurocytoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, and atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor. Imaging findings like location in the ventricle, enhancement pattern, and presence of calcification or cysts can help narrow the diagnosis, as the masses have overlapping characteristics. An accurate diagnosis is important to guide surgical planning and determine appropriate post-operative treatment.
Brain-tumors.pdf
This document summarizes information about brain tumors including:
- The most common types are glioblastomas, meningiomas, and brain metastases.
- Primary brain tumors originate in the brain and secondary tumors spread from other organs like the lung or breast.
- Symptoms depend on the tumor location but often include headaches, nausea, seizures, and neurological deficits.
- Diagnosis involves imaging like CT or MRI along with biopsy.
- Treatment involves surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or symptomatic care depending on tumor type and stage.
Similar to CNS Tumors (20)
I LOVE NEUROSURGERY INITIATIVE: INTRACRANIAL TUMORS.ppt
I LOVE NEUROSURGERY INITIATIVE: INTRACRANIAL TUMORS.ppt
Intraventricular mass (Radiology) of a child {A CASE}
Intraventricular mass (Radiology) of a child {A CASE}
More from Med Study
Physio
This document summarizes different types of memory. It describes short-term memory which lasts seconds to minutes, intermediate long-term memory which lasts days to weeks, and long-term memory which can last years. The mechanisms of each are explained, such as synaptic facilitation and structural changes involved in long-term memory formation. Learning is defined as the acquisition of knowledge through experience and instruction, and rewards/punishments are believed to be involved in many types of learning.
Physiology ANS
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls visceral functions like cardiac muscle and smooth muscle of blood vessels. It has two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic division prepares the body for "fight or flight" while the parasympathetic division conserves energy and promotes "rest and digest". Both work to maintain homeostasis through a balance of stimulation. The ANS uses a two-neuron chain and ganglia located outside the CNS. It is not under voluntary control.
Physilogy sleep
Cerebral blood flow is regulated by carbon dioxide, hydrogen ion, and oxygen concentration to ensure adequate blood supply to the brain. Increased carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions cause vasodilation to increase blood flow, while low oxygen triggers vasodilation to boost supply. Cerebral blood flow is maintained within a range of arterial pressures through autoregulation. Metabolic byproducts act as vasodilators or vasoconstrictors to adapt blood flow to metabolic demand.
Sleep
This document discusses sleep and the brain waves associated with it. It defines sleep and describes the two types: slow wave sleep and REM sleep. It explains that sleep is an active process involving different neuronal centers and neurohormonal substances that cause different stages of sleep. The brain waves associated with different stages are also described, including alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves. Various sleep disorders are also mentioned.
Cns cong anomalies
This document discusses congenital anomalies of the central nervous system, including their etiology, primary neurulation, neural tube closure, and specific disorders. Key points include: Folic acid deficiency and infections like rubella can cause anomalies. Primary neurulation occurs around 3-4 weeks and involves the neural tube, epidermis, and neural crest. Neural tube closure begins in the cervical region and finishes around day 29. Specific disorders result from failures of these processes and include anencephaly, meningocele, myelomeningocele, encephalocele, and Chiari malformation. Diagnosis involves imaging like MRI and treatment may involve surgical repair or decompression.
Cns development
The document discusses the development of the nervous system from the ectoderm germ layer. It describes how the neural plate forms and folds to become the neural tube. The anterior and posterior ends of the neural tube close to form the brain and spinal cord. The neural crest cells go on to form the peripheral nervous system while the neural tube forms the central nervous system. It then details the subdivision and development of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain regions of the embryonic brain.
Central nervous system introduction
The document summarizes the anatomy and divisions of the nervous system. It notes that the nervous system is divided anatomically into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system, and functionally into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The hindbrain contains the pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum. The spinal cord runs from the foramen magnum to the L1/L2 vertebrae and contains 31 pairs of spinal nerves. The meninges are the protective layers surrounding the CNS.
15 dural venous sinuses
1) The document describes the dural venous sinuses, which drain blood from the brain into the internal jugular veins. They include the superior and inferior sagittal sinuses, straight sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, occipital sinus, cavernous sinus, and superior and inferior petrosal sinuses.
2) The dural sinuses have no valves or muscle in their walls and are located between the layers of the dura mater. They drain blood from the brain and cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space.
3) The blood in the dural sinuses ultimately drains into the internal jugular veins in the neck through a series of sinuses and
15 cerebrospinal fluid
The document discusses the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), describing its formation by the choroid plexuses in the brain ventricles, circulation through the ventricles via connections like the aqueduct of Sylvius, and absorption into venous blood via arachnoid villi. It also defines hydrocephalus as the accumulation of CSF in the ventricles due to a blocked aqueduct of Sylvius, and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) as a semi-permeable barrier formed by brain endothelial cells that regulates molecular exchange between blood and brain tissue.
Ventricles
The brain contains a series of ventricles that circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serve important functions. There are four ventricles total - two lateral ventricles located within the cerebral hemispheres, the third ventricle within the diencephalon, and the fourth ventricle between the pons, medulla, and cerebellum. CSF is produced by the choroid plexus and circulates through the connected ventricles via openings like the foramen of Monro before being absorbed, acting as a cushion and transporting substances to and from the brain.
white fibres of cns modified
The document discusses the different types of white fibres in the brain, including association fibres, commissural fibres, and projection fibres. It describes key association fibre bundles like the cingulum and fornix. It also explains commissural fibres like the corpus callosum and anterior commissure. Projection fibres including the corticospinal tract are discussed, with details about fibre arrangement in the internal capsule and how lesions can cause motor or sensory deficits. Ascending and descending fibres passing through different parts of the internal capsule are identified.
Diencephalon
The diencephalon is the area surrounding the third ventricle of the brain. It contains several parts including the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus. The thalamus relays sensory information to the cortex and is involved in visual and auditory processing. The hypothalamus regulates autonomic functions and homeostasis through connections to the pituitary gland and autonomic nervous system. Lesions in the diencephalon can disrupt temperature regulation, appetite, water balance, and other homeostatic processes.
Opium
This document summarizes information about opium and its effects. It discusses that opium is derived from poppy plants and contains alkaloids like morphine and codeine. It can be administered orally, intravenously, by inhalation, or through other orifices. Its effects include an initial excitement stage, followed by a stupor stage and then deep narcosis. It acts on opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Prolonged use can lead to morphine dependence and withdrawal symptoms. Naloxone is used as an antidote for opiate overdoses.
Inebrient poisons
This document discusses various types of drugs that act on the central nervous system. It describes two main stages of poisoning from these drugs - excitement and narcosis. It then categorizes different types of drugs and their effects, including inebriants like alcohol, ether, and chloroform. The rest of the document focuses specifically on alcohol, describing its absorption, metabolism, stages of poisoning, signs and symptoms, treatment for alcohol poisoning, and long term effects of chronic alcohol use including diseases of the liver, brain, and other organs.
Deliriant poisons
This document discusses several deliriant poisons, including Dhatura, Atropa belladonna, Hyoscyamus niger, Cannabis indica, and cocaine. It provides detailed information on the characteristics, active principles, absorption, effects, symptoms, treatment and medicolegal aspects of Dhatura and Cannabis in particular. For Dhatura, it outlines signs like dry mouth, dilated pupils, and delirium. Cannabis preparations like bhang, ganja and charas are described along with their varying potency and psychological effects from euphoria to hallucinations.
Rabies & Polio
Rabies virus is an enveloped, negative-sense single stranded RNA virus that causes rabies disease. It encodes 5 structural proteins - N, P, M, G, and L - and replicates in the cytoplasm. Rabies virus enters through breaks in the skin via animal bites. It spreads from peripheral nerves to the central nervous system, causing encephalitis. This leads to symptoms like anxiety, hallucinations, and eventually paralysis and death. Laboratory diagnosis involves direct fluorescent antibody testing, PCR, or histopathology of brain tissue to detect Negri bodies. There is no treatment after symptoms start, making vaccination important for prevention.
Diseases Of Nervous System
This document summarizes microbial diseases of the nervous system. It discusses how microbes can enter the nervous system through fractures, medical procedures, or along nerves. It then describes common bacterial and viral infections like meningitis (inflammation of the meninges), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), tetanus, botulism, leprosy, polio, and rabies. For each disease, it provides details on the causative agent, symptoms, transmission, treatment, and prevention. The document contains diagrams to illustrate anatomical structures and disease processes.
Coxsackie Virus
Coxsackieviruses and echoviruses are enteroviruses that can cause aseptic meningitis and other diseases. They are spherical, non-enveloped viruses that infect the intestines and respiratory tract. Common illnesses include hand-foot-and-mouth disease, herpangina, myocarditis, and pleurodynia. While symptoms are generally mild and self-limiting, last several days, in rare cases they can cause long-term complications like diabetes. Diagnosis involves identifying viruses from stool or throat swabs using PCR or serum antibody tests. Treatment is supportive with fluids and acetaminophen for fever.
Meninigitis and Encephalitis
The document summarizes various pathogens that can cause meningitis and CNS infections, including mycobacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. It describes the characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Treponema, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Naegleria fowleri. It also discusses laboratory findings for diagnosing various types of meningitis based on cell count, glucose, and protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Microscopic examination and culture tests are outlined to identify different bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses that may be the causative agents of meningitis and central nervous system infections.
Bacterial meningitis
This document provides information about Neisseria meningitidis, the bacteria that causes meningococcal meningitis. It describes the morphological features and virulence factors of N. meningitidis, including its gram-negative diplococcal shape, polysaccharide capsule that allows it to evade the immune system, and pili that enable it to attach to cells in the nasopharynx. The document also outlines the pathogenesis of meningococcal meningitis, noting that the bacteria spread from the nasopharynx via the bloodstream to the meninges, where it can cause inflammation and potentially fatal infection.
More from Med Study (20)
Recently uploaded
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/qhtvq32h4ybf9t49ku85x0n3xl4jhr15Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Wound healing PPT
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Aberdeen
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Advanced Java[Extra Concepts, Not Difficult].docx
This is part 2 of my Java Learning Journey. This contains Hashing, ArrayList, LinkedList, Date and Time Classes, Calendar Class and more.
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptxMohd Adib Abd Muin, Senior Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)Academy of Science of South Africa
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/y977uz6bpd3af4qsebv7r9b7s21935vdHow to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience Wahiba Chair Training & Consulting
Wahiba Chair's Talk at the 2024 Learning Ideas Conference. How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Recently uploaded (20)
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
CNS Tumors
- 1. CNS tumors
- 2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Classify CNS tumors • Describe general characteristics of CNS tumors • Identify tumor type in relation to age and site of tumor • Describe primary peripheral nerve sheath neoplasms with clinical relevance
- 5. FACTS • Tumors in adults are more commonly based in anterior fossa/ supratentorial location whereas childhood tumors are more commonly posterior fossa/ infratentorial in location • CNS tumors do not metastasize outside the brain and spinal cord. • Even benign tumors can be sinister according to location.
- 6. Tumor origin
- 7. Tumor origin • Neuronal • Glial • Nerve sheath • Meningeal • Others • Metastatic
- 9. CNS TUMOR CLASSIFICATION • Primary tumors- 1/2 --3/4th • Metastatic tumors- 1/4 – ½ • In primary tumors,WHO grading is done according to biologic behaviour into grade I to IV (depending on risk of recurrence) Under current classification scheme, lesions of different grades are given distinct names
- 10. CNS TUMOR CLASSIFICATION • PRIMARY TUMORS – Gliomas – Neuronal and glioneuronal tumors – Poorly differentiated tumors – Other parenchymal tumors Primary lymphomas 1% of intracranial tumors Germ cell tumors 0.2-1% Pineal tumors Tumors of meninges Meningiomas Nerve sheath tumors Schwannomas Neurofibromas
- 11. PRIMARY TUMORS 1-Gliomas Astrocytomas (80% adult primary tumors) Oligodendrogliomas Ependymomas and other paraventricular lesions Grading Astrocytomas Pilocytic astrocytoma(Non infiltrating)Grade I Diffuse astrocytoma- Grade II Anaplastic astrocytoma- Grade III Glioblastoma multiforme- Grade IV Oligodendrogliomas Most Grade II Anaplastic Grade III Ependymomas Most Grade II Anaplastic Grade III
- 12. Gliomas • SITES and AGE group – Astrocytoma • Pilocytic (Children , posterior fossa) • Infiltrating (Adults, Cerebral hemispheres) – Oligodendroglioma • Adults 4th -5th decade, cerebral hemispheres – Ependymoma (2 groups) • 4th ventricle, children • Intraspinal, adults
- 13. Low grade vs High grade glioma
- 14. Glioblastoma
- 15. Cystic/ Pilocytic astrocytoma • Gliomas in children,are most common in the posterior fossa. Most childhood brain tumors arise below the tentorium, which is the reverse of the adult.
- 17. Ependymoma • Ependymoma arising from the ependymal lining of the fourth ventricle above the brainstem and bulging toward the cerebellum. Ependymomas are benign histologically.
- 18. Ependymoma • This horizontal section of the brain reveals a large ependymoma of the fourth ventricle.
- 19. Ependymoma
- 20. Undifferentiated tumors • Medulloblastoma – Predominantly in children (20% of brain tumors in children) – Posterior fossa/ cerebellum – Highly malignant but radiosensitive • Atypical teratoid/ rhabdoid tumor – Children less than 5 yrs – Dismal prognosis
- 21. Medulloblastoma • irregular posterior fossa mass near the midline of the cerebellum and extending into the fourth ventricle in a child.
- 22. CNS TUMOR CLASSIFICATION • METASTATIC TUMORS ¼ to ½ of brain tumors Mainly mtastatic carcinomas 5 common primaries accounting for 80% mets – Breast – Lung – Skin (melanoma) – Kidney – GIT
- 23. Metastasis from a lung carcinoma. Metastases most often appear at the border of the grey and white matter in the distribution of the middle cerebral artery,
- 24. MENINGEAL TUMORS •Meningiomas-Grade I •Atypical meningiomas- Grade II •Anaplastic meningiomas-Grade III
- 25. Meningioma
- 26. Peripheral nerve sheath tumors • Schwaanomas • Neurofibromas • Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors/ MPNST
- 27. Schwaanomas/ Acoustic neuroma The mass lesion here is arising in the acoustic (eighth cranial) nerve at the cerebellopontine angle. This is a schwannoma. Patients may present with hearing loss. These benign neoplasms can be removed.
- 28. SUMMARY (Common tumors) • Childhood tumors – Medulloblastomas, high grade – Pilocytic astrocytomas, Grade I – Ependymomas, posterior fossa(4th ventricle) – Choroid plexus papillomas, lateral ventricles • Adult tumors • Gliomas • Spinal ependymomas, oligodendrogliomas
- 29. TUMORS of PNS • Neurofibroma Cutaneous Plexiform • Schwaanoma • Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors
- 30. NEUROFIBROMA