1) The document discusses rainfed agriculture in India, which occupies 67% of cultivated land but produces 44% of food grains. It defines dry farming, dryland farming and rainfed farming based on annual rainfall. 2) It provides a brief history of developments in rainfed agriculture in India starting from the 1920s, including establishment of research stations and institutions. 3) The document outlines several problems faced in rainfed agriculture like inadequate and uneven rainfall distribution, long gaps between rainfall, early/late monsoon onset, early cessation of rains, and prolonged dry spells. It provides solutions to address each problem.

1. Lecture 1. Rainfed agriculture:
Introduction, types and History . Problems
and Prospects of Rainfed farming in India
Prepared By: Dr. Pooja Goswami
Assistant Professor
Department of Agronomy
College of Agriculture, Balaghat

2. Introduction
Dryland agriculture has a distinct place in Indian agriculture,
occupying around 67 % of the cultivated area, contributing to
nearly 44 % of food grains and supporting 40 % of human and
60 % of livestock population. Most (80-90 %) of the pulses,
oilseeds and millets are confined to dryland ecosystems.
Dryland Agriculture refers to growing of crops entirely under
rainfed conditions.

3. Based on the amount of rainfall received, dryland agriculture can be
grouped into three categories:
Dry Farming: Cultivation of crops in areas where average annual rainfall is less
than 750 mm per annum. Crop failure is most common due to prolonged dry
spells during the crop period. These are arid regions with a growing season
(period of adequate soil moisture) less than 75 days. Moisture conservation
practices are necessary for crop production.
Dryland Farming: Cultivation of crops in areas receiving rainfall from 750 to
1150 mm per annum. In spite of prolonged dry spells crop failure is relatively less
frequent. These are semi-arid tracts with a growing period between 75 and 120
days. Moisture conservation practices are necessary for crop production.
However, adequate drainage is required especially for vertisols or black soils.
Rain fed Farming: Cultivation of crops in regions receiving more than 1,150
mm per annum. Crops are not subjected to soil moisture stress during the crop
period. Emphasis is often on disposal of excess water. These are humid regions
with growing period more than 120 days.

4. Particular Dry Farming Dryland Farming Rainfed Farming
Rainfall/annum
(mm)
< 750 750 - 1150 > 1150
Moisture
Availability
Acute shortage Shortage Enough
Crop growing season < 75 days 75 – 120 days > 120 days
Growing region Arid Semi arid Humid
Cropping
systems
Single crop/ Inter
cropping
Single crop/ multi
cropping
Inter cropping/
double cropping
Dry spells Most common Less frequent No occurrence
Crop failure More frequent Less frequent Rare
Constraints Wind erosion Wind erosion/ water
erosion
Water erosion
Measures
required
Moisture
conservation
practices
Moisture conservation
Practices & drainage
for vertisols
Proper drainage
require
Difference between Dry, Dryland and Rainfed Framing

5. Year chronology of Events
1920 Scarcity tract development given importance by the Royal Commission on
Agriculture
1923 Establishing Dryland Research Station at Manjri (Pune)
1933 Research Stations established at Bijapur and Solapur
1934 Research Stations established at Hagari and Raichur
1935 Research Station established at Rohtak (Punjab)
1944 Monograph on dry farming in India by N.V. Kanitkar, Bombay,Hyderabad
1953 Establishing Central Soil Conservation Board
1954 Establishing Soil and water conservation research institute at Dehradhun,
with Soil Conservation Centres
1959 Central arid zone research institute (CAZRI), Jodhpur
1970 Research Centres established under AICRPDA in 23 locations
1972 Establishment of ICRISAT, Hyderabad
1976 Establishment of Dryland Operational Research Projects
1983 Starting of 47 model watersheds under ICAR
1985 Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA) at Hyderabad
1990 National watershed development project for rainfed agriculture
(NWDPRA)
2006 National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA)
History of Rainfed Agriculture in India

6. 2. Problems and prospects of rainfed
agriculture in India:-
1)Inadequate and Uneven Distribution of
Rainfall : In general, the rainfall is low and highly
variable which results in uncertain crop yields. Besides its
uncertainty, the distribution of rainfall during the crop
period is uneven, receiving high amount of rain, when it is
not needed and lack of it when crop needs it.
(a) Cultivation of low water required crops
(b) Short duration crops grown
(c) Providing lifesaving irrigation

7. 2) Long Gap in Rainfall
a) Increase in seed rate to obtain more population
(b) Spraying of urea solution
(c) Providing lifesaving irrigation at critical growth
stages
(d) Weeding and intercultural operations
3) Early Onset of Monsoon
(a) Cultivate Pearl millet, Sesamum etc

8. 4) Late Onset of Monsoon
Due to late onset of monsoon, the sowing of crops are
delayed resulting in poor yields.
(a) Alternate crop & varieties: Castor (Aruna), green gram,
cowpea, sunflower
(b) Dry sowing
(c) Pre sowing
(d) Seed soaking/treatment
(e) Transplanting of one month old Bajra seedlings.
(f) Complete weed control
(g) Grow legumes/oilseed crops in place of cereals
(h) Most suitable crop for this condition is Sunflower.

9. 5) Early Cessation of Rains
Sometimes the rain may cease very early in the season
exposing the crop to drought during flowering and
maturity stages which reduces the crop yields
considerably
(a) Select short duration varieties
(b) Using mulching/mulches
(c) Lifesaving irrigation applied
(d) Decrease in plant population

10. 6) Prolonged Dry Spells
Long breaks in the rainy season is an important feature of Indian
monsoon. These intervening dry spells when prolonged during
crop period reduces crop growth and yield and when unduly
prolonged crops fail.
(a) If dry spell in 10 days of sowing, resowing
(b) If mild moisture stress at 30-35 days after sowing, thinning of
alternate rows of Sorghum and Pearl millet
(c) If severe moisture stress at 30-35 days after sowing, cuing of
sorghum and Pearl millet and rationing
(d) If moisture stress at blooming stage, cutting of sorghum and
Pearl millet and rationing
(e) Breaking of monsoon for short while, shallow inter cultivation
for eradicating weeds/soil mulch
(f) Wider spacing for moisture conservation

11. Continued….
(g) Spray of 2 per cent urea after drought period is
useful for indeterminate crops like castor, pigeon pea
and groundnut.
(h) Soil mulching to reduce evaporation losses
(i) In situ water harvesting
(j) Lifesaving irrigation
(k) Weed control to save water, nutrients etc.

12. 7) Low moisture retention capacity
The crops raised on red soils, and coarse textured soils
suffer due to lack of moisture whenever prolonged dry
spells occur due to their low moisture holding capacity.
Loss of rain water occurs as runoff due to undulating
and sloppy soils.
8) Low fertility of soils
Soil fertility has to be increased, but there is limited
scope for extensive use of chemical fertilizers due to
lack of adequate soil moisture.

13. In next sessions we will meet with
Soil and climatic conditions prevalent in
Rainfed areas
Thanking You,