Semisolid dosage forms: Definitions, classification, mechanisms and factors influencing dermal penetration of drugs. Preparation of ointments, pastes, creams and gels. Excipients used in semi solid dosage forms. Evaluation of semi solid dosages forms
An excipient is generally a pharmacologically inactive substance used as a carrier for the active ingredients of a medication
EXCIPIENTS USED IN LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS:
Solvents/co-solvents ,
Buffering agents,
Preservatives,
Anti-oxidants,
Humectants,
Wetting agents,
Anti-foaming agents,
Thickening agents,
Sweetening agents,
Flavouring agents,
EXCIPIENTS USED IN TABLETS:
Binders
Coatings
Disintegrants
Fillers
Flavours
Colours
Lubricants
Glidants
Preservatives
Sweeteners
Semisolid dosage forms: Definitions, classification, mechanisms and factors influencing dermal penetration of drugs. Preparation of ointments, pastes, creams and gels. Excipients used in semi solid dosage forms. Evaluation of semi solid dosages forms
An excipient is generally a pharmacologically inactive substance used as a carrier for the active ingredients of a medication
EXCIPIENTS USED IN LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS:
Solvents/co-solvents ,
Buffering agents,
Preservatives,
Anti-oxidants,
Humectants,
Wetting agents,
Anti-foaming agents,
Thickening agents,
Sweetening agents,
Flavouring agents,
EXCIPIENTS USED IN TABLETS:
Binders
Coatings
Disintegrants
Fillers
Flavours
Colours
Lubricants
Glidants
Preservatives
Sweeteners
This will help in find out the difference between micro and nano emulsions. Contain good explanations of their thermdynamic and kinetic stability also ternary phase diagram.
Suspension is made of two phase system, consisting of a finely divided solid particles (Dispersed phase) distributed in a particular manner throughout another medium (Continuous phase).
4th (30.10.2014) on eutectic mixture by Diptarco SinghaDiptarco Singha
this ppt is very simple and has immence importance in physical pharmacy. it has been prepared based on the syllabus of WBUT & consists of informations of elimentary label...
Methods of enhancing Dissolution and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugsRam Kanth
Greetings!
Good Day to all...
Topic: Methods of Enhancing Bioavailability
Several approaches discussed are
1. Micrnoization
2. Use of Surrfactants
3. Use of Salt forms
4. Alteration of pH of microenvironment
5. Use of metastable polymorphs
6. Solute-Solvent Complexation
7. Solvent Deposition
8. Selective Adsorption on Insoluble Carriers
9. Solid Solutions
10. Eutectic Mixtures
11. Solid Dispersions
12. Molecular Encapsulation with Cyclodextrins
Please do clarify for doubts if any....
Thank you all for watching this presentation.
Liquisolid technique is a new
and promising method that can change the dissolution rate of drugs. It has been used to enhance
dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs.
Orally Disintegrating Tablets (ODT) which disintegrates rapidly in saliva, usually within seconds,
without need for water. Drug dissolution, absorption, the onset of action and drug bioavailability
may be significantly increased better than those obtained from conventional dosage forms. combination of this two techniques is a promising approach for effective drug delivery
This presentation quotes various pharmaceutical calculations with examples. The following aspects like percentage calculations, alcoholic dilutions, Alligation method, proof spirit calculations, isotonicity adjustment, posology, temperature measurements, dialysis clearance, Pharmacokinetics calculations were covered with examples.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
1. PRESENTED BY
S.Deepak
11AB1R0050
UNDER THE ESTEEMED GUIDANCE OF
Mrs.PALLAVI. K M.Pharm
Vignan Pharmacy College 1
Assistant Professor.
VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE.
Approved by PCI,AICTE, New Delhi. Affiliated to JNTU,Kakinada.
Vadlamudi -522213, Guntur, A.P.
2. These are biphasic liquid dosage forms in which the particle
size of the dispersed phase ranges from 0.1mm.
These are mainly of 2 types
Suspensions
Emulsions
Vignan Pharmacy College 2
4. Vignan Pharmacy College 4
Definition.
Classification.
Advantages & disadvantages
Packing of suspensions
Formulation of suspensions
CONTENTS
5. Vignan Pharmacy College 5
Definition
A Pharmaceutical suspension is a coarse
dispersion in which internal phase
(therapeutically active ingredient) is dispersed
uniformly throughout the external phase.
6. The internal phase consisting of insoluble solid particles
having a range of size(0.5 to 5 microns) which is
maintained uniformly through out the suspending vehicle
with aid of single or combination of suspending agent.
The external phase (suspending medium) is generally
aqueous in some instance, may be an organic or oily
liquid for non oral use.
Vignan Pharmacy College 6
Internal phase:
External phase :
8. Vignan Pharmacy College 8
Oral suspension
eg: Paracetamol suspension
antacids, Tetracycline HCl.
Externally applied suspension
eg :Calamine lotion.
Parenteral suspension
eg: Procaine penicillin G
Insulin Zinc Suspension
Classification
Based On General Classes :
9. Vignan Pharmacy College 9
Based on Proportion of Solid Particles:
Dilute suspension :Concentration ranges from 2 to
10% w/v solid.
Eg: cortisone acetate, predinisolone acetate
Concentrated suspension: Concentration ranges from
50%w/v solid
Eg: zinc oxide suspension
10. Vignan Pharmacy College 10
Based on Size of Solid Particles :
Colloidal suspensions:
•Suspensions having particle sizes of suspended solid less than
about 1micron in size are called as colloidal suspensions.
Coarse suspensions:
•Suspensions having particle sizes of greater than about 1micron in
diameter are called as coarse suspensions.
-
11. Vignan Pharmacy College 11
Suspensions are the biphasic colloidal dispersions of
nanosized drug particles stabilized by surfactants.
Size of the drug particles is less than 1mm.
Nano suspensions (10 ng)
Advantages
Suspension can improve chemical stability of certain
drug.
E.g. Procaine penicillin G.
Drug in suspension exhibits higher rate of bioavailability
than other dosage forms.
Order of bioavailability :
Solution > Suspension > Capsule > Compressed Tablet
12. Vignan Pharmacy College 12
Physical stability , sedimentation and compaction can causes
problems.
It is bulky and sufficient care must be taken during handling
and transport.
It is difficult to formulate.
Uniform and accurate dose can not be achieved unless
suspension are packed in unit dosage form.
Disadvantages
13. Vignan Pharmacy College 13
Sedimentation means settling of particle (or) floccules occur under
gravitational force in liquid dosage form.
Stokes equation :
Sedimentation
Where,
d = Diameter of particle
r = radius of particle
vsed.= sedimentation velocity in cm / sec
ρ s= density of disperse phase
ρ o= density of disperse media
g = acceleration due to gravity
η o = viscosity of disperse medium in poise
(ρs -ρ0 )g
PROPERTIES OF SUSPENSIONS
14. Vignan Pharmacy College 14
Limitation Of Stoke’s Equation :
Stoke's equation applies only to:
Spherical particles in a very dilute suspension (0.5 to 2 gm per
100 ml)
Particles which freely settle without collision .
Particles with no physical or chemical attraction.
15. Vignan Pharmacy College 15
Sedimentation Parameters:
1.Sedimentation volume (F) or height (H) for flocculated
suspensions:
Sedimentation volume is a ratio of the ultimate volume of
sediment (Vu) to the original volume of sediment (VO)
before settling.
F = Vu / VO
Where,
Vu = final or ultimate volume of sediment
VO = original volume of suspension before settling
16. Vignan Pharmacy College 16
F has values ranging from less than one to greater than one.
The system is in flocculated equilibrium and show no clear
supernatant on standing.
Sediment volume is greater than the original volume due
to the network of flocs formed in the suspension.
When F=1 then Vu =Vo
When F >1 then Vu > V o
17. Vignan Pharmacy College 17
Sedimentation volume
Fig : Suspensions quantified by sedimentation volume (f)
18. Vignan Pharmacy College 18
2.Degree of flocculation (β)
It is the ratio of the sedimentation volume of the flocculated
suspension ,F , to the sedimentation volume of the
deflocculated suspension, F∞
The minimum value of ß is 1,when flocculated suspension
sedimentation volume is equal to the sedimentation volume of
deflocculated suspension.
ß = F / Fo
19. Vignan Pharmacy College 19
3.Brownian movement :
If particle size is about 2 to 5mm,
When the size of the dispersed particle approach that of
colloidal dimensions brownian movement sets in .
Equation for Brownian
movement
20. Deflocculated suspensions
In this system solids as present
as individual particles . they also
exhibit aggregation but
comparatively low than
flocculated .
Pleasant appearance because of
uniform dispersion of particles .
Particles exhibit repulsive forces
Particles settle independently
Flocculated suspensions
In this system solids aggregate
by forming chemical bridges .
Un slightly sediment and
supernatant layer is formed.
Particles exhibit attractive
forces
They settle as flocs
Vignan Pharmacy College 20
21. Rate of sedimentation is slow
and size of particle is small.
Particles exist as separate
entities
Bioavailability is relatively
high
Rate is high as flocs are
collection of smaller particles.
Particles form loose
aggregates
Bioavailability is
comparatively less
Vignan Pharmacy College 21
23. Vignan Pharmacy College 23
The formulation of a suspension depends on whether the
suspension is flocculated or deflocculated.
Three approaches are commonly involved
1. Use of structured vehicle
2. Use of controlled flocculation
3. Combination of both of the methods
FORMULATION OF SUSPENSIONS
25. 26
.
Wetting agents They are added to disperse solids in continuous liquid phase.
Flocculating
agents
They are added to floc the drug particles
Thickeners They are added to increase the viscosity of suspension.
Buffers
and pH adjusting agents
They are added to stabilize the suspension to a desired pH
range.
Osmotic
agents
They are added to adjust osmotic pressure comparable to
biological fluid.
Coloring
agents
They are added to impart desired color to suspension and
improve elegance.
Preservatives They are added to prevent microbial growth.
External
liquid vehicle
They are added to construct structure of the final suspension.
INGREDIENTS FOR FORMULATION OF SUSPENSIONS
26. Vignan Pharmacy College 27
Following consideration are important for manufacturing
pharmacist :
Selection of right material that go into the manufacture.
The step involved and their sequence in the manufacture.
Preservation and storage of the product.
PREPARATION OF
SUSPENSIONS
27. Vignan Pharmacy College 28
Step -1
• Grinding or levigating of insoluble material
Step -2
• All soluble ingredients are dissolved in same portion of the
vehicle and added to the smooth paste to step1 to get slurry.
Step -3
• The slurry is transformed to a graduated cylinder, the mortar
is rinsed with successive portion of the vehicle.
Steps involved in formulation of suspensions
28. Vignan Pharmacy College 29
Step -4
• Decide whether solids are:
• suspended in structured vehicle
• flocculated
• Flocculated and then suspended
Step -5
• Make up the dispersion to the final volume
by adding suitable suspending agent
29. 30
Pharmaceutical suspensions for oral use are generally packed
in wide mouth container having adequate space above the
liquid to ensure proper mixing.
Parenteral suspensions are packed in either glass ampoules or
vials.
Packaging of Suspensions
32. An emulsion is a thermodynamically unstable system
consisting of at least two immiscible liquid phases one of which is
dispersed as globules in the other liquid phase stabilized by a third
substance called emulsifying agent.
Vignan Pharmacy College 33
33. Simple emulsions (Macro emulsions)
Oil-in-water (O/W)
Water-in-oil (W/O)
Multiple emulsions
Oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O)
Water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W)
Micro emulsions
These are clear transparent solutions
particle size ranges from 10-200nm.
Vignan Pharmacy College 34
34. Water in oil type (W/O):
An emulsion is referred as water in oil, if the
dispersed phase is water and the continuous
phase is oil.
Ex: Butter ,salad dressings
Oil in water type (O/W) :
An emulsion is referred to as oil in water ,if
the dispersed phase is oil and the continuous
phase is aqueous base .
Ex : Turpentine liniment and Vanishing cream
Vignan Pharmacy College 35
35. Oral products :
It covers the unpleasant taste
Increases absorption rate
Topical use :
Washable
Acceptable viscosity
Less greasy
Vignan Pharmacy College 36
36. It depends on the use to which an emulsion is required.
Selection based on HLB for an emulsion which may be o/w or w/o
may be given as follows
First method:
To produce emulsions of o/w type emulsifiers in the HLB value
range of 8-18 are tried and for w/o type HLB 3-16 are tried.
Second method :
Griffin evolved a series of required material to be emulsified .
Vignan Pharmacy College 37
37. The amount of emulsifier to be added for an emulsion can be
calculated with HLB values of emulsifiers using the following
formula
Vignan Pharmacy College 38
38. Substance HLB value for o/w
type
HLB value for w/o type
Cotton seed oil 6-7 -
Petrolatum 8 -
Beeswax 9-11 5
Paraffin wax 10 4
Vignan Pharmacy College 39
Comparsion of HLB values of o/w and w/o types of
various substances :
39. Droplets can be stabilized by three methods :
i) By reducing interfacial tension
ii)By preventing the coalescence of droplets.
a. By formation of rigid interfacial film
b. By forming electrical double layer
Vignan Pharmacy College 40
40. Emulsifying agents or Surface active agents or
hydrophilic colloids or finely divided solid
particles are needed to decrease the interfacial
tension
Interfacial tension increases
Interfacial Area increases compared to original
liquid
Liquid broken into fine particles
Vignan Pharmacy College 41
B
42. Vignan Pharmacy College 43
- -
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+ +
+
Electrical double layer at oil-water interface
Emulsion made
with sodium
soap.
Oil
Water
43. It is done by two methods :
Small scale method :
i) Wet gum method &
ii) Dry gum method
Vignan Pharmacy College 44
44. Wet gum method
Vignan Pharmacy College 45
Emulgent is placed in the mortar
Water is added to the emulgent and
is dispersed to form a mucilage
Oil is added in small amounts with
continuous titrations .
45. Vignan Pharmacy College 46
Emulgent is placed in the mortar
Oil is added to the emulgent and
is dispersed to form a mucilage
Water is added at a time with
rapid continuous titrations .
48. Flocculation :
Re dispersible association of particle within an emulsion to form
large aggregates.
Precursor to the irreversible coalescence.
Differs from coalescence mainly in that interfacial film and
individual droplets remain intact.
Influenced by the charges on the surface of the emulsified globules.
Vignan Pharmacy College 49
49. Creaming :
Creaming is either upward movement or downward movement
of dispersed droplets of emulsion relative to the continuous
phase ( due to the density difference between two phases).
Rate of creaming can be calculated using Stoke’s law
Vignan Pharmacy College 50
50. Aggregation :
Dispersed particles come together but do not fuse.
Coalescence :
It is the process by which emulsified particles merge with each to
form large particles.
Breaking :
It is the destroying of the film surrounding the particles.
The major factor to prevent coalescence is increasing the
mechanical strength of the interfacial film.
Vignan Pharmacy College 51
51. Phase inversion:
An emulsion is said to invert when it changes from an o/w to w/o or
vice versa.
It occurs due to :
Addition of electrolyte
Addition of CaCl2 into o/w emulsion by sodium soaps can be
inverted to w/o.
Vignan Pharmacy College 52
52. Microbial contamination may occur due to:
Usage of impure raw materials
Poor sanitation conditions
Invasion by an opportunistic microorganisms.
Contamination by the consumer during use of the product..
Precautions to prevent microbial growth
Use of uncontaminated raw materials
Careful cleaning of equipment with live stream .
Addition of Preservative agent.
Vignan Pharmacy College 53
53. Emulsions Suspensions
These are biphasic liquid preparations
containing two immiscible liquids one of
which is dispersed as minute globules into
the other
These are biphasic liquid dosage form of
medicament in which finely divided solid
particles are dispersed in a liquid
Globule size of the dispersed liquid is in the
range of 0.25 to 25µm
Particle size of suspended solid is in the
range of 0.5 to 5 microns
Emulsifying agent is required to make a
stable emulsion
Suspending agent is required to make a
stable suspension
Emulsions are of two types oil-in-water type
and water-in-oil type
Suspensions are of two types flocculated
and deflocculated
There are several tests to confirm type of
emulsion
There are no tests to confirm type of
suspension
During storage freezing should be avoided
as it may lead to cracking
During storage freezing should be avoided
as it leads to aggregation
54
Differences between Emulsions and Suspensions
54. To date Emulsions and Suspension have been shown to
produce distinct advantages like
Controlled Drug release
Increased Bioavailability
Protection of Thermolabile drugs
Reduced patient Variability
Hence these formulations provide a broad scope in
the present and future research.
Vignan Pharmacy College 55
55. Vignan Pharmacy College 56
Physical pharmaceutics by Manavalramaswamy Page
no. 323-366
Martin A. Fourth edition, “Coarse dispersion”
Physical Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins,
Philadelphia 2001, Page No. 479-481.
REFERENCES
56. Vignan Pharmacy College 57
Text Book of Physical Pharamaceutics, Subramanyam C.V.S.,
Second edition, “Suspensions and emulsions’’ PageNo. 374-387.
Tutorial Pharmacy, Cooper & Gun, Sixth edition, “Dispersed
system” Page No. 75-78,
REFERENCES
57. I sincerely thank my guide K. Pallavi madam for her support
I am very thankful to our respected Principal Dr. P. Srinivas
Babu sir and also to the seminar committee
Vignan Pharmacy College 58
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT