This document summarizes common physiological disorders in various warm season vegetables. For tomatoes, it describes blossom end rot, blotchy ripening, puffiness, sunscald, and cracking; and provides causes and management strategies. For brinjal, it discusses fruit cracking and sunscald from tomatoes, as well as poor fruit set. It also summarizes disorders and their causes/management for chilli, sweet pepper, beans, okra, carrot, cucurbitaceous vegetables, sweet potato, and spinach.
This was presented by one of the group of students to our Asst. professors Mr. and Mrs. Poudel (Pathology) in 2017. By B.Sc.Ag Paklihawa IAAS campus, Full phase 6th batch
Wilt is a pernicious disease of guava in India.
In India the disease was first recorded near Allahabad in 1935 . The infection was reported 15 -30 %.
The disease is a serious threat to guava cultivation in U.P. In West Bengal it reduces the yield in affected orchard by 80% .
The disease is also prevalent in Haryana Rajasthan , A.P ,
Punjab and M.P.The exact cause of the disease is still not fully understood but the pathogens viz. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii (Prasad, Mehta & Lal), Rhizoctonia spp. (Taub.) and various pathogens are reported by different workers may be the incitant of the disease.
Survival and spread:
Through movement of plants containing sick soil in virgin areas.
Short distance spread is by water.
Root injury predisposes wilt disease.
It has forced uprooting of about 150 acre of guava orchard in Panjab and 300 acres in Haryana during 1971-81.
This was presented by one of the group of students to our Asst. professors Mr. and Mrs. Poudel (Pathology) in 2017. By B.Sc.Ag Paklihawa IAAS campus, Full phase 6th batch
Wilt is a pernicious disease of guava in India.
In India the disease was first recorded near Allahabad in 1935 . The infection was reported 15 -30 %.
The disease is a serious threat to guava cultivation in U.P. In West Bengal it reduces the yield in affected orchard by 80% .
The disease is also prevalent in Haryana Rajasthan , A.P ,
Punjab and M.P.The exact cause of the disease is still not fully understood but the pathogens viz. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii (Prasad, Mehta & Lal), Rhizoctonia spp. (Taub.) and various pathogens are reported by different workers may be the incitant of the disease.
Survival and spread:
Through movement of plants containing sick soil in virgin areas.
Short distance spread is by water.
Root injury predisposes wilt disease.
It has forced uprooting of about 150 acre of guava orchard in Panjab and 300 acres in Haryana during 1971-81.
Abiotic stress/ disorder is the negative impact of non-living factors such as, nutritional deficiencies, soil salinity, heat, cold, drought, flood and metal toxicity are the common adverse environmental conditions that affects and limit plant growth, productivity and quality of pineapple.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
4. • Common and destructive disorder
• Lesion appear at blossom end of fruit while it is
green
• Water-soaked spots appear at the point of
attachment of the senescent petals
• Affected portion becomes sunken, leathery and dark colored
Blossom end rot
CAUSES: Ca deficiency + High temperature + Irregular
moisture supply
•Balanced irrigation and staking
•Foliar spray of calcium chloride 0.5% at fruit development stage
MANAGEMENT
SYMPTOMS:
5. Blotchy Ripening
SYMPTOMS: Irregular ripening, green blotches over
red skin
CAUSES: Severe water stress, poor potassium uptake
and distribution in plants
MANAGEMENT:
•Regulated water supply during fruit development
•Foliar sprays of 0.5% potassium chloride
6. Puffiness
CAUSES:
• Low or high temperature
• Lack of pollination and fertilization
SYMPTOMS:
• The outer wall continues to develop normally
• But the growth of internal tissues is retarded
MANAGEMENT:
•Maintaining optimum soil moisture
•Avoid over irrigation
7. Sun scald
SYMPTOMS:
• Green or near green of fruits exposed to sun light
• The tissues have blistered, water soaked appearance
• Rapid desiccation leads sunken area on ripe fruits
MANAGEMENT:
• To grow cultivars with heavy foliage provide
protection to fruits
CAUSES: Excessive exposure to sun rays
8. Fruit cracking
CAUSES:
Rain after a long dry spell
SYMPTOMS:
• Radial cracking is more severe than concentric
cracking
• Cracking start from stem end in ripe fruits
• Concentric crack around the shoulders of green
fruit
MANAGEMENT
•Maintain optimum soil moisture
•Grow resistant cultivars
• Eg:Pusa ruby, Sioux, Roma, Arka saurabh
•Spray borax at 0.3 - 0.4%
10. Poor fruit set
CAUSES:
Due to presence of large number of pseudo short styled
and short styled flowers
Dropping of long and medium styled flowers(60-70 %)
MANAGEMENT:
Spraying of 2,4-D (2 ppm) and NAA (60 ppm) at full bloom
stage
12. Blossom end rot
CAUSES:
Heavy application of Nitrogenous fertilizer
Heavy irrigation after a dry spell.
SYMPTOMS:
Water soaked spots appear on blossom end of the fruits
The spots become light brown, papery and finally
lesions dry out
MANAGEMENT
Heavy dose of nitrogenous fertilizer should be
avoided
Irrigate the crop properly
Maintain optimum moisture in soil
13. Chilling injury
CAUSES: Expose of fruits to low temperature
SYMPTOMS:
Surface pitting, premature loss of firmness
Fruits fail to ripen and poor color development
MANAGEMENT :
Maintains the optimum growing conditions
15. Transverse Cotyledon Cracking
CAUSE: Due to planting dry seeds in wet soil
SYMPTOMS:
Major disorder in French bean
White seeded cultivars are more prone
Seeds with 12% moisture has better germination.
MANAGEMENT
• Resistant varieties with hard seed coat and optimum seed content, and
planting crop at suitable time are essential to avoid this disorder
16. Chilling Injury
CAUSE:Injury induce within few days at temperature below 5oC; presence
of free moisture agravates the injury.
SYMPTOM: Surface pitting, diagonal brown streaks(rosseting), general
dullness; increased susceptibility to decay.
MANAGEMENT: Optimum storage temperature ranging from 5-8oC
17. This was found to be associated with low calcium
content in seeds. Soil rich in calcium and magnesium can
offset this problem.
Hypocotyl Necrosis:
19. WARTY/ SENESCENT BHENDI PODS
CAUSE: N deficiency
SYMPTOMS: Pods become very hard or warty in appearance thus
affecting cooking as well as nutritive value.
MANAGEMENT: Proper Nitrogen fertilizers.
21. Cavity Spot
CAUSE: Ca deficiency
SYMPTOMS: Cavity appears in the
cortex and in most cases the subtending
epidermis collapses to form a pitted
lesion.
MANAGEMENT: Increase Ca level
in the growing medium results in
increase in the accumulation in the
plant and a significant reduction in the
incidence if cavity spot
22. Splitting:
CAUSES and SYMPTOMS: Heavy side dressing of Nitrogen fertilizer at
early stages of growth and B deficiency are responsible for triggering this
disorder.
It may also be caused by a fluctuating water supply, especially when
there is a heavy rainfall after a long spell of drought, the inner flesh of the carrot
expands faster than the toughened skin, causing the skinti fissures, sometimes
roots split often exposing core.
MANAGEMENT: Always apply a balanced quantity of nitrogen and do not
allow carrot to grow for longer period without water.
23. Bitterness:
It is a storage disorder, where ethylene produced causes an
increase in the total phenol content in carrot roots, resulting in the
formation of new compounds like isocoumarin and engenin, which are
responsible for the formation of bitter flavor.
25. BITTERNESS:
All cucurbits produce a group of chemicals called
cucurbitacins, which cause the vegetables to taste bitter, and the higher
concentration of cucurbitacin the more bitter the vegetable will taste.
Mild bitterness is fairly common in cucumber resulting from higher
levels of cucurbitacin triggered by environmental stress like temperature,
wide temperature swings or too little water. Uneven watering
practices(too wet followed by too dry), low soil fertility and low soil pH
are also possible stress factors. Over mature or improperly stored
cucurbits may also develop a mild bitterness, which is often not severe
enough to prevent from eating them.
FRUIT SPLITTING OR CRACKING:
Cracks, scarring and pitting can be caused by mechanical
damage when fruits are young. Insect can also cause such injury.
26. HOLLOW HEART:
Hollow cavities in fruit and vacant seed cavities are related to lack
of seed formation, again traced back to poor pollination. Fruit tissue
separation, such as hollow heart in watermelon, may also be due to inadequate
pollination and may be worsened by rapid fluctuation in environmental
conditions affecting fruit development.
LEAF SILVERING:
Leaf silvering is an important physiological disorder of summer
squash. The symptom, in mild cases, is a silvering parallel to the veins in the
upper surface of leaves, but in severe cases silvering includes the entire upper
leaf surface and the bleaching of stems, petioles, flowers and fruits. Leaf
silvering was distinguished from silver mottling, a genetically controlled
characteristics, by differences in distribution of silver over the leaf surface,
the developmental reversibility of silvering and the bleaching effect of severe
silvering on various plant parts. Low soil moisture increased the severity of
silvering
28. GROWTH CRACKS:
It is caused by moisture imbalance. Cracks are most common on
large roots and on nematode-infested roots. Certain viruses also increase
cracking.
CHILLING:
Sweet potatoes exposed to temperatures below 5oC may appear
normal, but internally the flesh may be spongy with dark vascular elements
and latex does not flow. When chilled sweet potatoes are cooked, the central
area of the root may be hard. The effects of chilling injury are cumulative
with intermittent exposure to low temperature.
Keep storage temperature above 5oC. In late fall, remove roots
immediately after digging.
30. Oedema
CAUSES: Often occurs when soils are wet and warm and
nighttime air is cool and saturated
SYMPTOMS: Raised bumps on leaves.
MANAGEMENT:
•Ensure water and temperature are consistent
•Avoid excessive irrigation during periods when day-to-night
temperatures vary greatly
31. Bolting
When spinach begins to bolt in warm
weather, it tastes bitter and is ready to
be pulled.
The plants look tall and spindly with
thick stalks when they start flowering.
In the spring, plants grow tall and
bloom as soon as the days are longer
than 14 hours.
