The autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system activates the body's fight or flight response and the parasympathetic system calms the body during rest. Most organs receive input from both systems, allowing precise control of functions. The hypothalamus integrates autonomic activity and influences organs through reflexes, though some local control exists in the enteric nervous system as well. Autonomic function is also impacted by higher brain centers and the limbic system.
Peripheral Nervous System, Audumbar MaliAudumbar Mali
Peripheral Nervous System,
Types of PNS,
Spinal nerves,
Types of neuron (3 basic types),
Plexus,
Cranial nerves,
Autonomic nervous system,
Structure of Neuron,
Human Anatomy and Physiology-I,
Syllabus As per PCI,
B. Pharm-I
about nerve fibers
It is the structural and the functional unit of nervous system.
The human nervous system contains approximate 1012 neurons.
A nerve fiber is a thread like extension of a nerve cell and consists of an axon and myelin sheath (if present) in the nervous system.
In peripheral nervous system it is formed by
schwann’s cell. While in case of central nervous system it is formed by oligodendroglia.
The places ,where myelin sheath is absent are called node of ranvier(2-3µm) and these are present once about 1-3 mm distance along the myelin sheath.
IT PREVENTS LEAKAGE OF IONS BY 5000 FOLDS.
IT INCREASES VELOCITY OF CONDUCTION BY 5-50 FOLDS DUE TO
SALTATORY CONDUCTION i.e. ABOUT 100 m/s IN CASE OF
MYELINATED NERVE FIBERS WHILE IN NONMYELINATED
IT IS ABOUT 0.25 m/s.
SALTATORY CONDUCTION CONSERVES ENERGY BECAUSE ONLY NODES OF RANVIER GET DEPOLARISED.
These are α type motor nerve fibers.
The neurotransmitter released at the neuron endings is acetylcholine(Ach).
It always leads to muscles excitation . Inhibition takes place centrally due to participation of interneurons.
they innervate smooth muscles , cardiac muscles and glands.
Their main work is to maintain homeostasis with the help of autonomic nervous system.
they can lead to either excitation or inhibition of effector organs
Erlanger and Grasser studied the action potential of mixed nerve trunk by means of cathode ray oscilloscope and they obtained the compounded spike. So they divided nerve fibers into 3 groups. They observed that the main cause of difference in nerve fibers is diameter
AS Diameter increases
Velocity of conduction increases.
Magnitude of electrical response increases.
Threshold of excitation decreases.
Duration of response decreases.
Refractory period decreases.
HEART RATE
REGULATION OF HEART RATE
VASOMOTOR CENTER – CARDIAC CENTER
MOTOR (EFFERENT) NERVE FIBERS TO HEART
FACTORS AFFECTING VASOMOTOR CENTER
for all medical & health care students
Autonomic nervous system: divisions
General organization of ANS Neurons of ANS
Physiological anatomy of sympathetic nervous system& parasympathetic nervous System
Autonomic neurotransmitters and receptors
Functions of ANS: effects of autonomic nerve impulses on effector organs
Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
APPLIED ASPECTS- Autonomic drugs, Autonomic failure, Autonomic function tests
A brief overview of the physiology of the neuromuscular junction.It includes a video towards the end sourced from the internet with the copyright watermarks intact.
Peripheral Nervous System, Audumbar MaliAudumbar Mali
Peripheral Nervous System,
Types of PNS,
Spinal nerves,
Types of neuron (3 basic types),
Plexus,
Cranial nerves,
Autonomic nervous system,
Structure of Neuron,
Human Anatomy and Physiology-I,
Syllabus As per PCI,
B. Pharm-I
about nerve fibers
It is the structural and the functional unit of nervous system.
The human nervous system contains approximate 1012 neurons.
A nerve fiber is a thread like extension of a nerve cell and consists of an axon and myelin sheath (if present) in the nervous system.
In peripheral nervous system it is formed by
schwann’s cell. While in case of central nervous system it is formed by oligodendroglia.
The places ,where myelin sheath is absent are called node of ranvier(2-3µm) and these are present once about 1-3 mm distance along the myelin sheath.
IT PREVENTS LEAKAGE OF IONS BY 5000 FOLDS.
IT INCREASES VELOCITY OF CONDUCTION BY 5-50 FOLDS DUE TO
SALTATORY CONDUCTION i.e. ABOUT 100 m/s IN CASE OF
MYELINATED NERVE FIBERS WHILE IN NONMYELINATED
IT IS ABOUT 0.25 m/s.
SALTATORY CONDUCTION CONSERVES ENERGY BECAUSE ONLY NODES OF RANVIER GET DEPOLARISED.
These are α type motor nerve fibers.
The neurotransmitter released at the neuron endings is acetylcholine(Ach).
It always leads to muscles excitation . Inhibition takes place centrally due to participation of interneurons.
they innervate smooth muscles , cardiac muscles and glands.
Their main work is to maintain homeostasis with the help of autonomic nervous system.
they can lead to either excitation or inhibition of effector organs
Erlanger and Grasser studied the action potential of mixed nerve trunk by means of cathode ray oscilloscope and they obtained the compounded spike. So they divided nerve fibers into 3 groups. They observed that the main cause of difference in nerve fibers is diameter
AS Diameter increases
Velocity of conduction increases.
Magnitude of electrical response increases.
Threshold of excitation decreases.
Duration of response decreases.
Refractory period decreases.
HEART RATE
REGULATION OF HEART RATE
VASOMOTOR CENTER – CARDIAC CENTER
MOTOR (EFFERENT) NERVE FIBERS TO HEART
FACTORS AFFECTING VASOMOTOR CENTER
for all medical & health care students
Autonomic nervous system: divisions
General organization of ANS Neurons of ANS
Physiological anatomy of sympathetic nervous system& parasympathetic nervous System
Autonomic neurotransmitters and receptors
Functions of ANS: effects of autonomic nerve impulses on effector organs
Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
APPLIED ASPECTS- Autonomic drugs, Autonomic failure, Autonomic function tests
A brief overview of the physiology of the neuromuscular junction.It includes a video towards the end sourced from the internet with the copyright watermarks intact.
The Autonomic nervous system divided into two parts i.e sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.
ANS also consists cranial nerve and spinal nerve.
Basics of anatomy of endocrine glands and functions of their hormones with disorders as per the Pharmacy Council of India curriculum.
Only for educational purpose for undergraduate B pharmacy students.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
1. ChapterChapter :8:8
NervousNervous SystemSystem
PartPart :3:3
((AutonomicAutonomic NervousNervous SystemSystem))
Presented by: Prof.Mirza Anwar BaigPresented by: Prof.Mirza Anwar Baig
Anjuman-I-Islam's Kalsekar Technical CampusAnjuman-I-Islam's Kalsekar Technical Campus
School of Pharmacy,New Pavel,NaviSchool of Pharmacy,New Pavel,Navi
Mumbai,MaharashtraMumbai,Maharashtra
11
2. Autonomic Nervous
System (ANS)
• The ANS consists of motor neurons
that:
– Innervate smooth and cardiac muscle
and glands
– Make adjustments to ensure optimal
support for body activities
– Operate via subconscious control
– Have viscera as most of their
effectors
2
3. ANS Versus Somatic
Nervous System (SNS)
• The ANS differs from the SNS in
the following three areas
– Effectors
– Efferent pathways
– Target organ responses
3
4. Effectors
• The effectors of the SNS are
skeletal muscles
• The effectors of the ANS are
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle,
and glands
4
5. Efferent Pathways
• Heavily myelinated axons of the
somatic motor neurons extend
from the CNS to the effector
• Axons of the ANS are a two-neuron
chain
– The preganglionic (first) neuron has a
lightly myelinated axon
– The ganglionic (second) neuron
extends to an effector organ
5
6. Neurotransmitter Effects
• All somatic motor neurons release
Acetylcholine (ACh), which has an
excitatory effect
• In the ANS:
– Preganglionic fibers release ACh
– Postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine
or ACh and the effect is either stimulatory or
inhibitory
– ANS effect on the target organ is dependent
upon the neurotransmitter released and the
receptor type of the effector
6
8. 8
Diagram contrasts somatic (lower) and
autonomic (upper):
autonomic
somatic
this dorsal
root
ganglion is
sensory
9. 9
Where they come from
Parasympathetic:
craniosacral
Sympathetic:
thoracolumbar
10. 10
Parasympathetic nervous system
“rest & digest”
Also called the craniosacral system because all
its preganglionic neurons are in the brain stem or
sacral levels of the spinal cord
Cranial nerves III,VII, IX and X
In lateral horn of gray matter from S2/ S4
Only innervate internal organs (not skin)
Acetylcholine is neurotransmitter at end organ
as well as at preganglionic synapse: “cholinergic”
11. 11
Parasympathetic continued
Cranial outflow
III - pupils constrict
VII - tears, nasal mucus, saliva
IX – parotid salivary gland
X (Vagus n) – visceral organs of thorax & abdomen:
Stimulates digestive glands
Increases motility of smooth muscle of
digestive tract
Decreases heart rate
Causes bronchial constriction
Sacral outflow (S2-4): form pelvic splanchnic nerves
Supply 2nd half of large intestine
Supply all the pelvic (genitourinary) organs
12. 12
Sympathetic nervous system
“fight, flight or fright”
Also called thoracolumbar system: all its neurons
are in lateral horn of gray matter from T1-L2
Lead to every part of the body (unlike parasymp.)
Easy to remember that when nervous, you sweat;
when afraid, hair stands on end; when excited
blood pressure rises (vasoconstriction): these
sympathetic only
Also causes: dry mouth, pupils to dilate, increased
heart & respiratory rates to increase O2 to
skeletal muscles, and liver to release glucose
Norepinephrine (aka noradrenaline) is
neurotransmitter released by most postganglionic
fibers (acetylcholine in preganglionic): “adrenergic”
13. 13
Sympathetic nervous system
continued
Regardless of target, all
begin same
Preganglionic axons exit
spinal cord through ventral
root and enter spinal nerve
Exit spinal nerve via
communicating ramus
Enter sympathetic
trunk/chain where
postganglionic neurons are
Has three options…
14. Options of preganglionic axons
in sympathetic trunk
1. Synapse on postganglionic neuron in chain
ganglion then return to spinal nerve and
follow its branch to the skin
2. Ascend or descend within sympathetic trunk,
synapse with a posganglionic neuron within a
chain ganglion, and return to spinal nerve at
that level and follow branches to skin
3. Enter sympathetic chain, pass through
without synapsing, form a splanchnic
nerve that passes toward thoracic or
abdominal organs
These synapse in prevertebral ganglion
in front of aorta
Postganglionic axons follow arteries to
organs
14
18. Interactions of the Autonomic
Divisions
• Most visceral organs are innervated by
both sympathetic and parasympathetic
fibers
• This results in dynamic antagonisms
that precisely control visceral activity
• Sympathetic fibers increase heart and
respiratory rates, and inhibit digestion
and elimination
• Parasympathetic fibers decrease heart
and respiratory rates, and allow for
digestion and the discarding of wastes18
19. Role of the
Parasympathetic Division
• Concerned with keeping body energy
use low
• Involves the D activities – digestion,
defecation, and diuresis
• Its activity is illustrated in a person who
relaxes after a meal
– Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory
rates are low
– Gastrointestinal tract activity is high
– The skin is warm and the pupils are
constricted
19
20. Role of the Sympathetic
Division
• The sympathetic division is the “fight-or-flight”
system
• Involves E activities – exercise, excitement,
emergency, and embarrassment
• Promotes adjustments during exercise – blood
flow to organs is reduced, flow to muscles is
increased
• Its activity is illustrated by a person who is
threatened
– Heart rate increases, and breathing is rapid and deep
– The skin is cold and sweaty, and the pupils dilate
20
22. Cholinergic Receptors
• The two types of receptors that
bind ACh are nicotinic and
muscarinic
• These are named after drugs that
bind to them and mimic ACh
effects
22
23. Nicotinic Receptors
• Nicotinic receptors are found on:
– Motor end plates (somatic targets)
– All ganglionic neurons of both
sympathetic and parasympathetic
divisions
– The hormone-producing cells of the
adrenal medulla
• The effect of ACh binding to
nicotinic receptors is always
stimulatory
23
24. Muscarinic Receptors
• Muscarinic receptors occur on all
effector cells stimulated by
postganglionic cholinergic fibers
• The effect of ACh binding:
– Can be either inhibitory or excitatory
– Depends on the receptor type of the
target organ
24
25. Adrenergic Receptors
• The two types of adrenergic receptors
are alpha and beta
• Each type has two or three subclasses
(α1, α2, β1, β2 , β3)
• Effects of NE binding to:
– α receptors is generally stimulatory
– β receptors is generally inhibitory
• A notable exception – NE binding to β
receptors of the heart is stimulatory
25
26. Dual Innervation
• Most of viscera receive nerve fibers from
both parasympathetic and sympathetic
divisions
• Both divisions do not normally innervate
an organ equally
26
27. Dual Innervation
• Antagonistic effects
– oppose each other
– exerted through dual innervation of same
effector
• heart rate decreases (parasympathetic)
• heart rate increases (sympathetic)
– exerted because each division innervates
different cells
• pupillary dilator muscle (sympathetic) dilates
pupil
• constrictor pupillae (parasympathetic) constricts
pupil
27
29. Dual Innervation
• Cooperative effects seen when 2 divisions act on
different effectors to produce a unified effect
– parasympathetics increase salivary serous cell
secretion
– sympathetics increase salivary mucous cell
secretion
• ANS cooperation is best seen in control of the external
genitalia
– Parasympathetic fibers cause vasodilation and are
responsible for erection of the penis and clitoris
– Sympathetic fibers cause ejaculation of semen in
males and reflex peristalsis in females
29
30. Without Dual Innervation
• Some effectors receive only sympathetic
– adrenal medulla, arrector pili muscles, sweat
glands and many blood vessels
• Sympathetic tone
– a baseline firing frequency
– vasomotor tone provides partial constriction
• increase in firing frequency = vasoconstriction
• decrease in firing frequency = vasodilation
• can shift blood flow from one organ to another as
needed
– sympathetic stimulation increases blood to skeletal and
cardiac muscles -- reduced blood to skin30
31. Sympathetic and Vasomotor Tone
Sympathetic division
prioritizes blood
vessels to skeletal
muscles and heart in
times of emergency.
Blood vessels to
skin vasoconstrict
to minimize
bleeding if injury
occurs during
stress or exercise. 31
34. Regulation of ANS
• Autonomic reflexes control most of activity of
visceral organs, glands, and blood vessels.
• Autonomic reflex activity influenced by
hypothalamus and higher brain centers, but it is
the hypothalamus that has overall control of the
ANS.
• Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
influence activities of enteric (gut) nervous system
through autonomic reflexes. These involve the CNS.
• But, the enteric nervous system can function
independently of CNS through local reflexes. E.g.,
when wall of digestive tract is stretched, sensory
neurons send information to enteric plexus and
then motor responses sent to smooth muscle of gut
wall and the muscle contracts.
34
35. Levels of ANS Control
• The hypothalamus is the main
integration center of ANS activity
• Subconscious cerebral input via
limbic lobe connections influences
hypothalamic function
• Other controls come from the
cerebral cortex, the reticular
formation, and the spinal cord
35
36. Hypothalamic Control
• Centers of the hypothalamus
control:
– Heart activity and blood pressure
– Body temperature, water balance,
and endocrine activity
– Emotional stages (rage, pleasure) and
biological drives (hunger, thirst, sex)
– Reactions to fear and the “fight-or-
flight” system
36