Suspension is made of two phase system, consisting of a finely divided solid particles (Dispersed phase) distributed in a particular manner throughout another medium (Continuous phase).
Mixing
An operation in which two or more components (in a separate or
roughly mixed condition) are treated so that each particle lies as
nearly as possible in contact with a particle of each of the other
ingredients.
a suspension is a heterogeneous mixture containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation. Usually they must be larger than one micrometer. A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve but get suspended throughout the bulk of the medium.
Suspension is made of two phase system, consisting of a finely divided solid particles (Dispersed phase) distributed in a particular manner throughout another medium (Continuous phase).
Mixing
An operation in which two or more components (in a separate or
roughly mixed condition) are treated so that each particle lies as
nearly as possible in contact with a particle of each of the other
ingredients.
a suspension is a heterogeneous mixture containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation. Usually they must be larger than one micrometer. A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve but get suspended throughout the bulk of the medium.
Suspension, interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in suspensions, formulation of flocculated and deflocculated suspensions. Emulsions and theories of emulsification, microemulsion and multiple emulsions; Stability of emulsions, preservation of emulsions, rheological properties of emulsions.
BPHARM 1ST SEMESTER 1ST YEAR
PHARMACEUTICS-1
SUSPENSION
Suspensions: Definition, advantages and disadvantages, classifications,
Preparation of suspensions; Flocculated and Deflocculated suspension & stability
problems and methods to overcome.
Suspension, type of suspension, interracial property of suspended particles Dheeraj Saini
Here you find
Suspension , types of suspension, difference between flocculated and deflocculated suspension and interfacial properties of suspended particles
Suspension are biphasic liquids dosage form in which insoluble solid particulate are uniformly distributed in liquid phase which may be stabilized by inclusion of suspending agents.
Suspension, interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in suspensions, formulation of flocculated and deflocculated suspensions. Emulsions and theories of emulsification, microemulsion and multiple emulsions; Stability of emulsions, preservation of emulsions, rheological properties of emulsions.
BPHARM 1ST SEMESTER 1ST YEAR
PHARMACEUTICS-1
SUSPENSION
Suspensions: Definition, advantages and disadvantages, classifications,
Preparation of suspensions; Flocculated and Deflocculated suspension & stability
problems and methods to overcome.
Suspension, type of suspension, interracial property of suspended particles Dheeraj Saini
Here you find
Suspension , types of suspension, difference between flocculated and deflocculated suspension and interfacial properties of suspended particles
Suspension are biphasic liquids dosage form in which insoluble solid particulate are uniformly distributed in liquid phase which may be stabilized by inclusion of suspending agents.
A pharmaceutical suspension is a heterogeneous system in which finely divided solid particles are dispersed in a liquid medium. Unlike solutions, where solutes are completely dissolved, suspensions involve particles that are only partially soluble or insoluble in the liquid. These suspensions are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry to deliver medications that may be poorly soluble or unstable in their pure form. The solid particles, often in the form of powders or crystals, are dispersed throughout the liquid phase, creating a stable mixture through the use of suspending agents or stabilizers. These agents prevent the settling of particles, ensuring uniform distribution and ease of redispersion upon shaking before administration. Pharmaceutical suspensions offer advantages in terms of flexibility in dosing and formulation, enabling the delivery of therapeutic agents in various forms such as oral liquids, injectables, or topical preparations, enhancing patient compliance and therapeutic efficacy. The formulation and stability of pharmaceutical suspensions require careful consideration of factors such as particle size, density, and the choice of stabilizers to maintain a consistent and reliable product.
Pharmaceutical Suspension Dosage Form (PPT)Prachi Pandey
A pharmaceutical suspension is a heterogeneous system in which finely divided solid particles are dispersed in a liquid medium. Unlike solutions, where solutes are completely dissolved, suspensions involve particles that are only partially soluble or insoluble in the liquid. These suspensions are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry to deliver medications that may be poorly soluble or unstable in their pure form. The solid particles, often in the form of powders or crystals, are dispersed throughout the liquid phase, creating a stable mixture through the use of suspending agents or stabilizers. These agents prevent the settling of particles, ensuring uniform distribution and ease of redispersion upon shaking before administration. Pharmaceutical suspensions offer advantages in terms of flexibility in dosing and formulation, enabling the delivery of therapeutic agents in various forms such as oral liquids, injectables, or topical preparations, enhancing patient compliance and therapeutic efficacy. The formulation and stability of pharmaceutical suspensions require careful consideration of factors such as particle size, density, and the choice of stabilizers to maintain a consistent and reliable product.
This Slide Contains A Brief Lecture On Suspensions and Its Types Based On The Factors Affecting The Preparation Of Dosage Form In The Field Of Pharmaceutics
DISSERTATION on NEW DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF DRUG DISCOVERYNEHA GUPTA
The process of drug discovery and development is a complex and multi-step endeavor aimed at bringing new pharmaceutical drugs to market. It begins with identifying and validating a biological target, such as a protein, gene, or RNA, that is associated with a disease. This step involves understanding the target's role in the disease and confirming that modulating it can have therapeutic effects. The next stage, hit identification, employs high-throughput screening (HTS) and other methods to find compounds that interact with the target. Computational techniques may also be used to identify potential hits from large compound libraries.
Following hit identification, the hits are optimized to improve their efficacy, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties, resulting in lead compounds. These leads undergo further refinement to enhance their potency, reduce toxicity, and improve drug-like characteristics, creating drug candidates suitable for preclinical testing. In the preclinical development phase, drug candidates are tested in vitro (in cell cultures) and in vivo (in animal models) to evaluate their safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Toxicology studies are conducted to assess potential risks.
Before clinical trials can begin, an Investigational New Drug (IND) application must be submitted to regulatory authorities. This application includes data from preclinical studies and plans for clinical trials. Clinical development involves human trials in three phases: Phase I tests the drug's safety and dosage in a small group of healthy volunteers, Phase II assesses the drug's efficacy and side effects in a larger group of patients with the target disease, and Phase III confirms the drug's efficacy and monitors adverse reactions in a large population, often compared to existing treatments.
After successful clinical trials, a New Drug Application (NDA) is submitted to regulatory authorities for approval, including all data from preclinical and clinical studies, as well as proposed labeling and manufacturing information. Regulatory authorities then review the NDA to ensure the drug is safe, effective, and of high quality, potentially requiring additional studies. Finally, after a drug is approved and marketed, it undergoes post-marketing surveillance, which includes continuous monitoring for long-term safety and effectiveness, pharmacovigilance, and reporting of any adverse effects.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
2. • A heterogeneous two phase mixture containing
solid particles that are sufficiently large for
sedimentation.
• Usually they must be larger than 1 micrometer.
Disperse phase: Finely divided insoluble solid
particles (diameter of 1 µm to 100 µm )
Continuous phase: Liquid (usually aqueous)
4. Why suspension ???
• If the drug is insoluble or poorly soluble in a
suitable solvent, then formulation as a
suspension is usually required.
• Prolonged contact between the solid drug
particles and the dispersion medium can be
considerably reduced.
• A drug that degrades in the presence of water
may alternatively be suspended in a non-aqueous
vehicle. Fractionated coconut oil is used as the
vehicle for some formulations of antibiotics for
oral use.
5. Qualities of a good suspension
Must remain sufficiently homogeneous for at least the
period between shaking the container and removing
the required amount.
The sediment produced on storage must be easily
resuspended.
Any suspended particles should be small and uniformly.
Resistance to microbial contamination.
Should be chemically stable.
Ideally, suspension should be thixotropic.
6. Advantages of suspension over other
liquid dosage form
Permits the formulation of poorly soluble drugs as
liquid dosage form.
Suspension can be used to prolong the action of drugs.
Higher bioavailability-
Solution > Suspension > Capsule > Compressed Tablet
> Coated tablet
Certain drugs such as antibiotics that are unstable in
aqueous solution can be formulated as suspensions
Drugs with unpleasant taste in solution such as
paracetamol can be formulated as suspensions.
7. Disadvantage of suspensions
Suspension must be shaking well before use.
Over the long period of time the two phase of a suspension may
separated out.
Dispersed solute of a suspension may adhere to the opening of the
container, which may contaminate.
Sometimes suspensions are of gritty feeling that is undesirable.
8. Classification
Based On Route of Application:
Oral suspension e.g. antacid, antibiotic
Externally applied suspension e.g. lotion
Parenteral suspension
Ophthalmic suspension
Based On Proportion Of Solid Particles
Dilute suspension (2 to 10% w/v solid)
Concentrated suspension (50% w/v solid)
Based On Electrokinetic Nature Of Solid Particles
Flocculated suspension
Deflocculated suspension
9. Theoretic consideration or factor
1. Wetting: By definition a suspension is essentially an incompatible
system, but to exist at all it requires some degree of compatibility,
and good wetting of the suspended materials is important in
achieving this goal.
2. Particle interaction and behavior
10. Discrete dispersion (Deflocculated suspension)
Individual particle
Sediments slowly
Minimum sediment height
Caking due to crystal bridging hence irredispersible
Open network aggregated dispersion (Flocculated suspension)
• Fibrous, fluffy, open network aggregation of particles
• Sediments rapidly
• High sediment height
• Easily redispersible
11.
12. • 3. Sedimentation behavior: Sedimentation means settling of solid
particle or floccules occur under gravitational force in liquid dosage
form.
• Sedimentation volume is a ratio of the final or ultimate volume of
sediment (Vu) to the original volume of suspension (VO) before
settling.
Expressed by “F”
F = V u / VO
or, F = H u / HO
Where, Vu = final or ultimate volume of sediment
VO = original volume of suspension before settling.
Hu = final or ultimate height of sediment
HO = original height of suspension before settling.
14. Degree of flocculation-
ß = Ffloc / Fdefloc
(Vsed/Vtot)floc
= -------------------
(Vsed/Vtot)defloc
Here,
Ffloc = sedimentation volume of flocculated suspension
Fdefloc = sedimentation volume of deflocculated suspension
15. 4.Crystal habit: Crystal habit can be of great importance in suspension for-
Re-dispersibility
Sedimentation
Physical stability
Appearance.
5. Crystal structure factors: When there is no change in the crystal habit, the
following factors may still be considered ---
1. Drug decomposition lead into salting in or out.
2. pH change with the changes in the particle size distribution.
3. The effect of change in temperature.
•
16. Composition of Suspension
Components Function
API Active drug substances
Wetting agents Added to disperse solids in
continuous liquid phase. HLB value 7-
9. Tween, Span
Flocculating agents Added to floc the drug particles.
NaCl, KCl.
Thickeners Added to increase the viscosity of
suspension. Natural gum & Cellulose
derivatives
Buffers and pH adjusting agents Added to stabilize the suspension to a
desired pH range. Borate, phosphate
buffer
17. Components Function
Osmotic agents Added to adjust osmotic pressure
comparable to biological fluid.
Coloring agents Added to impart desired color to
suspension and improve elegance.
Preservatives Added to prevent microbial growth.
Methyl, propyl paraben.
External liquid vehicle Added to construct structure of the
final suspension.
18. Controlled flocculation
Flocculating agent
These are substances added to cause controlled
aggregation of particles of the dispersed phase in a
suspension. Examples of such agents include-
i. Electrolytes
ii. ii. Surfactants
iii. iii. Hydrophilic polymers
19. Packaging
Pharmaceutical suspensions for oral use are
generally packed in wide mouth container
having adequate space above the liquid to
ensure proper mixing.
Parenteral suspensions are packed in either
glass ampoules or vials.