1. The study examined the physiological changes in wheat plants under conditions of water stress and normal watering when inoculated with different rhizobial strains. 2. It found that under water stress, rhizobial inoculation increased wheat yield, nitrogen content, and total biological yield compared to uninoculated plants. 3. However, yields were still lower under water stress compared to normal watering conditions. The best performing rhizobial strains were able to partially mitigate the detrimental effects of water stress.
EFFECT OF MOISTURE STRESS ON PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTSHRAVAN KUMAR REDDY
Moisture stress can negatively impact plant growth and development through various mechanisms. Crops have developed different adaptations to moisture stress including escaping drought through short lifecycles, avoiding stress through water conservation or improved uptake, and tolerating stress. Avoiding stress involves mechanisms like reducing leaf area, increasing waxiness, and regulating stomata to conserve water or developing deep, branched root systems and high root to shoot ratios to improve water uptake. Tolerating stress includes osmotic adjustment to maintain turgor under water deficits. Understanding crop adaptations is important for managing plants under moisture stress conditions.
plant drought effects, mechanisms and managementG Mahesh
This presentation provides an overview of plant drought stress, including its effects, mechanisms, and management strategies. Drought stress can impact plant growth, yield, water relations, photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, and cause oxidative damage. Plants have developed morphological, physiological and molecular mechanisms to tolerate drought, such as escaping dry conditions, reducing water loss through stomatal control, antioxidant production, and accumulating compatible solutes. The presentation also discusses strategies to manage drought, including improving crop genotypes and optimizing agronomic practices to enhance drought resistance.
This document discusses crop management practices for rainfed farming. It begins by defining rainfed areas as those with arid, semi-arid, or sub-humid climates prone to drought. Improved practices for rainfed crops involve selecting short-duration, drought-resistant varieties and maximizing cropping intensity through mixed/intercropping. Key practices include fertilizer use, tillage, forage crops, agroforestry, weed management, and making mid-season corrections if drought occurs. The overall goal is to utilize more of the available rainwater and improve historically low and unstable yields for farmers in rainfed regions.
This document discusses anti-transpirants and their effects on crops. It provides information on the types of anti-transpirants including stomatal closing, film forming, reflectant, and growth retardants. It also discusses the effects of anti-transpirants such as potentially increasing crop yields under stressed conditions. Specifically, one study found grain yields of sorghum increased 5-17% when anti-transpirants were applied before the boot stage under limited irrigation. The document also provides examples of crop planning and cropping systems suitable for different soil depths and rainfall regions.
Abiotic stress management for sustainable agriculturejayanta thokdar
Stress is an adverse force or a condition, which inhibits normal functioning in plants. An average of 50% yield losses in agricultural crops are caused by abiotic factors. To attain sustainability various crop management and breeding methods are employed to reduce impact of stress. Understand more about abiotic stress not only change our understanding of current environment, but also bring a plenty of benefits like improving sustainable agriculture and human beings living standards.
This document discusses ideotype breeding, which aims to develop ideal plant models for specific environments. It outlines the steps in ideotype breeding, including developing a conceptual model, selecting base materials, incorporating desirable traits, and selecting an ideal plant type. Advantages are that it can break yield barriers and solve multiple problems at once. However, it is difficult to combine all desired traits and is a slow process compared to traditional breeding. The ideotype is also constantly evolving with new knowledge and demands.
Antitranspirants and their effect on crop O.P PARIHAR
This document discusses antitranspirants and their effects on crops. It defines antitranspirants as compounds that reduce water loss through transpiration without significantly impacting plant growth or photosynthesis. There are four types of antitranspirants: stomatal closing, filmforming, reflecting, and growth retardants. The document provides examples of how antitranspirants have been shown to improve wheat, maize, barley and soybean yields under drought conditions by reducing water loss from the plants. However, it also notes that antitranspirants can potentially reduce photosynthesis and increase leaf temperatures if used.
EFFECT OF MOISTURE STRESS ON PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTSHRAVAN KUMAR REDDY
Moisture stress can negatively impact plant growth and development through various mechanisms. Crops have developed different adaptations to moisture stress including escaping drought through short lifecycles, avoiding stress through water conservation or improved uptake, and tolerating stress. Avoiding stress involves mechanisms like reducing leaf area, increasing waxiness, and regulating stomata to conserve water or developing deep, branched root systems and high root to shoot ratios to improve water uptake. Tolerating stress includes osmotic adjustment to maintain turgor under water deficits. Understanding crop adaptations is important for managing plants under moisture stress conditions.
plant drought effects, mechanisms and managementG Mahesh
This presentation provides an overview of plant drought stress, including its effects, mechanisms, and management strategies. Drought stress can impact plant growth, yield, water relations, photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, and cause oxidative damage. Plants have developed morphological, physiological and molecular mechanisms to tolerate drought, such as escaping dry conditions, reducing water loss through stomatal control, antioxidant production, and accumulating compatible solutes. The presentation also discusses strategies to manage drought, including improving crop genotypes and optimizing agronomic practices to enhance drought resistance.
This document discusses crop management practices for rainfed farming. It begins by defining rainfed areas as those with arid, semi-arid, or sub-humid climates prone to drought. Improved practices for rainfed crops involve selecting short-duration, drought-resistant varieties and maximizing cropping intensity through mixed/intercropping. Key practices include fertilizer use, tillage, forage crops, agroforestry, weed management, and making mid-season corrections if drought occurs. The overall goal is to utilize more of the available rainwater and improve historically low and unstable yields for farmers in rainfed regions.
This document discusses anti-transpirants and their effects on crops. It provides information on the types of anti-transpirants including stomatal closing, film forming, reflectant, and growth retardants. It also discusses the effects of anti-transpirants such as potentially increasing crop yields under stressed conditions. Specifically, one study found grain yields of sorghum increased 5-17% when anti-transpirants were applied before the boot stage under limited irrigation. The document also provides examples of crop planning and cropping systems suitable for different soil depths and rainfall regions.
Abiotic stress management for sustainable agriculturejayanta thokdar
Stress is an adverse force or a condition, which inhibits normal functioning in plants. An average of 50% yield losses in agricultural crops are caused by abiotic factors. To attain sustainability various crop management and breeding methods are employed to reduce impact of stress. Understand more about abiotic stress not only change our understanding of current environment, but also bring a plenty of benefits like improving sustainable agriculture and human beings living standards.
This document discusses ideotype breeding, which aims to develop ideal plant models for specific environments. It outlines the steps in ideotype breeding, including developing a conceptual model, selecting base materials, incorporating desirable traits, and selecting an ideal plant type. Advantages are that it can break yield barriers and solve multiple problems at once. However, it is difficult to combine all desired traits and is a slow process compared to traditional breeding. The ideotype is also constantly evolving with new knowledge and demands.
Antitranspirants and their effect on crop O.P PARIHAR
This document discusses antitranspirants and their effects on crops. It defines antitranspirants as compounds that reduce water loss through transpiration without significantly impacting plant growth or photosynthesis. There are four types of antitranspirants: stomatal closing, filmforming, reflecting, and growth retardants. The document provides examples of how antitranspirants have been shown to improve wheat, maize, barley and soybean yields under drought conditions by reducing water loss from the plants. However, it also notes that antitranspirants can potentially reduce photosynthesis and increase leaf temperatures if used.
This document discusses various types of environmental stresses that can affect plant growth including drought, high or low temperatures, excessive soil salinity, and inadequate minerals in the soil. It describes different mechanisms by which plants can adapt to or tolerate drought conditions, such as escaping drought by having a short lifecycle, avoiding stress through stomatal regulation and increased photosynthetic efficiency, and tolerating stress through enhanced water conservation and storage abilities. The document focuses on defining and classifying different types of drought, as well as adaptation strategies employed by crops to survive in drought environments.
Foliar nutrition uptake and factors affecting it. Key points:
1) Nutrients can be absorbed by leaves through stomata or cuticles. Uptake depends on factors like concentration, solubility, pH, and environmental conditions.
2) Nutrients must penetrate the cuticle or enter stomata and then transport through plant tissues. Concentration gradients and permeability influence penetration.
3) Environmental factors like humidity, temperature, light intensity impact uptake. Higher humidity and temperatures increase uptake while higher light decreases it.
Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Plants are able to absorb essential elements through their leaves. The absorption takes place through their stomata and also through their epidermis.
Drought stress and tolerance mechanisms in cropsMohaned Mohammed
Drought stress accounts for more crop production losses than any other factor. The presentation discusses the causes and effects of drought stress on plants and various tolerance mechanisms. It outlines that drought avoidance mechanisms include increased water absorption and transport, deep root systems, and reduced transpiration. Physiological responses include osmolyte accumulation, antioxidant production, and hormonal changes. Developing crops with drought tolerant traits through both conventional and molecular breeding approaches will be important for improving productivity under increasing drought conditions from climate change.
Water Stress in Plant: Causes, Effects and ResponsesSukhveerSingh31
Drought, as an abiotic stress, is multidimensional in nature, and it affects plants at various levels of their organization.Drought stress effects can be managed by production of most appropriate plant genotypes, seed priming, plant growth regulators, use of osmoprotectants, silicon and some other strategies.
Drought stress effects can be managed by production of most appropriate plant genotypes, seed priming, plant growth regulators, use of osmoprotectants, silicon and some other strategies.
1) The document discusses rainfed agriculture in India, which occupies 67% of cultivated land but produces 44% of food grains. It defines dry farming, dryland farming and rainfed farming based on annual rainfall.
2) It provides a brief history of developments in rainfed agriculture in India starting from the 1920s, including establishment of research stations and institutions.
3) The document outlines several problems faced in rainfed agriculture like inadequate and uneven rainfall distribution, long gaps between rainfall, early/late monsoon onset, early cessation of rains, and prolonged dry spells. It provides solutions to address each problem.
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
This document summarizes information about rootstocks and their effects in different fruit crops. It discusses that a rootstock is the lower portion of a grafted plant that develops the root system. There are two main types of rootstocks - seedling and clonal. An ideal rootstock confers compatibility, disease/pest resistance, and positive effects on scion growth and quality. The document then examines specific rootstocks used in mango, citrus, and apple crops and their effects on traits like tree size, yield, quality, and stress tolerance of the scion cultivars. Different rootstocks can impart dwarfing, alter nutrient uptake, provide salt tolerance, and influence fruit characteristics and production in the grafted plants.
This document provides an overview of organic farming principles and history. It contains:
1) Definitions of organic farming emphasizing avoiding synthetic inputs and relying on natural systems and materials.
2) A brief history tracing traditional farming methods, then the rise of artificial fertilizers in the 18th-20th centuries.
3) Details on various organic farming methods like Rishi Krishi, Panchgavya Krishi, and Natural Farming which utilize natural inputs.
4) Principles of organic farming focused on soil health, ecology, fairness and care.
Management Practices for Improving Water Use Efficiency.pptxanju bala
Water use efficiency
Production (of crops) per unit of water applied.
Expressed in kg/ha-mm.
Two distinct terms are used in expressing water use efficiency:
Crop water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the amount of water depleted by the crop in the process of evapotranspiration (ET).
Crop WUE = Y/ET
Field water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the total amount of water used in the field (WR), which include ET, deep percolation and that used in plant metabolic processes.
Field WUE = Y/WR
Flooded soils – formation, characteristics and managementMahiiKarthii
Flooded soils, also known as hydric soils, form when soils are saturated with water for a sufficiently long time each year, resulting in gley horizons from oxidation-reduction processes. Flooded soils have three zones - an upper partially oxidized organic matter-rich zone, a mottled middle zone where oxidation and reduction occur, and a lower permanently reduced bluish-green zone. Physical, chemical, and biological changes occur in flooded soils, including soil compaction, puddling, accumulation of gases like carbon dioxide, and changes in redox potential and pH. Management of flooded soils involves drainage installation, controlled irrigation, crop selection, and planting of trees with high transpiration rates to remove excess water.
Seed treatment involves subjecting seeds to compounds, processes, or energy to enhance planting value. Historically, seeds were steeped in substances like milk, cow dung, and honey according to Indian scripts. Modern seed treatment effectively controls many seed-borne diseases. Methods include coating seeds with chemicals, pelleting seeds with pesticides and nutrients, and priming seeds by soaking in osmotic solutions. This stimulates germination without radicle emergence. Seed treatment offers local application, reduced rates, protection from sowing, and systemic uptake by plants. Major crops are often treated with fungicides, biocontrol agents like Trichoderma, or insecticides to control various diseases and pests.
This document provides an overview of integrated nutrient management (INM). It begins with introductions and headings submitted by M. Ashok Naik to Dr. P. Kavitha regarding a report on INM. It then defines INM as the optimization of all plant nutrient sources, including organic, inorganic, and biofertilizers, to maintain soil fertility and maximize crop yields. The document discusses the concepts, components, classification, and advantages of INM. It also summarizes different organic manure sources like farm yard manure, compost, vermicompost, and their composition and benefits. Finally, it provides details on brown manuring as a no-till practice for organic matter addition and weed control.
Unit 1 lecture-1 soil fertility and soil productivityLuxmiKantTripathi
The document discusses the concepts of soil fertility and productivity, outlining key factors that affect each such as parent material, climate, organic matter and crop management practices. It also reviews the history of understanding soil fertility from ancient Greek and Roman scholars to modern scientists who established theories of plant nutrition and developed agricultural experiments. The overall goal is for students to understand essential plant nutrients and their roles in agriculture and crop production.
Global climate change and increasing climatic variability are recently considered a huge concern worldwide due to enormous emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and its more apparent effect on fruit crops because of its perennial nature. The changed climatic parameters affect the crop physiology, biochemistry, floral biology, biotic stresses like disease-pest incidence, etc., and ultimately resulted to the reduction of yield and quality of fruit crops. So, it is big challenge to the scientists of the world.
Allelopathy is the chemical inhibition of one plant (or other organism) by another, due to the release into the environment of substances acting as germination or growth inhibitors.
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
Stress and strain terminology, Nature of stress injury, resistance and causes of stress
Vajinder Pal Kalra Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana
1. Stress refers to adverse environmental conditions that negatively impact plant growth and development, while strain refers to the physical or chemical changes that occur in plants in response to stress.
2. Stress can cause direct injury to plants through damage to proteins, membranes and other structures, as well as indirect injury by disrupting metabolism.
3. Plants have developed various mechanisms of resistance and tolerance to stress, including avoidance, escape, and tolerance strategies that allow plants to survive under adverse conditions.
The document summarizes plant responses to different types of stress. It discusses how plants can avoid or tolerate stress through mechanisms like osmotic adjustment, accumulation of compatible solutes, and heat shock protein production. Stress can be biotic, imposed by other organisms, or abiotic arising from environmental deficits or excesses. Abiotic stresses discussed include drought, high salinity, temperature extremes, and oxidative stress from pollutants. Stress triggers changes in gene expression and metabolism that help plants withstand damaging conditions.
Mechanisms of adaptation to drought and waterlogging in Brachiaria grassesCIAT
Drought and waterlogging are major abiotic stresses that limit the productivity of Brachiaria forage grasses. Little attention has been given to separate productivity under drought or waterlogging, from coping mechanisms in Brachiaria forage grasses. Wide phenotypic variation exists among Brachiaria grasses to cope with these stresses. This presentation will cover : 1) the current knowledge of morpho-physiological mechanisms and functional adaptations of Brachiaria spp cultivars to cope with these stresses and 2) the use of sensors and digital image analysis for the non-destructive and automated analysis of Brachiaria growth and performance at different time scales.
This document discusses various types of environmental stresses that can affect plant growth including drought, high or low temperatures, excessive soil salinity, and inadequate minerals in the soil. It describes different mechanisms by which plants can adapt to or tolerate drought conditions, such as escaping drought by having a short lifecycle, avoiding stress through stomatal regulation and increased photosynthetic efficiency, and tolerating stress through enhanced water conservation and storage abilities. The document focuses on defining and classifying different types of drought, as well as adaptation strategies employed by crops to survive in drought environments.
Foliar nutrition uptake and factors affecting it. Key points:
1) Nutrients can be absorbed by leaves through stomata or cuticles. Uptake depends on factors like concentration, solubility, pH, and environmental conditions.
2) Nutrients must penetrate the cuticle or enter stomata and then transport through plant tissues. Concentration gradients and permeability influence penetration.
3) Environmental factors like humidity, temperature, light intensity impact uptake. Higher humidity and temperatures increase uptake while higher light decreases it.
Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Plants are able to absorb essential elements through their leaves. The absorption takes place through their stomata and also through their epidermis.
Drought stress and tolerance mechanisms in cropsMohaned Mohammed
Drought stress accounts for more crop production losses than any other factor. The presentation discusses the causes and effects of drought stress on plants and various tolerance mechanisms. It outlines that drought avoidance mechanisms include increased water absorption and transport, deep root systems, and reduced transpiration. Physiological responses include osmolyte accumulation, antioxidant production, and hormonal changes. Developing crops with drought tolerant traits through both conventional and molecular breeding approaches will be important for improving productivity under increasing drought conditions from climate change.
Water Stress in Plant: Causes, Effects and ResponsesSukhveerSingh31
Drought, as an abiotic stress, is multidimensional in nature, and it affects plants at various levels of their organization.Drought stress effects can be managed by production of most appropriate plant genotypes, seed priming, plant growth regulators, use of osmoprotectants, silicon and some other strategies.
Drought stress effects can be managed by production of most appropriate plant genotypes, seed priming, plant growth regulators, use of osmoprotectants, silicon and some other strategies.
1) The document discusses rainfed agriculture in India, which occupies 67% of cultivated land but produces 44% of food grains. It defines dry farming, dryland farming and rainfed farming based on annual rainfall.
2) It provides a brief history of developments in rainfed agriculture in India starting from the 1920s, including establishment of research stations and institutions.
3) The document outlines several problems faced in rainfed agriculture like inadequate and uneven rainfall distribution, long gaps between rainfall, early/late monsoon onset, early cessation of rains, and prolonged dry spells. It provides solutions to address each problem.
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
This document summarizes information about rootstocks and their effects in different fruit crops. It discusses that a rootstock is the lower portion of a grafted plant that develops the root system. There are two main types of rootstocks - seedling and clonal. An ideal rootstock confers compatibility, disease/pest resistance, and positive effects on scion growth and quality. The document then examines specific rootstocks used in mango, citrus, and apple crops and their effects on traits like tree size, yield, quality, and stress tolerance of the scion cultivars. Different rootstocks can impart dwarfing, alter nutrient uptake, provide salt tolerance, and influence fruit characteristics and production in the grafted plants.
This document provides an overview of organic farming principles and history. It contains:
1) Definitions of organic farming emphasizing avoiding synthetic inputs and relying on natural systems and materials.
2) A brief history tracing traditional farming methods, then the rise of artificial fertilizers in the 18th-20th centuries.
3) Details on various organic farming methods like Rishi Krishi, Panchgavya Krishi, and Natural Farming which utilize natural inputs.
4) Principles of organic farming focused on soil health, ecology, fairness and care.
Management Practices for Improving Water Use Efficiency.pptxanju bala
Water use efficiency
Production (of crops) per unit of water applied.
Expressed in kg/ha-mm.
Two distinct terms are used in expressing water use efficiency:
Crop water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the amount of water depleted by the crop in the process of evapotranspiration (ET).
Crop WUE = Y/ET
Field water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the total amount of water used in the field (WR), which include ET, deep percolation and that used in plant metabolic processes.
Field WUE = Y/WR
Flooded soils – formation, characteristics and managementMahiiKarthii
Flooded soils, also known as hydric soils, form when soils are saturated with water for a sufficiently long time each year, resulting in gley horizons from oxidation-reduction processes. Flooded soils have three zones - an upper partially oxidized organic matter-rich zone, a mottled middle zone where oxidation and reduction occur, and a lower permanently reduced bluish-green zone. Physical, chemical, and biological changes occur in flooded soils, including soil compaction, puddling, accumulation of gases like carbon dioxide, and changes in redox potential and pH. Management of flooded soils involves drainage installation, controlled irrigation, crop selection, and planting of trees with high transpiration rates to remove excess water.
Seed treatment involves subjecting seeds to compounds, processes, or energy to enhance planting value. Historically, seeds were steeped in substances like milk, cow dung, and honey according to Indian scripts. Modern seed treatment effectively controls many seed-borne diseases. Methods include coating seeds with chemicals, pelleting seeds with pesticides and nutrients, and priming seeds by soaking in osmotic solutions. This stimulates germination without radicle emergence. Seed treatment offers local application, reduced rates, protection from sowing, and systemic uptake by plants. Major crops are often treated with fungicides, biocontrol agents like Trichoderma, or insecticides to control various diseases and pests.
This document provides an overview of integrated nutrient management (INM). It begins with introductions and headings submitted by M. Ashok Naik to Dr. P. Kavitha regarding a report on INM. It then defines INM as the optimization of all plant nutrient sources, including organic, inorganic, and biofertilizers, to maintain soil fertility and maximize crop yields. The document discusses the concepts, components, classification, and advantages of INM. It also summarizes different organic manure sources like farm yard manure, compost, vermicompost, and their composition and benefits. Finally, it provides details on brown manuring as a no-till practice for organic matter addition and weed control.
Unit 1 lecture-1 soil fertility and soil productivityLuxmiKantTripathi
The document discusses the concepts of soil fertility and productivity, outlining key factors that affect each such as parent material, climate, organic matter and crop management practices. It also reviews the history of understanding soil fertility from ancient Greek and Roman scholars to modern scientists who established theories of plant nutrition and developed agricultural experiments. The overall goal is for students to understand essential plant nutrients and their roles in agriculture and crop production.
Global climate change and increasing climatic variability are recently considered a huge concern worldwide due to enormous emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and its more apparent effect on fruit crops because of its perennial nature. The changed climatic parameters affect the crop physiology, biochemistry, floral biology, biotic stresses like disease-pest incidence, etc., and ultimately resulted to the reduction of yield and quality of fruit crops. So, it is big challenge to the scientists of the world.
Allelopathy is the chemical inhibition of one plant (or other organism) by another, due to the release into the environment of substances acting as germination or growth inhibitors.
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
Stress and strain terminology, Nature of stress injury, resistance and causes of stress
Vajinder Pal Kalra Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana
1. Stress refers to adverse environmental conditions that negatively impact plant growth and development, while strain refers to the physical or chemical changes that occur in plants in response to stress.
2. Stress can cause direct injury to plants through damage to proteins, membranes and other structures, as well as indirect injury by disrupting metabolism.
3. Plants have developed various mechanisms of resistance and tolerance to stress, including avoidance, escape, and tolerance strategies that allow plants to survive under adverse conditions.
The document summarizes plant responses to different types of stress. It discusses how plants can avoid or tolerate stress through mechanisms like osmotic adjustment, accumulation of compatible solutes, and heat shock protein production. Stress can be biotic, imposed by other organisms, or abiotic arising from environmental deficits or excesses. Abiotic stresses discussed include drought, high salinity, temperature extremes, and oxidative stress from pollutants. Stress triggers changes in gene expression and metabolism that help plants withstand damaging conditions.
Mechanisms of adaptation to drought and waterlogging in Brachiaria grassesCIAT
Drought and waterlogging are major abiotic stresses that limit the productivity of Brachiaria forage grasses. Little attention has been given to separate productivity under drought or waterlogging, from coping mechanisms in Brachiaria forage grasses. Wide phenotypic variation exists among Brachiaria grasses to cope with these stresses. This presentation will cover : 1) the current knowledge of morpho-physiological mechanisms and functional adaptations of Brachiaria spp cultivars to cope with these stresses and 2) the use of sensors and digital image analysis for the non-destructive and automated analysis of Brachiaria growth and performance at different time scales.
The document summarizes plant stress responses to both abiotic and biotic stresses. It discusses how plants detect stress signals and trigger responses across multiple levels, from gene expression changes to production of protective proteins and metabolites. Stress responses aim to acclimate the plant and prevent damage through avoidance, tolerance and adaptation mechanisms. Key responses include production of heat shock proteins under heat stress, osmolytes for drought and salt tolerance, and pathogenesis-related proteins and phytoalexins as antimicrobial defenses against pathogens.
Moisture extremes, A-biotic stresses in plants.Zohaib Hassan
This document discusses the effects of water stress on plants. It notes that both water deficiency and excess can injure plants, with symptoms including wilted leaves, reduced growth, and discolored or necrotic foliage. Short-term water deficit may cause minor wilting while chronic deficit results in more severe impacts like stunted growth. Excess water can also stress plants by reducing oxygen to roots, potentially leading to root damage and disease issues. The document provides recommendations for managing water stress through crop selection and irrigation timing.
This document discusses breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses like drought, salt, and cold in fruit crops. It provides information on the characteristics, effects, and mechanisms of different abiotic stresses. It also outlines strategies for breeding resistance, including selecting from cultivated varieties, landraces, and wild relatives. The key mechanisms of resistance include avoidance, tolerance, and acclimation. Traits like early maturity, reduced transpiration, and accumulating osmolytes can provide drought and salt resistance.
Project report submitted to the compatibleVelentina Das
This document is a project report submitted by Velentina Das to fulfill the requirements for a Master of Science degree in Environmental Science at Tezpur University. The report studies the effect of low moisture stress on two pulse crops: black gram and green gram. It analyzes various morpho-physiological parameters and yield responses in the two crops under conditions of low moisture stress and recovery from such stress. The objectives are to examine the impact of low moisture stress on important plant parameters and yields, and to determine how the parameters change during recovery from stress.
estimation of moisture index and aridity indexMitesh Dharva
This document discusses methods of estimating soil moisture content and the aridity index. It provides definitions and formulas for the moisture index and describes Thornthwaite's classification system with moisture index ranges for different climate types from perhumid to arid. Direct methods like gravimetric and indirect methods using instruments like tensiometers, gypsum blocks, and neutron probes are outlined. The document also covers soil water concepts like field capacity, wilting point, and the soil moisture characteristic curve.
Physiological Assessments of Sweet Sorghum Inoculated with Azospirillumbrasi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—Some factors, such as yield increase and production cost reduction, must still be assessed as a way toimprove the sweet sorghum success prospects. The use of plant growth regulator mixtures has shown significant results in crop yield.Nitrogen assimilation stands out as one of the main limiting factors in plant production. Given the physiological effects of plant growth regulators and their mode of action in the photosynthetic metabolism, the aim of the current study is to assess the physiological responses of sweet sorghum plants inoculated with Azospirillum brasilenseto the use of nitrogen fertilization and plant growth regulators. The experiment comprised split plots, with four repetitions. The treatments comprised nitrogen (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1) and biostimulant levels (0, 300, 400, 500 and 600 mL ha-1) in sweet sorghum culture inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense. Variables such as gas exchange and total recoverable sugars (TRS%) were assessed. The application of plant growth regulator at the dose 440.7 ml ha-1 showed the highest photosynthetic efficiency up to 46 DAE. According to the experimental conditions, the plant growth regulator treatment had no effect on the TRS %. It is concluded that the plant growth regulator did not affect the production of sugars by the plant.
The document discusses water deficit, which refers to a situation where available water within a region is less than demand. It notes that while most developed countries supply drinking water, only a small portion is actually consumed, with the rest used for washing and landscaping. Nearly 1 billion people worldwide do not have access to safe drinking water, which can lead to diseases from pathogens or toxins if used for drinking or food preparation. Solutions and further resources on the topic are provided.
Xeriscape: Seven Steps to a Water-Wise Landscape, Make Every Drop Count - Geo...Simm846q
The document provides seven steps for creating a water-wise landscape called Xeriscape. Step 5 recommends designing an efficient irrigation system according to plant water needs and using drip irrigation which uses 30-50% less water than sprinklers. Step 6 recommends using mulches to retain soil moisture and minimize water evaporation. Step 7 notes that a Xeriscape requires less maintenance through water, fertilizer and pruning which encourages new growth and increased water needs.
This document discusses the importance of turfgrass roots. It explains that roots take up nutrients and water, store carbohydrates, and help control erosion. Root hairs are particularly important for absorption. Roots also have a symbiotic relationship with soil microorganisms, exchanging carbohydrates for benefits like improved nutrient uptake. Proper root growth is key to supporting a healthy, green turf above ground.
Can changes in root anatomical traits during stress enhance drought & Salini...kabeya
There are array of ways of studying plant response to drought or any kind of stress, ranging from physiological, morphological, cellular level, biochemical, anatomical or even at molecular level. This presentation deals or shows how plant tissues can respond under stress at anatomical level and hence contribution to tolerance.
This document summarizes drought resistant turf grass species for Colorado. It discusses the drought responses and resistance mechanisms of various grasses, including avoidance, tolerance and escape. It provides examples of grasses with different resistance strategies, such as Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue. Tables list the water needs and rankings of different grasses. Recommended varieties of Kentucky bluegrass, tall fescue and buffalograss are outlined for drought resistance and heavy use. Developing a turf-type saltgrass is also discussed.
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• Plants experience water stress either when the water supply to their roots becomes limiting or when the transpiration rate becomes intense.
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5. EFFECTS OF WATER DEFICITS ON
PHYSIOLOGICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND
BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
1. Water deficit at cellular level
i. Cell Division: It is less affected as compared to cell
elongation.
ii. Ex. Radish leaves DNA content reduced to 40% of
control leaves at W.P. of -2 bars and to 20% at -8 bar.
iii. Cell Enlargement: Reduction in T.P. causes in cell
enlargement, which in turn decreases root and shoot
elongation.
iv. Also interferes with stomatal opening.
6. 2. Leaf Expansion : In maize, rate of leaf enlargement
is greatest when leaf water potential is in the range -1.5
to -2.5 bars.
As leaf water potential falls to -9 to -10 bars, leaf
elongation vertically ceases, photosy. Was slightly
impaired.
3. Turgor: Lag in absorption behind transpiration → loss
in turgor → due to rise in transpiration→ due to
increase in atmospheric dryness with onset of drought.
4. Plant structures:
Leaf area, cell size & intercellular volume are usually
decreased.
Cutinization, hairiness, stomatal frequency and
thickness of both palisade layers increased.
7. 5. Root development: It is affected by soil
water potential in a number of ways
In G’nut & wheat wt. of root decreased but
number of root is same approx.
Roots grow towards water in the soil.
6. Photosynthesis: Water stress can reduced
photosy.by
Reduction in leaf area
Closure of stomata
Reduction in activity of dehydrated
protoplasmic machinery
Reduce photosyn. surface
8. Reduce the production of dry matter
The leaf water potential at which stomata close
varies with
A. Position of the leaf
B. Leaf age
C. Growth condition
D. Rate of stress
7. Respiration: It increases in early stage
afterwards decreases as it is severe.
Severe dehydration of tissues caused a burst of
respiration in some species results of hydrolysis of
starch to sugars
9. In general reduction in photosynthesis, commences
W.P. commences to zero.
It decline more or less turgor pressure to a value of
zero.
8.Distribution of assimilates: Distribution pathway
is highly resistant to water stress.
Velocity of assimilatory movement was influenced
by water stress as low as -30 bars in wheat.
Effect of water deficit distribution of assimilates to
various plant organs will depends on
I. Stage & development of plants
II. Pre-history of stress
III. Degree of stress
IV. Degree of sensitivity to stress of organs
10. 9.Photorespiration: It is unaffected
by short term stress in certain
conditions but substrate for
photorespiration depleted.
10.Protoplasmic effects of water
deficit: Removal of water surrounding
protein molecules may cause changes
in configuration affecting permeability,
hydration, viscosity & enzyme activity.
11. 11. Carbohydrate metabolism: In cotton as a
result of stress, the sugar content increases &
starch content decreases.
By contrast, in stems, the conc. Of both sugars and
starch increases indicating reduced water supply
not only affects photosynthesis but also the ability
of plants to utilize the products of photosyn.is still
more impaired.
12. Enzyme activity: In maize increase in water
stress cause nitrate reductase activity decline at
much greater rate than peroxidase activity.
Levels of enzymes involving hydrolysis and
degradation usually either remains same or
increase.
12. 13. Nitrogen metabolism: Hydrolysis of proteins
occur in wilted plants is accompanied by increased
amino acids.
Synthesis of RNA & proteins are decreased in
sugar beet before visible wilting occurs.
14. Nucleic acid: its synthesis is unaffected by
moderate stress in older leaves, but Rnase activity
increases which degrade RNA.
Reduced growth of stressed seedling due to
alternation of nucleotide composition Of the RNA.
13. 15. Ageing: It produces changes in the course of
protein synthesis and water stress greatly
accelerate the change normally associated with
senescence.
16. Growth regulators:
A. ABA: In water stress plants , ABA synthesized
and released from mesophyll to chloroplast and
travels to guard cells where it
a. Inhibit K+ uptake
b. Inhibit H+ release
c. Promote leakage of malate from guard cells.
These effects cause guard cells to lose turgor.
Loss of turgor decreases stomatal aperture.
14. B. Cytokinins: In stressed sunflower plants,
cytokinin content in root exudates was reduced.
In detached lettuce leaves, water stress had the
effects of decreasing cytokinin as ABA increased.
C. Gibberellins: GA declined in tomato shoot, root
following stress applied by flooding roots.
D. Auxins: IAA in sorghum leaves decreased as a
result of water stress.
Water stress can directly affect the action of IAA in
shoots.
E. Ethylene: In cotton plants, water stress induced
abscission of leaves that is promoted by plants.
15. Water stress in cotton, bean plants, ethylene level
are elevated rapidly in both leaves and petioles.
17.Reproductive and grain development:
A. flowering: Moisture regimes during this period
largely determines the no. of fruits which will be
produced.
B. Fruit enlargement: Severe stress during this
period results in small or shriveled grains.
C. Ripening: Water stress has no effect on yield
component but may effect length of ripening period.
16. 18. Crop yield: Effect of water stress
on yield depends on stage at which it
occurs.
At early stage, no. of primordial
branches may be reduced.
Drastic effect of stress was observed
at flowering stage.
17. EFFECTS ON CEREALS
On floral initiation, anthesis (wheat&
rice).
At ripening stage (reduc. in test wt.).
Plant height, leaf area.
Leaf rolling, drying, premature death of
leaf.
Reduc. in photosyn. & dry matter
production.
18. EFFECTS ON PULSES & FRUIT CROPS
• Flower abortion .
• Stress during pod filling reduces test weight.
• In fruits, shedding of fruits. Ex. June drop of
apples & citrus.
• In some cases, drought prevails causes
premature flowering which results in
reduced yield, size of pods, seeds & fruits.
19. MOST SENSITIVE STAGES OF MAJOR CROPS
1. Rice: panicle initiation, flag leaf & milky
2. Sorghum: booting & flowering
3. Maize: tasseling & silking
4. Groundnut: peg penetration & pod development
5. Sunflower: head formation and early grain
forming
6. Pearl millet: booting & flowering
7. Finger millet: flowering
8. Soybean: flowering & pod filling
9. Cotton : square formation & boll development
10. Black & Green gram: flow. & early pod develop.
20. EFFECTS OF STRESS IN MAIZE
Tasseling and silking stage ( most
harmful) , grain filling reduc. yield
drastically than at vegetative stage.
Pollen develop. slower leads to reduc.
fertility → reduc. in grain no. wt. per
ear.
During anthesis shorten duration of
grain filling by causing premature
desiccation of endosperm & by limiting
embryo volume.
21. EFFECT OF WATER STRESS IN
SUNFLOWER
Drought tolerant crop
Deeper root system → due to stress at
veg. stage
Yield and oil content decreases
Interesting fact
1. under normal cond. Oil content and
seed is high than seed protein content.
2. In mild stress cond. Seed protein
content high in hybrids than that of oil
content.
22. EFFECTS OF WATER IN SOYBEAN
Leaf expansion rate reduced
Leaf flipping movement seen
Water stress causes early flowering & reproductive
growth
Leaf clamping
Effect of water stress in
groundnut:
Fairly drought tolerant
Low rainfall, prolonged dry spell decrease its yield
Photosyn. , carbohy. ,chlorophyll , enzymatic
activity ,internodal length , pod & kernel
development reduced.
23. EFFECTS OF WATER STRESS IN COTTON
o Affect both production & distribution of
carbohydrates.
o Reduction of leaf area
o Mummified dry bolls ( younger bolls)
o Older bolls size reduced
o Stress during peak flowering and early pod
develop. reduced yield
24. GROWTH STAGES REDUCTION IN YIELD
WITH ONE DAY OF
STRESS(Kg lint/ha)
Squaring 9.2
Peak flowering 18.8
Late flowering 16.1
Boll maturation 3.6
Hearn and Constable 1984
25. METHODS FOR MITIGATE ADVERSE
CONDITIONS OF WATER STRESS IN CROPS
1. RICE:
a) Seed hardening KCl 1% with CCC 50 ppm & foliar
spray of 1000ppm CCC → increased grain yield
up to 5723 kg/ha
b) Foliar spray of murate of potash 2% at flower
initiation → 400 kg/ha
c) Foliar spray of 0.3 ppm of brassinolide at panicle
initiation and flowering → 605t/ha
2. SORGHUM : kaolin 3% foliar spray → 10%
26. 3.RAGI: Seeds treated with CCC 5 ppm → 12%
4. BAJRA: Combined spray of 0.5% ZnSO4 & 0.5%
CuSO4 together with boric acid 0.2% → 16.8%
Soaking Bajra seed with 2% KCl or NaCl for 16 hrs
→ 329 kg/ha
5.SOYBEAN: Kaolin 3% or liquid paraffin at 1% as
foliar spray → 10%
Foliar spray of salicylic acid 100 mg/lit on 30 & 45
DAS → 16%
6.BLACKGRAM: Foliar spray of KCl at 0.5% during
flowering → 100 kg/ha
28. BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF WATER STRESS
1.Moderate water stress improved the quality of
Apples, Pears, Peaches and Plums.
2.Water stress increases the alkaloid content in
datura.
3.Water stress increases the percentage of oil in
soybean but decreases the yield of oil per acre.
4.Protein content of wheat increased by water
stress during maturation.
5. Although water stress decreases total vegetative
growth , it generally increases the rubber content in
rubber plants.
29. WATER STRESS IN RELATION TO DISEASES
AND INSECT RESISTANCE
1. Development of bark cankers is usually
correlated with decreased water content of
the bark.
2.The incidence of blossom end rot of
tomato fruits is said to be higher on plants
subjected to severe water stress.
3. Trees with low water stress have high
oleoresin exudation pressures, which
seems to be unfavorable to the
establishment of beetles.
33. TREATM
ENTS
WATER STRESS NORMAL WATER CONDITI
ON
NITROG
EN
(mg/pot) NITROG
EN
(mg/pot)
GRAIN STRAW TOTAL GRAIN STRAW TOTAL
UNINOCUL
ATED
62.0 59.0 121.0 182.0 72.0 254.0
Os 4 71.0 23.0 94.0 202.0 69.0 271.0
Ew24 93.0 40.0 133.0 250.0 107.0 357.0
11a 124.0 51.0 175.0 252.0 85.0 337.0
17bt 150.0 87.0 237.0 263.0 96.0 359.0
M 10 132.0 81.0 213.0 260.0 71.0 331.0
Os 2 162.0 53.0 216.0 207.0 73.0 280.0
SEm± 6.4 5.8 4.4 11.9 4.0 8.7
C.D.(0.05
)
18.5 16.8 12.7 25.8 24.6 13.7
Indian journal of plant phy.(april-june,1997) Sangeeta paul IARI newdelhi
34. LEAF EXPANSION IN
BRASSICA SPECIES IN
RESPONSE TO WATER
STRESS (LEAF WATER
POTENTIAL,R.W.C. , &
SOLUTE POTENTIAL AT
ZERO TURGOR IN
BRASSICA SPECIES)
35. SPS./STRESS
TREATMENT
LEAF W.P.(MPa) R.W.C. S.P AT ZERO
T.P.(MPa)
BEFORE STRESS PERIOD
B.juncea -0.45 0.81 -1.01
B.napus -0.64 0.94 -1.32
END OF STRESS PERIOD
B.J Control -0.89 0.78 -1.14
Stressed -1.33 0.74 -1.49
B.N Control -0.98 0.81 -1.24
Stressed -1.58 0.69 -1.57
AFTER REWATERING, TWENTY FOUR HOURS
B.J Control -0.85 0.76 -1.20
Stressed -1.14 0.72 -1.38
B.N Control -0.90 0.81 -1.27
Stressed -1.24 0.74 -1.50
36. EFFECT OF WATER& RECOVERY ON LEAF
AREA (CM SQUARE/PLANT)
SPECIES STRESS PERIOD RECOVERY PERIOD
CONTROL STRESSED CONTROL STRESSED
B. juncea 135.0 106.8 149.4 125.2
B.napus 81.5 70.2 102.5 81.0
A.KUMAR & J.ELSTON
37. EFFECT OF WATER STRESS
ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND
WATER RELATIONS OF WHEAT
VARIETIES (EFFECT OF WATER
STRESS ON STOMATAL
RESISTANCE &
PHOTOSYNTHESISOF WHEAT
VARIETIES)
38. VARIET
Y
TREAT
MENT
STOMATAL RESIST
ANCE
(S/cm
inverse
)
NET PHOTO
SYN. (P
net)
(µl
CO2
per m
sq. sec
inverse
T.S. A.S. S.D.S. T.S. A.S. S.D.S.
C-306 Control 1.32 2.97 2.63 10.86 15.54 6.18
Drought 2.17 4.34 8.16 9.74 11.66 4.64
Reirriga
ted
1.40 3.10 3.08 11.30 14.02 6.00
Kalyans
ona
Control 1.14 2.58 2.91 13.56 16.58 8.02
Drought 1.33 3.2 8.53 5.70 7.84 3.14
Reirriga
ted
1.18 2.87 3.16 13.62 13.62 8.20
D.C.Uprety and G.S. Sirohi, IARI New Delhi
40. VARIETI
ES
Stem
CONTRO
L
Leaf Seed
HG-75 1.841 1.951 1.738 2.271 0.675 0.573
IC-11521 1.894 1.500 2.044 1.379 0.864 0.483
DURGAJ
AY
2.357 2.820 2.234 2.987 1.097 1.172
FS-277 1.466 1.763 1.594 2.034 0.927 0.643
19-1-55 2.079 1.637 1.445 1.623 0.902 0.920
CONTROL STRESS CONTROL STRESSSTRESS
EFFECT OF WATER STRESS ON DRY WEIGHT OF STEM,LEAF,SEEDS IN FIVE
GUAR VAR.AT HARVEST.(CLUSTER BEAN) (g/plant)
SOURCE: INDIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT
PHYSIOLOGY M.S Kuhad and I.S Sheoran
42. RESPONSE OF AVENA SPECIES
LEAF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND
STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE TO
WATER STRESS (RATIO OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS(Pn) &
STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE (gs)
OF OAT SPECIES IN RESPONSE
TO WATER STRESS AT
VEGETATIVE AND FLOWERING
STAGES OF CROP GROWTH.
44. EFFECT OF ETHEREL ON
SOME MORPHOLOGICAL &
BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS
IN SOYABEAN GERMINATING
UNDER MOISTURE STRESS (
EFFECT OF MOISTURE
STRESS ON GERMINATION,
VIGOUR INDEX &
GERMINATION RELATIVE
INDEX)